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66

PROVIDENT BOOK CLUB.

'Lucky Numbers" recently drawn, together with the names and addresses of the members and the amounts of their prizes:

FRANÇOIS JOSEPH DUPLEIX.

IN FOUR PARTS-PART I.

called it into being, precipitated its development, and gave occasion to each great step in its advance. Dupleix's policy forced the The military adventurer has, in all ages, Madras government to take up Mahomed been a prominent figure in India; and his- Ali's cause; Clive, the "heaven-born gentory of that country derives much of its eral," sustained it; and the relation thus esinterest from the remarkable characters and tablished inevitably ended in the British anbrilliant achievements of such men, and nexation of the Carnatic. Anaverdy Khan their commanding influence on the fortunes made himself master of the Bengal provinces; of a community discordant in race, national and though he refused to quarrel with the sentiment, and religion, weak in political in- English, his fatuous partiality for Surajah stitutions and public spirit, and hence pecul- Dowlah brought about the crisis which he iarly liable to revolutions wrought out by the deprecated. Plassey was the contre-coup of sword. Thus, without citing earlier instances, the attack on Calcutta. The rise of Hyder, the Mogul empire was founded, undermined and the close alliance of his house with the and laid low by three representatives of this French, led eventually to the British conquest class, each well suited to his mission, and all of Mysore. De Boigne made Mahadajee memorable for the wild romance of their ex- | Sindia predominant at Delhi, and over a great ploits. The quick-witted, large-hearted, and part of Hindostan, though both he and his enlightened Baber, a conqueror in his boy-patron were careful to keep on good terms hood, youthful in spirit to the end, a knight- with the English. But when another soldier errant ever, was happily adapted to conciliate of fortune, Ameer Khan, incited Jeswunt his Indian subjects; and to stamp upon the Roa Holkar, an adventurer like himself, to government of his new dominions that blended march on Poona, the defeated Peishwa fled character of energy and tolerance, which it to Bombay, and concluded the treaty of Baslong retained under his descendants, and sein. This Mahadajee's successor, proud of which contributed so much to its stability. the position won for him by De Boigne, and But when the gloomy and persecuting Au- relying on the powerful army which the rungzib laid his hand heavily on the Hindoos, Savoyard had organized, thought proper to Sivaji arose as their deliverer and avenger: oppugn; and the triumphant English mulcted his subtlety, political ability, skill in irregular him of the so-called north-west provinces. warfare, religious zeal, and national spirit, In the ebb tide of British policy, after Wellesmade him irrepressible, and the Hindoo re- ley's departure, Ameer Khan prepared the action, initiated by him, irresistible. Sapped way for new annexations, both by exhibiting by the Mahrattas, the tottering empire was in his own licentious proceedings the intolerprostrated by Nadir Shah. This grim, in- able evils attending non-intervention, and by flexible, and able soldier, who freed Persia stimulating the growth of a yet more debased from a foreign yoke only to usurp the type of adventurers, the Pindaris, for whose throne, enforce a change of religion, play the suppression forces were assembled by Lord tyrant, and perpetrate frantic cruelties which Hastings. This circumstance hastened the cost him his life, was an appropriate instru- intriguing and suspicious Peishwa's exploment for the repetition of Timour's work of sion; and his defeat, surrender, and deposition destruction; and Nadir's indiscriminate mas-transferred his dominions to the company. sacre at Delhi recalled the dread memory of In Wellesley's days, an Irish sailor, George "the Scourge of God."

