Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart, the Second and Third Marquesses of Londonderry; with Annals of Contemporary Events in which They Bore a Part, from the Original Papers of the Family, Volume 2

W. Blackwood and Sons, 1861 - Great Britain

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With Annals of Contemporary Events in which They Bore a Part ... Archibald Alison. LIVES OF LORD CASTLEREAGH AND SIR CHARLES STEWART LIVES OF LORD CASTLEREAGH AND SIR CHARLES STEWART THE SECOND.

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Title Page

Table of Contents

Plan of the Allied sovereigns for the campaign	1

Forces at Napoleons disposal	2

Napoleon first moves against Blucher at Berlin	4

Mutual advances of Napoleon and Blucher against each other in Silesia	5

Retreat of Ney in Silesia before Blucher	6

Operations of the Allies in Bohemia and against Dresden	7

Their advance to Dresden	8

Changes in the Allied plan of attack	9

March on and victory of Champaubert	284

Movements of Schwartzenberg towards Paris	290

Counterproject of the Allies which Napoleon rejects	307

Imprudent declaration of the Prince Regent to the Russian ambassador	313

Council at BarsurAube	316

Lord Castlereaghs decision determines the Allies to give Blucher two of Bernadottes corps	318

Lord Castlereaghs measures to pacify Bernadotte	320

Division of the Allies and Lord Castlereaghs efforts to unite them	322

Extreme anxiety and terror in Dresden	10

Remarkable conversation between Cathcart	12

An attack on Dresden is again resolved on	13

Napoleons return towards Dresden	14

Napoleons change of plan in consequence of the information from Dres den on the 25th	15

Danger of the Emperor on approaching Dresden	16

Dispositions of Napoleon to defend Dresden	17

Commencement of the storm of Dresden	18

Sortie of Napoleons Guards	20

Which is attended by great success 21 J 23 Forces on both sides on the next day	22

Disposition of the French troops	23

Disposition of the Allies	24

Commencement of the battle on the 27th	25

Mortal wound of Moreau in the centre	26

A retreat ordered	27

Disasters and difficulties with which it was attended	28

Great discouragement in the Allied army and their losses	29

Great advantages thus gained by Napoleon and discouragement of the Allies	31

Napoleons plan of operations	32

Forces under Vandamme	34

Advance to Culm and extreme terror at T�plitz	35

Vandammes first battle at Culm	36

Preparations for the second battle of Culm	38

Measures on both sides immediately before the battle	39

Total defeat of the French	40

Total defeat of Vandamme	41

Desperate conflict in the pass in rear	42

Great moral effect of this victory	43

Wound and honour of Sir Charles Stewart	44

Receipt of the disastrous news by Napoleon	45

Napoleons false charges against Vandamme for disobedience of orders	46

Great error here committed by Napoleon	47

Simultaneous movement of Oudinot on Berlin	49

Battle of Gross Beeren	50

Real cause of this fatal dispersion of forces	51

Advances of Macdonald against Blucher	52

Bluchers simultaneous advance against him	53

Defeat of Macdonald with immense loss	54

Retreat and immense losses of the French	55

Effect of these disasters on Napoleon	56

Causes of Napoleons early success and late disasters	57

Napoleons march to support Macdonald	59

Blucher falls back and Napoleon returns to Dresden	60

Advance of Ney against Bernadotte	61

Battle of Dennewitz	62

Alarming position of the French army	64

Renewed movement of Schwartzenberg against Dresden	66

Action at Nollendorf and retreat of the Allies	67

Napoleons conversation with St Cyr on the art of war	68

Halt of Napoleon on the summit of the Geyersberg	69

Reasons of Napoleons retreat to Dresden	71

Fresh combats on the mountains	72

Reasons on both sides for delaying great operations	73

Sharp action on the French left followed by a retreat	74

Great losses of the French in this hill campaign	75

Great successes of the Allied light troops in the French rear	77

Fresh treaties concluded between England Russia and Prussia	78

Napoleon in vain marches against Blucher and returns to Dresden	79

Alarming intelligence from the rear and Lower Elbe	80

Napoleons new plan of operations	82

Forces and situation of the Allies	83

Allied plan of operations against Napoleon	85

Dissatisfaction of the Allies with Bernadotte and consequent mission of Sir Charles Stewart to his headquarters 888	86

