July, 1861, Colonel John R. Baylor took possession of the Mesilla valley for the Confederacy, with a Texan force, and organized a military government. Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge were abandoned, and in 1862 Captain Hunter, marching from Mesilla, took possession of Tucson without opposition with a force of two or three hundred Texans. On April 15th there was a skirmish at El Picacho between a few Confederates and Federals, and the latter lost three men and the former one or two. The Federals formed part of the California column, a force of about eighteen hundred men, under Colonel James H. Carleton. Captain Hunter retreated to the Rio Grande, and on May 20, 1862, Tucson was reoccupied by the Federals. Colonel Tarleton was made brigadier-general and was put in command of the department, where there were no hostilities after the departure of Hunter.

The name Arizona comes from "the former Papago locality of Arizonac or Arizonaca, probably meaning 'place of small springs,' a few miles from the present Nogales, where some celebrated nuggets of silver were discovered in 1736 to 1741." The Territory having been organized by Congress, President Lincoln appointed the Territorial officials, who arrived in Arizona on September 27, 1863. Prescott, on Granite Creek, which had just been founded, was the temporary capital, and the legislature, which met there in 1863, adopted a mining law and a general code of laws and divided the territory into four counties under the names of Pima, Yuma, Mojave, and Yavapai. The first governor of the territory was John N. Goodwin, from 1863 to 1865, and among his successors we see the name of John C. Frémont, who was governor from 1879 to 1881. The seat of government was at Prescott, then at Tucson, at Prescott again, and is now at Phoenix. The total population in 1900 was 122,931, of whom 26,480 were Indians, and 1,848 were negroes. The principal Indian tribes are: Navajo, about 16,000; Papago, 3,900; Pima, 4,400; San Carlos Apache, 2,542; White Mountain Apache, 1,952; other Apache, 600; Mohave, 2,635; Hopi, 1,841; Walapai, 573; Maricopa, 350;

Chemehuevi, 250; Havasupai, 243. The United States government had great trouble in subduing the Indians of Arizona, and it was only in 1886 that hostilities with them ceased by the surrender of the redoubtable chief Gerónimo.

The national government maintains boarding and day schools for Indians among various tribes, as well as at Phonix, Tucson, and Rice stations. The public school system was established in 1871, and education is compulsory. There are primary, grammar, and high schools, and two normal schools, one at Tempe, in Maricopa County, and one at Flagstaff. The Territorial University, including the School of Mines, and the laboratories of the Agricultural Experiment Station, was established at Tucson in 1885, and was opened in October, 1891. In 1901 Arizona was third among the States and Territories in copper production; fifth in silver, and sixth in gold.

The Colorado river flows for four hundred miles through the famous Grand Cañon of Arizona, one of the wonders of the world. Its chief affluent in the Territory is the Gila; the other tributaries are the Virgin, the Colorado Chiquito, and Bill Williams fork. The Salado, the Verde, and the San Pedro are important tributaries of the Gila.

We shall close our account of the Territory of Arizona by the following interesting description of its climate.

"Shut in on all sides from the ocean by mountain ranges and wide areas of land, Arizona is without rain for the greater part of the year. The air is clear, and the rays of the unclouded sun have great power. At night the radiation is unobstructed and the temperature falls rapidly. Owing to the extreme dryness of the air the evaporation from all moist surfaces is rapid, and the high temperatures shown by the dry-bulb thermometer are less oppressive than much lower temperatures in a humid atmosphere. There is a short season of rain in the spring and one in midsummer, and the accumulation of snow on the mountains in winter gives rise to springs, rivulets, and forest growth."

CHAPTER XXVIII

THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO

THE first officials of the Territory of New Mexico were appointed by the president in 1851, as follows: James S. Calhoun, governor; William S. Allen, secretary; Grafton Baker, chief justice, and John S. Watts and Horace Mower, associate justices; Elias P. West, attorney, and John G. Jones, marshal. The inauguration of Governor Calhoun took place on March 3, 1851, and the first legislative assembly met at Santa Fé, on June 2, 1851. The proceedings of the legislature were conducted in Spanish, and the acts and journals were printed both in Spanish and in English. The Territory was divided by the first legislature into nine counties: Taos, Rio Arriba, Santa Fé, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Bernallilo, Valencia, Socorro, and Doña Ana.

