31. Great advantages thus gained by Napoleon, and discouragement of the

44. Receipt of the disastrous news by Napoleon,

45. Napoleon's false charges against Vandamme for disobedience of orders,

46. Great error here committed by Napoleon,

60. Decisive victory of the Allies,

61. Alarming position of the French army,

62. Renewed movement of Schwartzenberg against Dresden,

63. Action at Nollendorf, and retreat of the Allies,

64. Napoleon's conversation with St Cyr on the art of war,

65. Halt of Napoleon on the summit of the Geyersberg,

66. Reasons of Napoleon's retreat to Dresden,

67. Fresh combats on the mountains,

68. Reasons on both sides for delaying great operations,

Page

31

33

34

34

35

36

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

59

60

61

62

62

64

66

67

68

69

71

72

73

69. Sharp action on the French left, followed by a retreat,

70. Great losses of the French in this hill campaign,

74

75

71. Great successes of the Allied light troops in the French rear,

72. Fresh treaties concluded between England, Russia, and Prussia,

73. Napoleon in vain marches against Blucher, and returns to Dresden,

74. Alarming intelligence from the rear and Lower Elbe, .

77. Allied plan of operations against Napoleon,

78. Dissatisfaction of the Allies with Bernadotte, and consequent mission of

Sir Charles Stewart to his headquarters, .

79. Napoleon's plan for the remainder of the campaign,

CHAPTER XI.

BATTLES OF LEIPSIC AND HANAU. OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER 1813.

17. Inactivity of Bernadotte at Köthen,

1. First movements of the Allies, .

2. Brilliant passage of the Elbe by Blucher,

3. Advance of the Grand Army into the plains of Lepsic,

4. Napoleon's position at Dresden,

6. Napoleon's advance against Blucher,

7. The opposite armies mutually pass each other,

8. Timid conduct of Bernadotte, which endangers Blucher,

9. Napoleon, in consequence, leaves St Cyr at Dresden,

10. Napoleon's own account of his views at this time,

11. Discontent in the French army at this project,

12, 13. Napoleon's interesting conversation with Marshal Marmont,

14. The Emperor is obliged to change his plan by advices from Murat,

15. Reasons for Napoleon's change of plan,

16. Severe cavalry action at Borna on the 14th,

18. Fall of the kingdom of Westphalia, and defection of Bavaria,

90

90

92

92

93

19. Interesting conversation of Napoleon with his marshals on the evening

26. Great advantages gained by the French in the centre, .

121

36. Sir Charles Stewart's stormy interview with the Prince Royal on the

38. Extreme difficulties of Napoleon's situation, and negotiation with Meer-

feldt,

136

39, 40. Napoleon's conversation with Meerfeldt on a peace,

138, 139

41. Which leads to no suspension of hostilities, and the battle is postponed

till next day,

141

42. The Crown Prince is at length brought forward,

142

43. Napoleon makes no preparations for a retreat on the 17th,

144

53. Action between Ney, Marmont, Blucher, and Bernadotte,

154

54. Close of the battle, and its results on both sides,

156

55. Napoleon on the evening after the battle,

157

56. Immense embarrassment occasioned by the single line of retreat to the

60. Blowing up of the bridge, and surrender of the troops in the town,

61. Death of Prince Poniatowski, and capture of the whole French rearguard,

and losses on both sides,

164

165

62. Entry of the Allied sovereigns and generals into Leipsic,

166

63. Deplorable state of the French army during the retreat to the Rhine,

64. New distribution of the Allied armies,

65. Disastrous retreat to the Rhine, and great losses incurred in course of it, 173

66. Battle of Hanau, and retreat of the French across the Rhine,

67. Napoleon's orders to the Grand Park and garrisons in the rear,

69. Immense force displayed by Napoleon on this occasion,

70. Removal of Sir R. Wilson to the Austrian army in Italy,

178

179

71. The real reason of this change,

180

72. Powerful agency of the Stewart family in the deliverance of Europe,

73. Immense errors of Napoleon in this campaign,

182

184

CHAPTER XII.

LORD CASTLEREAGH AND SIR CHARLES STEWART AT THE CONGRESS OF CHATILLON-

CAMPAIGN OF 1814, TO ITS RUPTURE. NOVEMBER 1813-MARCH 1814.