The fortunes of the Anglo-Indian empire have been not less notably affected by the same class of men, though hitherto the general results of their operations have been favorable to it. The enterprise of adventurers

Thomas, had made himself independent on the borders of the Indian desert; had played a masterful part in the Cis-Sutlej Sikh country; and had projected the conquest of the Punjab and of Sinde. He was cut off before he could attempt either object; and Runjit Singh

Le sieur Dupleix.respecte trop les ordres du minisEng-tère et ceux de la compagnie pour oser publier ici ce secret, et, quelqu 'intérêt qu'il puisse avoir de justifier une conduite qu'il n'ignore pas que beaucoup de personnes ont condamnée, ce motif, tout puissant qu'il est, cédera toujours à la loi du devoir.

qu'il lui a été enjoint d'ensevelir dans le plus profond

Thus Dupleix continued to be misunderstood and underrated; and Macaulay, by a few vigorous and confident strokes, from an unfavorable portrait produced a caricature of the real man. An anonymous writer in the defunct National Review (October, 1862) first, as far as we are aware, explained the true state of the case relative to Madras and its treatment by the rival French officers; and later still Colonel Malleson in his History of the French in India has done ample justice to Dupleix. But the interest of the subject is by no means exhausted. Much of Dupleix's voluminous correspondence still awaits publication. A recent French writer, M. Tibulle Hamont, has consulted this, and based upon it a detailed and enthusiastic biography, interspersed with copious extracts from the letters, which throw a new and vivid light on the character and conduct of the brilliant adventurer.

united and disciplined the northern Sikhs,
and maintained a dubious faith with the
lish. But the proud and adventurous spirit
which he had strengthened in his army im-
pelled it, on his death, to cross the Sikh Ru-
bicon; and the Punjab soon became British
territory. It must be added that one view of the
conquest of Sinde would represent Sir Charles
Napier as a predetermined military adventurer.
Of the names we have mentioned, some are
absolutely unknown, others little more than
names, to most Englishmen. But of Du-
pleix's ambition, vanity, sudden elevation,
equally sudden reverses, who has not read in
the fascinating pages of Macaulay? Yet, as
Mr. Justice Stephen has lately shown, Mac-
aulay is an unsafe guide to truth in Indian
history. And there is special ground for dis-
trusting his account of Clive's great rival.
His essay was written à propos of Sir John
Malcolm's Life of Clive. But Malcolm con-
tributes no original information on Dupleix
and his proceedings. He dispatches in a few
lines, in accordance with Orme's narrative, the
story of the surrender of Madras, and Du-
pleix's breach of the capitulation, while he fills
twenty-four pages, describing Clive's defence
of Arcot, with a quotation from Orme. That M. Hamont is not free from the lues Bos-
writer is evidently both his authority and welliana; and we are often quite unable to
Macaulay's at this period. But Orme, ad- sympathize with his reflections, or to admit
mirable historian as he is in general, was the force of his reasoning and the soundness
imperfectly acquainted with Dupleix, and of his conclusions. But his contribution to
much prejudiced against him. As a personal
friend of Clive, who broke his parole on the
faith of Labourdonnais's version of the occa-
sion and merits of his quarrel with Dupleix,
Orme would be inclined to misjudge the
French governor-general from the outset; and
Dupleix's later conduct did not tend to re-
move the impression of perfidy, usurped au-
thority, and extreme arrogance thus associated
with his name. Hence he became in Orme's
eyes, in spite of his ability and perseverance,
both odious and contemptible. It must be
remembered also that, while Labourdonnais
was indefatigable in circulating his own story,
Dupleix's lips were seal d by authority, when
he undertook to vindicate his career, and
press his claims on the French East India
Company. Thus he says:

the knowledge of his hero's personality seems
to us a really valuable one; and with the ad-
vantage of this fresh illustration we propose
to give a short outline of the critical passages
in Dupleix's career, and to attempt to appre-
ciate fairly his character, designs, and achieve-
ments. Whatever his faults, he certainly de-
serves a better fate than to be held up to scorn
as a clever, but vain-glorious and detected
charlatan.

François Joseph Dupleix was born on the
first day of the year 1697, at Landrecies. His
father was a farmer-general of taxes, appar-
ently a narrow-minded and austere money-
maker, and a stern despot in the family
circle, whose constant aim was to make his
son a thorough, but a mere, man of business,
rigidly proscribing all higher culture, and

especially al the exclusiv itself. As s the forbidd the boy, w astic tempe the world studies ve cluding th

career was

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