States, and the restitution of Poland be left to such conciliatory adjustments as may be possible in the new temper of such a peace, due regard being paid to the aspirations of the peoples whose political fortunes and affiliations will be involved.

It is manifest that no part of this program can be successfully carried out unless the restitution of the status quo ante furnishes a firm and satisfactory basis for it. The object of this war is to deliver the free peoples of the world from the menace and the actual power of a vast military establishment, controlled by an irresponsible Government, which, having secretly planned to dominate the world, proceeded to carry the plan out without regard either to the sacred obligations of treaty or the long-established practices and long-cherished principles of international action and honor; which chose its own time for the war; delivered its blow fiercely and suddenly; stopped at no barrier, either of law or of mercy; swept a whole continent within the tide of blood-not the blood of soldiers only, but the blood of innocent women and children also and of the helpless poor; and now stands balked, but not defeated, the enemy of four-fifths of the world.

This power is not the German people. It is the ruthless master of the German people. It is no business of ours how that great people came under its control or submitted with temporary zest to the domination of its purpose; but it is our business to see to it that the history of the rest of the world is no longer left to its handling.

To deal with such a power by way of peace upon the plan proposed by his Holiness the Pope would, so far as we can see, involve a recuperation of its strength and a renewal of its policy; would make it necessary to create a permanent hostile combination of nations against the German people, who are its instruments; and would result in abandoning the new-born Russia to the intrigue, the manifold subtle interference, and the certain counter-revolution which would be attempted by all the malign influences to which the German Government has of late accustomed the world.

Can peace be based upon a restitution of its power or upon any word of honor it could pledge in a treaty of settlement and accommodation?

Responsible statesmen must now everywhere see, if they never saw before, that no peace can rest securely upon political or economic restrictions meant to benefit some nations and cripple or embarrass others, upon vindictive action of any sort, or any kind of revenge or deliberate injury. The American people have suffered intolerable wrongs at the hands of the Imperial German Government, but they desire no re

prisal upon the German people, who have themselves suffered all things in this war, which they did not choose. They believe that peace should rest upon the rights of peoples, not the rights of Governments-the rights of peoples, great or small, weak or powerful their equal right to freedom and security and self-government and to a participation upon fair terms in the economic opportunities of the world, the German people, of course, included, if they will accept equality and not seek domination.

The test, therefore, of every plan of peace is this: Is it based upon the faith of all the peoples involved, or merely upon the word of an ambitious and intriguing Government, on the one hand, and of a group of free peoples, on the other? This is a test which goes to the root of the matter; and it is the test which must be applied.

The purposes of the United States in this war are known to the whole world-to every people to whom the truth has been perImitted to come. They do not need to be stated again. We seek no material advantage of any kind. We believe that the intolerable wrongs done in this war by the furious and brutal power of the Imperial German Government ought to be repaired, but not at the expense of the sovereignty of any people-rather a vindication of the sovereignty both of those that are weak and of those that are strong. Punitive damages, the dismemberment of empires, the establishment of selfish and exclusive economic leagues, we deem inexpedient, and in the end worse than futile, no proper basis for a peace of any kind, least of all for an enduring peace. That must be based upon justice and fairness and the common rights of mankind.

We cannot take the word of the present rulers of Germany as a guarantee of anything that is to endure unless explicitly supported by such conclusive evidence of the will and purpose of the German people themselves as the other peoples of the world would be justified in accepting. Without such guarantees treaties of settlement, agreements for disarmament, covenants to set up arbitration in the place of force, territorial adjustments, reconstitutions of small nations, if made with the German Government, no man, no nation, could now depend on.

We must await some new evidence of the purposes of the great peoples of the Central Powers. God grant it may be given soon and in a way to restore the confidence of all peoples everywhere in the faith of nations and the possibility of a covenanted peace. ROBERT LANSING, Secretary of State

of the United States of America.