CHAPTER XI	90

Advance of the Grand Army into the plains of Lepsic	92

Napoleons plans at this period	93

Napoleons advance against Blucher	94

The opposite armies mutually pass each other	95

Timid conduct of Bernadotte which endangers Blucher	97

Napoleon in consequence leaves St Cyr at Dresden	98

Napoleons own account of his views at this time	99

Discontent in the French army at this project	100

Napoleons interesting conversation with Marshal Marmont 101	101

The Emperor is obliged to change his plan by advices from Murat	103

Reasons for Napoleons change of plan	104

Severe cavalry action at Borna on the 14th	105

Inactivity of Bernadotte at K�then	106

Fall of the kingdom of Westphalia and defection of Bavaria	108

Interesting conversation of Napoleon with his marshals on the evening of the 14th	112

Position of the French and Allies	114

Forces on both sides	116

Description of the town of Leipsic	117

Schwartzenbergs address to his troops	118

Commencement of the battle of Wachau	119

Battle at Wachau in the centre	120

Great advantages gained by the French in the centre	121

The Allies are further worsted in the centre	122

Grand cavalry attack on the centre	123

Which is repulsed with great loss	124

Close of the battle and its results	125

Dispositions for the battle of M�ckern	127

Battle there in which the French are worsted	128

French account of this battle	129

Decisive importance of this battle	131

Both armies are inactive on the 17th	134

Extreme difficulties of Napoleons situation and negotiation with Meer feldt	136

Napoleons conversation with Meerfeldt on a peace 138	138

Which leads to no suspension of hostilities and the battle is postponed till next day	141

The Crown Prince is at length brought forward	142

Napoleon makes no preparations for a retreat on the 17th	144

Napoleons final dispositions for the battle	145

Allied dispositions for the battle	146

Napoleons nocturnal visit to Ney	148

Commencement of the battle	149

Success of the Allies on their left at Dolitz	150

Desperate attack on Probstheyda	151

Probstheyda is regained by the French	152

Operations in the north and desertion of the Saxons	153

Action between Ney Marmont Blucher and Bernadotte	154

Close of the battle and its results on both sides	156

Napoleon on the evening after the battle	157

Immense embarrassment occasioned by the single line of retreat to the French	159

Last interview of Napoleon and the King of Saxony	160

Preparations for an assault of Leipsic	161

Storming of Leipsic	162

Blowing up of the bridge and surrender of the troops in the town	164

Death of Prince Poniatowski and capture of the whole French rearguard and losses on both sides	165

Entry of the Allied sovereigns and generals into Leipsic	166

Deplorable state of the French army during the retreat to the Rhine	168

New distribution of the Allied armies	172

Disastrous retreat to the Rhine and great losses incurred in course of it	173

Battle of Hanau and retreat of the French across the Rhine	174

Napoleons orders to the Grand Park and garrisons in the rear	175

Deplorable state and surrender of the fortresses	177

Immense force displayed by Napoleon on this occasion	178

Removal of Sir R Wilson to the Austrian army in Italy	179

The real reason of this change	180

Powerful agency of the Stewart family in the deliverance of Europe	182

Immense errors of Napoleon in this campaign	184

CHAPTER XII	186

State of affairs in Italy	187

Gloomy aspect of affairs in Spain at the same period	188

Discontent and despair in the interior	189

Cause of this inactivity on the part of the Allies	190

Pacific offers of the Allies from Frankfort by Metternich	192

Proposals intrusted to M de Saint Aignan	193

Similar assurances of pacific intentions from Russia and England and terms proposed	194

Mannheim for the seat of a congress	195

Extreme gloom and depression at Paris	196

Napoleons reasons for continuing the war	197

Dismissal of Maret and other changes in the administration	198

Napoleons warlike measures and vast levies of men	199

Disastrous state of the French finances	200

de Caulaincourt accepts with many exceptions the terms proposed at Frankfort on Dec 2	202