The history of the palace at Santa Fé is, to a great extent, the history of New Mexico, and we reproduce here a very interesting extract from a report of Ex-Governor L. Bradford Prince, who is a well-known historian and archæologist: "Without disparaging the importance of any of the historical localities of the East, it may be truthfully said that this ancient palace surpasses in historic interest and value any other place or object in the United States. It antedates the settlement of Jamestown by two years, and that of Plymouth by fifteen, and has stood during the three centuries of its erection, not as a cold rock or monument, with no claim upon the interest of humanity, except the bare fact of its continued existence, but as the living centre of everything of historic

importance in the southwest. Through all that long period, whether under Spanish, Pueblo, Mexican, or American control, it has been the seat of power and authority. Whether the ruler was called viceroy, captain general, political chief, department commander, or governor, and whether he presided over a kingdom, a province, a department, or a territory, this has been his official residence.

"From here Oñate started in 1605 on his adventurous expedition to the Eastern plains; here, one year later, eight hundred Indians came from far off Quivira to ask aid in the war with the Axtaos; from here in 1618 Vicente de Salivar set forth to the Moqui country, only to be turned back by rumors of the giants to be encountered; in one of its strong rooms the commissary general of the Inquisition was imprisoned fifty years later by Peñalosa; within its walls, fortified as for a siege, the bravest of the Spaniards were massed in the revolution of 1680; here, on the 19th of August of that year, was given the order to execute fortyseven Pueblo prisoners in the plaza which faces the building; here, but a day later, was the sad war council held which determined on the evacuation of the city; here was the scene of triumph of the Pueblo chieftains, as they ordered the destruction of the Spanish archives and the church ornaments in one grand conflagration; here De Vargas, on September 14, 1692, after the eleven hours' combat of the preceding day, gave thanks to the Virgin Mary, to whose aid he attributed his triumphant capture of the city; here, more than a century later, on March 3, 1807, Lieutenant Pike was brought before Governor Alencaster as an invader of Spanish soil; here, in 1822, the Mexican standard, with its eagle and cactus, was raised in token that New Mexico was no longer a dependency of Spain; here José Gonzalez, a Pueblo Indian of Taos, was installed as governor of New Mexico, soon after to be executed by order of Armijo; here in the principal reception room, on August 12, 1846, Captain Cook, the American envoy, was received by Governor Armijo and sent back with a message of defiance; and here, five days later,

General Kearny formally took possession of the city, and slept, after his long and weary march, on the carpeted earthen floor of the palace.

"From every point of view it is the most important historical building in the country, and its ultimate use should be as the home of the wonderfully varied collections of antiquities which New Mexico will furnish.

"Coming down to more modern times, it may be added that here General Lew Wallace wrote Ben Hur, while governor, in 1879 and 1880."

In the narrative of the history of Texas there was mentioned the invasion of New Mexico in 1862 by General Sibley, with his brigade of Texan rangers. Albuquerque and Santa Fé were occupied by the Confederates, but they retreated from the territory in 1862, after some engagements with Federal troops from Colorado, which were reinforced by the "California Column" from Arizona.

The archæological remains in New Mexico are so numerous and so important that we give here an account of them and of the ancient inhabitants, taken from the Antiquities of the Jemez Plateau, New Mexico, by Edgar L. Hewett, in bulletin 32 of the bureau of American Ethnology, 1906:

"The ruins of prehistoric habitations, occurring in vast numbers throughout the Jemez plateau, are of two general classes, cliff dwellers and pueblos.

"The cliff dwellings of this district are quite generally of the excavated type, whence the term, 'cavate dwellings,' which is sometimes applied to them. This type embraces a wide range of domiciles. The most primitive is the natural open cave, formed principally by wind erosion, and only slightly, if at all, enlarged and shaped by excavation. A considerable advance over this type is shown in the wholly artificial dwelling excavated in the perpendicular face of the cliff, the front walls being formed of the natural rock in situ. Numerous variations occur, the most important of which are those with cased doorways and those with front wholly or in part of masonry. It is evident that when in use