which they shall be placed. They shall continue organised as they were by the law of the 22d ventose an. 12 and the imperial decree of the 4th complementary day of the same year. 12. The five existing schools of medicine shall form five faculties of the same name, belonging to the academies in which they are placed, and shall preserve their former organisation, 13. There shall be established in every lyceum at the seat of an academy, a faculty of sciences. The first professor of mathematics at the lyceum shall by office make a part of it. Three professors shall be added to it; one of mathematics, one of natural history, and one of natural philosophy and chemistry. The provisor and censor shall be added; and one of the professors shall be dean. 14. At Paris, the faculty of sciences shall be formed of an union of two professors of the college of France, two of the museum of natural history, two of the polytechnic school, and two professors of mathematics of the lyceums. One of these professors shall be nominated dean. 15. There shall be in every lyceum at the seat of an academy a faculty of letters. It shall be composed of a professor of belles-lettres of the lyceum, and of two other professors, with the addition of the provisor and censor; and a dean shall be chosen from the three first members. At Paris, the faculty of letters shall be formed of three professors of the college of France, and three professors of belles-lettres of the lyceums. The place where it shall hold its sittings, as well as that in which the acts of the faculty of sciences shall be held, shall be determined by the head of the university.

III. On the Degrees of the faculties, and the means of obtaining them. 16. The degrees in each faculty shall be three; viz. those of bachelor, licentiate, and doctor. 17. Degrees shall be conferred by the faculties after examination and public exercises. 18. Degrees shall not give the title of member of the university, but shall be necessary for obtaining it. 19. In order to be admitted to an examination for a batchelor's degree in the faculty of letters, it is necessary 1st, to be at least 16 years of age; 2dly, to respond in every thing taught in the higher classes of the lyceums. 20. For being examined as a licentiate, it is necessary 1st, to produce a diploma of bachelor obtained a year past; 2dly, to write a composition in Latin and French upon a subject and in a time given. 21. A doctor's degree in this faculty can only be obtained by presenting a title as licentiate, and by maintaining two theses, one on rhetoric and logic, the other on ancient literature, of which the first must be written and maintained in Latin. 22. In the faculty of sciences, a bachelor's degree is only to be obtained by having been admitted to the same degree in letters, and by responding in arithmetic, geometry, plane trigonometry, algebra, and its application to geometry. 23. The licentiate in the same faculty must respond in statics, and the differential and integral calculus. 24. To be admitted doctor in the same, two theses must be maintained, either on mechanics and astronomy, or on natural philosophy and chemistry, or on the three parts of natural history, according to the particular branches of science to the teaching of which the applicant shall declare himself destined. 25. Degrees in the faculties of medicine and law shall be conferred according to the laws and regulations already established. 26. From October 1st, 1815, no person shall be admitted bachelor of law or medicine without having at least the same degree in the faculty of letters. 27. Το be admitted to the examination for bachelor of theology it is necessary, 1st, to be twenty years of age; zdly, to be bachelor of the faculty of letters; 3dly, to have passed through a course of three years in one of the faculties of theology. The degree cannot be obtained till after maintaining a thesis in public. 28. Το be admitted to the examination for licentiate in theology, it is necessary to produce a bachelor's diploma, obtained a year past at least. This degree cannot be obtained without two public theses, one of them in Latin. For the degree of doctor in theology, one concluding general thesis must be maintained,

IV. On the order to be established among the members of the university; the ranks and titles attached to the different functions. 29. The functionaries of the university shall take rank according to the following order: 1. The grandmaster; 2. the chancellor; 3. the treasurer; 4, counsellors for life; 5. ordinary counsellors; 6. inspectors of the university; 7. rectors of academies; 8. inspectors of academics; 9. deans of faculties; 10. professors of faculties; 11. provisors (supervisors) of lyceums; 12. censors of lyceums; 13. professors of lyceums; 14. principals of colleges; 15. aggregate professors; 16. regents of colleges; 17. heads of institutions; 18. masters of boarding-schools; 19. undermasters. 30. After the first formation of the imperial university, the order of ranks shall be followed in the nomination of functionaries, and no one can be called to a higher place till he has passed through the lower. 31. This article enumerates the requisite degrees for the functions above mentioned.

V. On the bases of instruction in the schools of the university. 38. All the schools of the imperial university shall have for the bases of their instruction, 1, the precepts of the catholic religion; 2. fidelity to the emperor, to the imperial monarchy, the depositary of the happiness of the people, and to the Napoleon dynasty, the preserver of the unity of France and of all the liberal ideas proclaimed by the constitution; 3. obedience to the statutes relative to teaching, the object of which is uniformity of instruction, and which tend to form for the state citizens attached to their religion, their prince, their country, and their family; 4. all the professors of theology shall be bound to conform to the regulations of the edict of 1682 concerning the tour propositions contained in the declaration of the clergy of France, of that year.