Ruinous condition of the French fortresses	204

Dreadful mortality in the army on the Rhine especially at Mayence	206

Measures for the defence of Flanders Holland and the northern frontier	207

Treaty of Valen�ay with Ferdinand VII	208

Treaty of Napoleon with the Pope and of the Allies with Murat	209

State of the Allied forces on the Rhine and in Germany	211

Sir Charles Stewart with Bernadotte in north of Germany	212

Bernadotte concludes a convention with Davoust securing his return to France	213

Which leads to a counterrevolution in Holland	215

Dissatisfaction of Lord Castlereagh at the terms proposed at Frankfort	218

Which are generally acceded to by the Allied Cabinets	220

Forces of the Allies and plan of the campaign	222

Double invasion of France from Switzerland and Coblentz	224

Immense subsidies granted by Lord Castlereagh on behalf of Great Bri tain to the Allied Powers	225

Napoleons measures to recruit his army and his retreat before the in vaders	226

Meeting of the Legislative Body at Paris and its disaffected feelings	228

Napoleons address to the Legislative Body and references to committees	230

Resolution of the Committee on the subject	232

Paragraph proposed by M Lain� in the Report	233

Napoleon in great anger prorogues the Assembly	234

His noble speech to the Senators	236

Reflections on these speeches of Napoleon	237

Appointment of Lord Castlereagh as minister plenipotentiary with the Allied sovereigns	239

Lord Castlereaghs instructions and powers and his reception at Allied headquarters	241

Napoleon sends M de Caulaincourt to the Allied headquarters as pleni potentiary	245

Embarrassment of M de Metternich and fortunate arrival of Lord Castle reagh	246

Sir Charles Stewarts account of the state of the opposite armies at this period	248

Small amount of Napoleons forces and his desperate situation	249

Napoleons plan of the campaign and noble language	250

Chatillon is fixed on as the place of congress and near approach of the two armies	251

His representations and entire accord with Austria	264

Napoleon at length gives full powers to Caulaincourt	270

Answer of the Allied representatives	278

Treaty of Chaumont	324

Secret articles of the treaty	325

Which was a virtual dissolution of the Congress of Chatillon	326

Slow progress of the negotiation and changing instructions to the pleni potentiaries	327

Final terms proposed on Feb 17	328

Caulaincourts answer and counterproject	329

Contreprojet at length presented by Caulaincourt	330

Rejected by the Allies	331

Final proposals of Napoleon and rupture of the Congress	332

Metternichs letter to Caulaincourt urging the acceptance of the terms of the Allies	334

Napoleons resolution not to abandon Antwerp and Mantua led to the conferences being broken off	335

Chances in Napoleons favour and great importance of Lord Castle reaghs presence	337

