party and sign the protocol", and that he had "no authority to vary this mode of procedure or to modify the conditions and reservations or to interpret them." On September 23 the conference of delegates at Geneva, in which the United States was not represented, approved the American reservations with the proviso that acceptance might be withdrawn by the signatory states acting together and with not less than a two-thirds majority. REFERENCES. Text in Cong. Record, 69th Cong., 1st Sess., 2824, 2825. The Hughes letter of February 17, 1923, to which is appended the text of the protocol, is in ibid., 67th Cong., 4th Sess., 4500-4504; it also forms Senate Doc. 309. The Hughes letter of March 1, 1923, Senate Doc. 342, is also in the Record, where will also be found the text of the Swanson resolution of March 6. The voluminous literature of the subject, including the Senate debates, is mainly controversial. A. P. Fachiri, The Permanent Court of International Justice, is valuable for the history and procedure of the court.

Whereas the President, under date of February 24, 1923, transmitted a message to the Senate, accompanied by a letter from the Secretary of State, dated February 17, 1923, asking the favorable advice and consent of the Senate to the adherence on the part of the United States to the protocol of December 16, 1920, of signature of the statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice, set out in the said message of the President (without accepting or agreeing to the optional clause for compulsory jurisdiction contained therein), upon the conditions and understandings hereafter stated, to be made a part of the instrument of adherence: Therefore be it

Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring), That the Senate advise and consent to the adherence on the part of the United States to the said protocol of December 16, 1920, and the adjoined statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice (without accepting or agreeing to the optional clause for compulsory jurisdiction contained in said statute), and that the signature of the United States be affixed to the said protocol, subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are hereby made a part and condition of this resolution, namely:

I. That such adherence shall not be taken to involve any legal relation on the part of the United States to the League of Nations or the assumption of any obligations by the United States under the treaty of Versailles.

2. That the United States shall be permitted to participate, through representatives designated for the purpose and upon an equality with the other States, members, respectively, of the

Council and Assembly of the League of Nations, in any and all proceedings of either the council or the assembly for the election of judges or deputy judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice or for the filling of vacancies.

3. That the United States will pay a fair share of the expenses of the court as determined and appropriated from time to time by the Congress of the United States.

4. That the United States may at any time withdraw its adherence to the said protocol and that the statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice adjoined to the protocol shall not be amended without the consent of the United States. 5. That the court shall not render any advisory opinion except publicly after due notice to all states adhering to the court and to all interested states and after public hearing or opportunity for hearing given to any state concerned; nor shall it, without the consent of the United States, entertain any request for an advisory opinion touching any dispute or question in which the United States has or claims an interest.

The signature of the United States to the said protocol shall not be affixed until the powers signatory to such protocol shall have indicated, through an exchange of notes, their acceptance of the foregoing reservations and understandings as a part and a condition of adherence by the United States to the said protocol.

Resolved further, As a part of this act of ratification that the United States approve the protocol and statute hereinabove mentioned, with the understanding that recourse to the Permanent Court of International Justice for the settlement of differences between the United States and any other state or states can be had only by agreement thereto through general or special treaties concluded between the parties in dispute; and

Resolved further, That adherence to the said protocol and statute hereby approved shall not be so construed as to require the United States to depart from its traditional policy of not intruding upon, interfering with, or entangling itself in the political questions of policy or internal administration of any foreign state; nor shall adherence to the said protocol and statute be construed to imply a relinquishment by the United States of its traditional attitude toward purely American questions.

Index

[REFERENCES IN ITALICS INDICATE A TEXT WITH ACCOMPANYING NOTES.]

705

Borah, W. E., 647.
Borden, R. L., 694.

Boston Port act, 150-154.
Boutwell, G. S., 518.
Bowdoin, James, 162.
Braddock's defeat, 109.
Bradford, William, 19.
Breckinridge, John, 267.
Breda, treaty of, 75.
Brook, Lord, 36.
Brown, B. G., 482.

Budget act, 687-689.
Bunau-Varilla, 623.

Bunker Hill battle, 188.

Bureau of Corporations, 658.

Burke, Edmund, 188.

Bute, Lord, 117.

Butler, B. F., 553, 564, 568.

Butler, R. R., 534.

Calhoun, J. C., 288, 302, 333.

Call for 75,000 volunteers, 433, 434.
Calvert, Cecil, 31.
Calvert, George, 31.

Cambon, Jules, 602.

Cambridge, Mass. (Newtowne), 36.
Camden, Lord, 147.
Cameron, Simon, 444.

Campaign contributions, prohibition of,
by corporations, 635, 636.

Canada, 93.

Canal Zone, 623, 696.

Capitol, location of national, 233.
Carolina, first charter of, 63-66; second
charter, 76-78.

Carteret, Lord, 77, 95.
Cerero, Rafael, 608.
Chandler, W. E., 635.
Charter of Carolina, first, 63-66; of
Carolina, second, 76-78; of Connecticut,
60-62; of Georgia, 95-103; of Mary-
land, 31-35; of Massachusetts, first,
22-26; of Massachusetts, second, 84-90;
of Pennsylvania, 80-84; of privileges
to patroons, 26-31; of Rhode Island
and Providence Plantations, 66-72;
of Virginia, first, 1-9; of Virginia,
second, 9-14; of Virginia, third, 14-

19.