VI. On the obligations contracted by the members of the university. 39. In the terms of article 2d of the law of May 10, 1806, the members of the imperial university, at the time of their installation, shall contract by oath the civil, special, and temporary obligations which are to attach them to the body of instructors. 40. They shall engage themselves to the exact observation of the rules and statutes of the university. 41. They shall promise obedience to the grand-master in every thing that he shall command them for our service and for the benefit of instruction. 42. They shall engage not to quit the body and their functions till they have obtained the consent of the grand-master in the prescribed forms. 43. The grand-master may disengage a member of the university from his obligations, and permit him to quit the body. In case of the refusal of the grand-master, and the persistence of the member in his resolution to quit the body, the grand-master shall be obliged to give him a letter of exeat, after three successive demands, repeated every two months. 44. He who shall have quitted the body of instructors without having fulfilled these formalities, shall be erased from the list of the university, and shall incur the penalties attached to such erasure. 45. Members of the university can accept no public or private function with salary without the express permission of the grand-master. 46. The members of the university shall be bound to inform the grand-master and his officers of every thing that shall come to their knowledge contrary to the doctrine and principles of the body of instructors in the public establishments. 47. The penalties consequent upon violations of duty and obligation shall be, 1. arrests; 2. reprimand in presence of an academical council; 3. censure in presence of a council of the university; 4. change of employment; 5. suspension of functions for a determinate time, with or without total or partial privation of salary; 6. dismission before the period of completion of service with an inferior pension; 7. erasure from the list of the university. 48. Every person who shall have incurred erasure, shall be incapable of being employed in any public administration. 49. The proportions between penalties and defaults, as well as the gradations of penalties according to the different employments, shall be fixed by statutes.

VII. Of the functions and attributions of the Grand-Master of the University. (Abridged.) To be nominated and removeable by the emperor. At the head of the whole executive of the university. To confer its offices, privileges, and honours, and maintain its discipline. To summon and preside at councils. To lay yearly before the emperor tables containing a statement of all particulars relative to the establishments for publie instruction.

VIII. On the functions and attributions of the Chancellor and Treasurer of the University. (Abridged.) To be nominated and removeable by the emperor. To preside in the council in the absence of the grand-master. The chancellor to be keeper of the archives, and to sign acts and diplomas. The treasurer to take care of the receipt and expenditure,

IX. On the Council of the University. (Abridged.) To consist of thirty members; ten of them for life, with imperial brevets. To be chosen from the inspectors, deans, and professors of the faculties, and provisors of lyceums. To assemble twice a year, or oftener, if summoned by the grand-master, and to divide their labours into five sections or committees. To judge of all questions relative to the police and administration of the several faculties and institutions; and to admit or reject the works which have been or may be placed in the hands of pupils, or in the libraries of lyceums or colleges. Its determinations to be according to the majority of votes, and to be executed by the grandmaster, with power of appeal, however, to the great council of state.

X. On Academical Councils. (Abridged.) To be established at the chief seat of each academy-to consist of ten members, chosen by the grand-master from the functionaries and officers of the academy-to assemble twice a month or oftener, and the rectors to preside. Their office, to examine the state of the schools within their circuit, and all matters of discipline and accounts.

XI. On the Inspectors of the University and of the Academies. The inspectorsgeneral of the university are to be nominated by the grand-master from the officers of the university, in number not less than 20 or more than 30. To be divided into five orders, like the faculties; to belong to no academy in particular; to visit them alternately, and by order of the grand-master, in order to examine the state of study, discipline, performance of duty, &c. The grandmaster may send to the academies, for the purpose of extraordinary inspections, members of council who are not inspectors. One or two particular in. spectors to be nominated in each academy for visiting all the schools, colleges, &c. of the circuit.