Source of divisions regarding Poland and Alexanders views on it	339

Difficulties in Italy	342

Difficulties about Genoa from Lord William Bentincks proclamation	343

Lord Castlereaghs policy as to the Duke dAngoul�me with Wel lington	345

Prince of Oranges imprudent and premature attempt in Flanders	347

General bearings of the negotiation at Chatillon	348

Seeming justice of Napoleons pleas at the Congress	349

Time has proved that Lord Castlereagh was right in the question	350

CHAPTER XIII	352

Continued retreat of the Allied Grand Army	354

Movements of the Army of Silesia	355

Renewed active operations by the Grand Army Combat of Barsur Aube	357

Important retaking of Soissons	359

Concentration of the Allied army on the road from Soissons to Laon	361

S Page 9 Advance of Napoleon in pursuit and Blucher takes post at Craonne	363

Napoleons forces and reasons for hazarding an attack	364

Napoleon is repulsed at Soissons but takes BerryauBac and crosses the Aisne	367

Battle of Craonne	368

Winzingerodes detour obliges Blucher to retreat	369

Retreat of the Russians and results of the battle	370

Material results of the battle	371

Its moral results	372

The Allies concentrate around Laon and Napoleon advances to attack them	373

Plan and movements of Napoleon	375

Preparations for a nocturnal attack on Marmont	377

Napoleon continues the attack on the 10th	378

Desperate position of Napoleons affairs	380

Secret history of the inactivity of Blucher after the battle	381

Beneficial effect of the battle of Laon on the Allied army	383

Gloomy state of general feeling in Paris	384

Napoleon moves against Schwartzenberg	386

Consternation in the Grand Army at his approach	387

Napoleons movements and those of the Allies	388

Battle of ArcissurAube	389

The French are repulsed	390

The French retire on the second day	392

Napoleons designs after the battle	393

Napoleons march to St Dizier	394

Important interrupted despatches of Napoleon	395

Sir Charles Stewart and Volkonsky advise to march with both armies to Paris	396

Considerations urged on the other side	397

Volkonskys opinions on an advance to Paris	399

Defeat of Winzingerode in following Napoleon	401

First combat of F�reChampenoise	402

Second combat at F�reChampenoise	403

Results of these combats and advance of the Allies to Paris	405

Advance of the Allied armies to Paris	407

Extreme consternation in Paris	409

It is determined that the Empress and King of Rome should go beyond the Loire	411

Departure of the Empress and King of Rome for the Loire	412

Treacherous conduct of Talleyrand	413

Forces of the French for the defence of Paris	414

Forces of the Allies and their plan of attack	415

Battle of Paris	417

Results of the battle	418

Entry of the Allies into Paris	420

Interview of the plenipotentiaries with the Emperor Alexander	454

Negotiations with Murat and the Austrians in Italy	460

Difficulties with regard to Norway	466

Universal defection at Fontainebleau and Blois from the Emperor	473

Convention on April 23 for evacuation of all the French conquests	480

Definitive treaty	482

The secret treaty	483

Honours bestowed on Lord Castlereagh and discussion in Parliament on the Peace	485

Mr Cannings �loge of the Peace	486

General errors as to the fall of Napoleon	488

Napoleon had good reasons for his latter conduct though it ruined bim	489

Great effects of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewarts courage	490

Cooperation of Alexander Wellington and Castlereagh in Napoleons overthrow	491

Which of the three was the greatest?	492

CHAPTER XIV	494

The restoration of the Bourbons was the great security	495

Reasons of Lord Castlereaghs favouring that object	496

Great danger he apprehended from Russia	497

Lord Castlereaghs principle was a German confederacy and the restora tion of Poland independent of Russia	498

His views in regard to Norway and Sweden	500

Assembling of the Congress of Vienna	502

It is assembled	503

Points on which they were all agreed and on which they differed	504

The Emperor of Russia on Poland	505

Views of Prussia	507

Views of Austria	509

And of France	510

Views of Lord Castlereagh and the British Cabinet at this juncture	512

Universal passion in Great Britain for the abolition of the slave trade everywhere	515

Difficulties thrown in the way by the French	517

Preliminary question which occupied the Congress	519

Separation of the Congress into committees	520

Formation of the German Constitution	522

Concord of Russia and Prussia as to Poland and Saxony	524

Which is brought to light and extremely irritates France	525

Indignation of Alexander at this	526

Interview of Talleyrand with Alexander 527	527

Lord Castlereagh and Metternich come to an understanding	529

Lord Castlereaghs observations to Alexander	531

Answer of Alexander 532	532

Lord Castlereaghs reply	534

Measures of Talleyrand in consequence to propitiate Russia	535

Russia occupies Poland and gives Saxony to Prussia	536

Warlike preparations of Russia	537

Change in the policy of England regarding Saxony	538

Warlike measures of France and Bavaria	539

The Emperor of Russia in some degree modifies his views on Poland and Saxony	540

Stormy interview of Alexander and Talleyrand	541

And with M de Metternich	543

Progress of the two Emperors in Hungary and formal opening of the Congress	544

Lord Castlereagh succeeds in shaking the Prussian Cabinet	545

Effect it produced on the King of Prussia	546

Interview of the Czar with the King of Prussia	547

Fresh and secure union of Russia and Prussia	549

Decided note of Austria	551

Warlike preparations of Austria France and Bavaria	552

The Czar begins to yield	553

Secret treaty between England France and Austria	554

Origin of the contest with America at this time	556

Balanced success during the war with America	557

Lord Castlereaghs instructions to the British commissioners at Ghent	558

Progress of the negotiations	561

Concessions of Russia in regard to the Polish question at Vienna	564

Lord Castlereaghs efforts to preserve the nationality and a constitution for Poland	566