1. Deplorable condition of the French army which recrossed the Rhine,

2. State of affairs in Italy,

6. Pacific offers of the Allies from Frankfort by Metternich,

192

7. Proposals intrusted to M. de Saint Aignan,

193

8. Similar assurances of pacific intentions from Russia and England, and

terms proposed,

194

§

9. Which are accepted in form by Napoleon to gain time, and he proposes

Mannheim for the seat of a congress,

10. Extreme gloom and depression at Paris,

11. Napoleon's reasons for continuing the war,

12. Dismissal of Maret, and other changes in the administration,

13. Napoleon's warlike measures, and vast levies of men, .

14. Disastrous state of the French finances,

15. M. de Caulaincourt accepts with many exceptions the terms proposed at

Frankfort on Dec. 2,

16. Ruinous condition of the French fortresses,

17. Dreadful mortality in the army on the Rhine, especially at Mayence,

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196

197

198

199

200

202

204

206

18. Measures for the defence of Flanders, Holland, and the northern frontier, 207

19. Reorganisation of the Guard, and entire forces of the Emperor,

20. Treaty of Valençay with Ferdinand VII.,

207

208

21. Treaty of Napoleon with the Pope, and of the Allies with Murat,

209

22. State of the Allied forces on the Rhine and in Germany,

211

23. Sir Charles Stewart with Bernadotte in north of Germany,

212

24. Bernadotte concludes a convention with Davoust, securing his return to

France,

213

25. Which leads to a counter-revolution in Holland,

215

26. Dissatisfaction of Lord Castlereagh at the terms proposed at Frankfort,

218

27. Which are generally acceded to by the Allied Cabinets,

220

28. Forces of the Allies, and plan of the campaign,

222

29. Double invasion of France from Switzerland and Coblentz,

224

30. Immense subsidies granted by Lord Castlereagh on behalf of Great Bri-

tain to the Allied Powers,

225

31. Napoleon's measures to recruit his army, and his retreat before the in-

32. Meeting of the Legislative Body at Paris, and its disaffected feelings, 228

33. Napoleon's address to the Legislative Body, and references to committees, 230

34. Resolution of the Committee on the subject,

35. Paragraph proposed by M. Lainé in the Report,

36. Napoleon in great anger prorogues the Assembly,

37. Napoleon's speech on proroguing the Chambers,

38. His noble speech to the Senators,

41. Appointment of Lord Castlereagh as minister plenipotentiary with the

Allied sovereigns, .

239

42. Lord Castlereagh's instructions and powers, and his reception at Allied

headquarters,

241

43. Napoleon sends M. de Caulaincourt to the Allied headquarters as pleni-

potentiary,

44. Embarrassment of M. de Metternich and fortunate arrival of Lord Castle-

reagh,

246

45. Sir Charles Stewart's account of the state of the opposite armies at this

period,

248

46. Small amount of Napoleon's forces, and his desperate situation,

47. Napoleon's plan of the campaign, and noble language,

249

250

48. Chatillon is fixed on as the place of congress, and near approach of the

two armies,

251

50. Battle of La Rothière, and defeat of the French,

51. State of the Allied counsels on Lord Castlereagh's arrival,

52. The Emperor Alexander's conversation with Lord Castlereagh,

53. Composition of the Congress of Chatillon,

253

254

256

258

259

54, 55. Views of Lord Castlereagh on the negotiations,

56. His representations, and entire accord with Austria,

261, 262

264

57. Lord Castlereagh's projects for the separate interests of Great Britain,

and their admission by the Allies,

266

58. Metternich's secret effort to get Napoleon to negotiate on fair terms, 267

59. Instructions to the British plenipotentiaries, and preliminary conferences, 268

60. Napoleon at length gives full powers to Caulaincourt,

61. Agreement as to the form of the negotiations,

65. Caulaincourt endeavours to gain time and to obtain a suspension of hos-

tilities,

279

66. Separation of the Allied armies, of which Napoleon resolves to take

70. Napoleon's joy and sanguine expectations at this victory,

75. Division between the Czar and Lord Castlereagh and Prince Metternich

as to resuming hostilities,

76. Proposals of the Allies, on which a suspension of hostilities was to

depend,

293

79. Napoleon's secret letter to the Emperor of Austria,

81. Combats of Nangis and Villeneuve,

84. Battle of Montereau,

77. Caulaincourt's advice to Napoleon regarding these terms,

78. Napoleon's indignant answer,

80. Napoleon, after the victory of Vauchamps, turns on Schwartzenberg,

82. Advance of Napoleon to Montereau, where he is met by the proposal for

an armistice from Schwartzenberg,

83. Consternation at the Austrian headquarters,

85. Counter orders sent to Prince Eugene to retain Lombardy,

86. Napoleon's instructions to M. de Flahault as to an armistice,

300

302

304

305

91. Imprudent declaration of the Prince Regent to the Russian ambassador

in favour of the Bourbons,

313

92. Increasing irritation of the Russian and Prussian officers against the

Austrians, .

314