Chase, S. P., 436, 446, 519.

Chatham, Earl of, 147, 172, 188. See
Pitt.

Chinese Exclusion act, 616-618.
Churchill, J. C., 554.

Clayton act, 663, 664.

Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 614.

Cleveland, Grover, 600.

Coddington, William, 43.

Coinage act of 1873, 565, 566; of standard

silver dollar, 573-575.

Coit, Joshua, 259.

Coke, Sir Edward, 1.

Colon, revolution at, 623.

Command of the army, 507, 508.

Compensated emancipation, joint resolu-
tion on, 449, 450.

Compromise of 1850, 383-394; Clay's
resolutions, 384-386; report of Com-
mittee of Thirteen, 386, 387; Utah act,
387; Texas and New Mexico act, 388,
389; Fugitive Slave act, 390-393;
act abolishing slavery in District of
Columbia, 394.

Conciliatory resolution, Lord North's,
171, 172; report on, 184-188.
Concord battle, 188.

Confederate States of America, constitution,
424-433.

Confiscation act of 1861, 442-444; of
1862, 454-457-
Conger, E. H., 593.
Conkling, Roscoe, 449.
Connecticut, fundamental orders of, 36–
39; charter, 60-62.
Conspiracies, act to define and punish
certain, 441, 442.
Constitution of American Anti-Slavery
Society, 353-355; of Confederate States
of America, 424-433; of Missouri, 316,
317;
of United States, 216-232;
thirteenth amendment, 494; fourteenth
amendment, 536-538; fifteenth amend-
ment, 546, 547; sixteenth amendment,
647;
seventeenth amendment, 647,

680;

648; eighteenth amendment,
nineteenth amendment, 686, 687.
Constitutions of Virginia, Mississippi,
and Texas, submission of, 540, 541.
Contract between Girard Bank

United States, 352, 353.
Convention parliament, 56.
Conway, Henry, 139, 147.

Coolidge, Calvin, 702.

Cooper, Grey, 184.
Cornwallis, Lord, 204.

Corporations, Bureau of, 658.
Council for New England, 22, 36.
Covington, J. H., 657.

Coxe, Daniel, 63.

and

Credit, act to strengthen public, 539, 540.
"Crime of 1873," 565, 566.
Crittenden, J. J., 439.

Cuba, independence of, 597, 598.
Cullom, S. M., 581.
Cummins, A. B., 681.

Curtis, B. R., dissenting opinion in Dred
Scott case, 416-420.
Cushing, Thomas, 162.

Dallas, A. J., 324.
Dane, Nathan, 209.
Dartmouth, Lord, 188.

Davenport, John, 39-43, 60.

Davis, C. K., 597, 608.
Davis, Garrett, 453.
Davis, H. W., 482.

Davis, Jefferson, 434-

Dawes, H. L., 534.

Dawes act, 701.

Day, W. R., 608.

De Berdt, Dennis, 147.

| Dixon, A., 398; proposed amendment to
Kansas-Nebraska bill, 402.
Dodderidge, Sir John, 1.
Dorchester Adventurers, 22.
Dorchester, Mass., 36.

Douglas, S. A., 397-399; report on
Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399–402.

"Draft act" (1863), 459–463.

Dred Scott decision, 405-420.

Dresel, E. L., 692.

Duane, W. J., 344.

Dutch West India Company, 26.

East Florida, 306.

Eaton, Theophilus, 39–43.
Edmunds, G. F., 504, 535, 542.
Eighteenth amendment, 680.

Elective franchise in Territories, 500.
Electoral count (1865), 487; act of 1877,

act.

Espionage act, 666-670.

Expatriation, act relating to, 644-646.

Declaration and Resolves of First Con- Family compact, 109.

tinental Congress, 162-166.
Declaration of causes and necessity of
taking up arms, 176-183; of independ-
ence, 190-194; of war (1812), 288, 289;
of war (1898), 598, 599; of war against
Germany, 665.

Declaratory act, 139, 140.

Deposits, removal of, 344-353; act to
regulate, 355-359.

Dickinson, John, 137, 176, 188, 195.
Dillingham, W. P., 637.
Dingley, Nelson, 597.
Disabilities, political, act removing, 564.
District of Columbia, abolition of slave
trade in, 394; abolition of slavery in,
450, 451; franchise in, 499.

Federal Reserve act, 649–657.
Federal Trade Commission, 657-663.
Federalists, 284.

Fifteenth amendment, 546, 547; act to
enforce, 547-551; supplementary act,

554-559.

First charter of Carolina, 63-66; of Mas-
sachusetts, 22-26; of Virginia, 1-9.
First Civil Rights act, 494-497.
First Continental Congress, declaration
and resolves, 162–166.

First Navigation act, 55-59.

First Reconstruction act, 500-504.

Florida, treaty of 1819, 306-311; ad-
mitted to representation in Congress,
532-534.