Difficulty as to who were to be members of the Committee	567

Difficulties in forming a barrier in the Low Countries	569

It is ultimately agreed to give Luxemburg to the King of the Nether lands	571

Affairs of Italy	573

Reasons for annexation of Genoa to Piedmont	574

Lord Castlereaghs views on the Spanish Government	575

Affairs of Naples	577

Bad faith on both sides with regard to Napoleon and Murat	579

Affairs of Switzerland	581

Difficulties experienced by Lord Castlereagh in his efforts to procure the abolition of the slave trade	582

Lord Castlereaghs conference with Talleyrand on the subject	583

Resolution of the Congress on the subject	585

Lord Castlereagh leaves the Congress of Vienna and returns to England to meet Parliament	587

Arrival of Wellington at Vienna	588

Murats abrupt decision which causes a declaration of war against him	589

Steps of the Allies against him	590

France	591

Resolution of the Parma question	593

His return to London through Paris	594

Return of Napoleon from Elba	595

Effect it produced on the Congress	596

Effect of Napoleons return in concluding the Saxon question	598

Great preparations of the Allies for war with France	599

Their determination not to treat with Napoleon or any of his family	602

Lord Castlereaghs speech against Napoleon	604

Great preparations of Great Britain for the war with Napoleon	605

Lord Castlereaghs reception in the House of Commons and his defence of the Treaty of Vienna	607

Battle of Waterloo and its effects on the Allied sovereigns	608

Return of Lord Castlereagh to Paris	617

Lord Castlereaghs efforts to effect the restoration of the works of art from Paris	618

Final treaty of Vienna	620

Review of the Russians in the plain of Vertus	622

Memoir from foreign artists in Rome to Lord Castlereagh	623

Removal of Napoleon to St Helena	625

Negotiations for a final peace	626

Enormous demands of the Allied Powers	627

Terms on which peace is at length concluded	631

Retrospect of Lord Castlereaghs foreign policy	633

Proof which the Revolutionary annals afforded of the dangers to England from democracy	634

Confirmation of the same principles from subsequent experience	635

Reason of the territorial arrangements of the Congress of Vienna	636

Reasons why revolutionary Powers ever incline to France	638

Inconsistency of the foreign and domestic policy of this country in regard to revolutions	640

Light which these views throw on Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewarts memory	641

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Common terms and phrases

abandon advance Allied army Allied Grand Army Allied sovereigns Army of Silesia arrived artillery attack Austrian avait battle Benningsen Berlin Bernadotte Blucher Bohemia Bout campaign Cath Cathcart Caulaincourt cavalry centre CHAP columns combat command commenced corps Crown Prince cuirassiers Culm decisive defeat defile disaster division Dresden D�ben Elbe enemy enemy's Europe Fain flank force fortresses France French army French Emperor front garrisons G�n�ral Germany Gossa guns headquarters horse infantry K�then Lauriston Leipsic Lond Lord Castle Lord Castlereagh loss Macdonald Marm Marmont Marshal Marshal Marmont Meerfeldt ment military movement Murat Napoleon orders Oudinot Paris peace Pirna Plotho position Prince Royal prisoners Probstheyda qu'il reagh rear reserve retire retreat Rhine road Russian Russian Guard Saxon Schwartzenberg Sept side Silesia Sir Charles Stewart St Cyr success Thiers tion T�plitz Torgau troops Vandamme Vaud victory village Wachau whole xvii Young Guard Z�rbig

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Bibliographic information

Title	Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart, the Second and Third Marquesses of Londonderry; with Annals of Contemporary Events in which They Bore a Part, from the Original Papers of the Family, Volume 2 Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart, the Second and Third Marquesses of Londonderry; with Annals of Contemporary Events in which They Bore a Part, from the Original Papers of the Family, Archibald Alison
Author	Archibald Alison
Publisher	W. Blackwood and Sons, 1861
Original from	Oxford University
Digitized	26 Jun 2006

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