XII. On the regulations to be given to the Lyceums, Colleges, Institutions, Boarding Schools, and Primary Schools. The changes or modifications of the existing regulations for lyceums, colleges, &c. must correspond to the following dispositions: 101. For the future, and after the complete organisation of the university, the provisors and censors of lyceums, the principals and regents of colleges, as well as the under-masters in these schools, shall be restricted to celibacy, and to living in common. The professors of lyceums may be married, but in this case they must lodge out of the lyceum. Unmarried professors may lodge in it, and have the advantage of commons. No professor of a lyceum can open a boarding-school, or have public classes out of the lyceum : each of them, however, may take one or two private pupils, who shall attend the classes of the lyceum. 102. No woman can be lodged or received in the interior of lyceums or colleges. 103. Heads of institutions and masters of boarding-schools cannot act without having received from the grand-master of the university a brevet of permission to hold their establishment, which brevet shall be for ten years, and may be renewed. They shall conform to the regu. lations which the grand-master shall prescribe to them, after having deliberated with the council of the university. 104. Nothing shall be printed or published to announce the studies, discipline, and conditions of boarding-schools, or relative to the exercises of pupils in the schools, without the inspection and approbation of the rectors and councils of the academies. 105. Upon the motion of the rectors, the opinion of the inspectors, and an information from the academical councils, the grand-master, after consulting the council of the university, may shut up those institutions and boarding-schools in which serious abuses, and principles contrary to those professed by the university, shall be proved to prevail. 106. The grand-master shall cause to be discussed by the council of the university the question concerning the degrees of instruction proper to be attributed to each kind of school, in order that the greatest possible uniformity of teaching may prevail throughout the various parts of the empire. 107. Measures shall be taken by the university that reading, writing, and the rudiments of arithmetic shall henceforth be taught only by capable masters. 108. For this purpose there shall be established at each academy, and in the interior of colleges or lyceums, one or more normal classes, for the purpose of forming masters for the primary schools. 109. The brothers of the christian schools shall be authorised and encouraged by the grand-master, who shall examine their

1

their statutes, admit them to the oath, prescribe to them a particular habit, and cause their schools to be superintended. The superiors of these congregations may be members of the university.

XIV. On the mode of supplying Functionaries and Professors of the University. 110. There shall be established at Paris a normal boarding-school for the reception of 300 young persons, who are to be formed to the art of teaching letters and the sciences. 111. The inspectors shall chuse every year, in the lyceums, after due examination, a determinate number of pupils, not under 17 years of age, whose conduct and abilities shall appear best fitted for tuition. 112. The pupils who offer themselves as candidates on this occasion, must be authorised by their fathers or guardians to enter into the career of the university, and must engage to remain at least ten years in the body of instructors. 113. These candidates shall attend the lectures of the college of France, the polytechnic school, or the museum of natural history, according to the branch of instruction to which they are destined. 114. They shall, moreover, be placed under the tuition of some of the oldest and ablest of their fellow-pupils, who shall exercise them in experiments, repetitions, &c. 115. They shall pass two years only in the normal boarding-school, maintained at the expence of the university. (Some other articles respecting them follow). 119. The under-masters of lyceums, and the regents of colleges, shall be admitted to a competition for obtaining aggregation to the professors of the lyceums. (These aggregates are meant to fill vacancies in the professorships; they are not to exceed a third of the number of professors, and are to have a pension of 400 livres.)

XV. On Emeriti. 123. The functionaries comprehended under the first 15 ranks, art. 29, after a service of 30 years, may be declared emeriti, and obtain a pension of retreat, to be fixed according to their functions by the council of the university. Every year of service beyond thirty shall entitle the emeriti to an augmentation of their pension of one twentieth. A house of retreat shall be provided, in which the emeriti may be lodged and entertained at the expence of the university; and those functionaries who, during their service, shall be incapacitated by illness or infirmity, may be admitted into this house before the term of 40 years.

XVI. On the Costumes. 128. The common costume of all the members of the university shall be a black dress, with a palm embroidered in blue silk on the left breast. 129. The regents and professors shall deliver their lectures in a gown of black tammy: over the gown, on the left shoulder, shall be placed the hood, which shall vary in colour according to the faculties, and in border according to the degrees. The professors of law and medicine shall preserve their present costume.

XVII. On the Revenues of the Imperial University. These are to consist of the 400,000 livres charged on the great-book for public instruction, of all the sums paid for degrees in the faculties of theology, sciences, and letters, of a tenth of those paid for examinations and admissions in the schools of law and medicine, of a twentieth of fees paid for instruction in all the schools of the empire, and of a duty to be levied upon the seal of all diplomas, brevets, &c. issued from the chancery of the university. The university is authorised to receive donations and legacies.

XVIII. On the Expences of the Imperial University. (These need not be specified.)

XIX. General Dispositions. 143. The imperial university and its grandmaster, exclusively entrusted by us with the care of public education and instruction throughout our empire, shall incessantly labour to perfect teaching of every kind, to favour the composition of classical works; and especially shall take care that instruction in the sciences shall be kept on a level with acquired knowledge, and that its progress shall never be retarded by the spirit of system. 144. Lastly, We reserve to ourselves the power of distinguishing and recompensing in a particular manner the great services which may be rendered by members of the university for the instruction of our people; and also that of reforming, by means of decrees adopted in our council, every decision,

decision, statute, or act emanating from the council of the university or its grand-master, whenever we shall judge it conducive to the good of the

state.

Given from the imperial palace of the Tuilleries, 17 March, 1808.

The emperor at the same time nominated M. Fontanes, president of the le gislative body, grand-master; M. Villaret, bishop of Casal, chancellor; and M. Delambre, perpetual secretary of the first class of the Institute, treasurer, of the said university.

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