Alejandro Alvarez: Le Droit International Américain, son Fondement -sa Nature d'après l'Histoire Diplomatique des Etats du Nouveau Monde et leur Vie Politique et Économique. (Paris, Pedone, 1910.) American Society of International Law, Proceedings of, at the seventh and eighth annual meetings, 1913, 1914. Secretary, James Brown Scott, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C. The proceedings at the seventh meeting were devoted to a consideration of the Panama Canal question in all its aspects, and the appendix contains the texts of all pertinent treaties and conventions. The eighth meeting was devoted to discussions of the Monroe Doctrine.

Harmodio Arias: The Panama Canal. A study in international law and diplomacy. P. S. King & Son, 1911. A well-documented review of treaties and of principles underlying the neutralization of water-ways. Published under the auspices of the London School of Economics and Political Science.

John Barrett: The Pan-American Union: Peace, Friendship, Commerce. (Washington, Pan-American Union, 1911.) author is Director-General of the PanAmerican Union.

The

Edward I. Bell: The Political Shame of Mexico. (New York, McBride, Nast & Company, 1914.) The author was a newspaper editor and publisher in Mexico City, and had unusual opportunities to observe and judge the men prominent in Mexican affairs at the time of the overthrow of Diaz and during the ascendency of Madere.

John Bigelow: American Policy. The Western Hemisphere in its Relation to the Eastern. (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914.) A study of the principles

underlying the international policies of the United States.

Hiram Bingham: The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth. (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1913.) Brief critique of the Monroe Doctrine, with statement of Latin-American objections to it. George Hubbard Blakeslee (Editor): Latin America. Clark University Addresses. (New York, Stechert, 1914.) Interesting and useful discussions of Latin-America from many points of view.

Dr. E. de la Dardye Bourgade: Paraguay: the Land and the People, Natural Wealth and Commerical Capabilities. (London and Liverpool, George Philip & Son, 1892.) A handbook of information. García F. Calderón: Latin-America: Its Rise and Progress. (Translated from the author's "Les Démocraties Latines de l'Amérique," Paris, Flammarion, 1912, by Bernard Miall. London and Leipsic, T. Fisher Unwin, 1913.) A standard work of exceptional value, containing a philosophical study of origins by a Peruvian diplomat.

James M. Callahan: Cuba and International Relations. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univ:, 1899.

F. Capella y Pons: Monroïsme? NotesÉtudes sur la Politique Continentale Américaine à l'égard de l'Europe. (Paris, Larose, 1913.) A keenly critical study by a Uruguayan scholar. Arturo B. Carranza: Digesto Constitucional Americano, 2 vols., Buenos Aires, Compania Sud-Americana de Billetes de Banco, 1910. Contains the constitutions of the United States of America, the United States of Brazil, the United States of Venezuela, the United Mexican States, Argentine Republic, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti,

and Leipsic, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.) A handbook of information.

José Segundo Decoud: Paraguay. Second edition, revised and enlarged, with a chapter on the native races by Dr. J. Hampden Porter. (Washington, Government printing office, 1902.) Another handbook. Pierre Denis: Brazil. (London and Leipsic, T. Fisher Unwin, 1911.) A handbook. Diplomatic History of the Panama Canal. Correspondence relating to the negotiation and application of certain treaties on the subject of an interoceanic canal, and accompanying papers. Sen. Doc. No. 474, 68d Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1914, XII, 602 p.)

Contains, besides much additional matter, reprints of House Doc. No. 8, parts 1 and 2, 58th Cong., 1st Sess.; Sen. Doc. No. 51, 58th Cong., 2nd Sess.; part of House Doc. No. 611, 57th Cong., 1st Sess. Phanor James Eder: Columbia.

(London Α

and Leipic, T. Fisher Unwin, 1913.) handbook, with a full bibliography. Reginald C. Enoch: Mexico: its Ancient and Modern Civilization, Hitory and Political Conditions, Topography and Natural Resources, Industries and General Development. (London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1909. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons.)

Reginald C. Enoch: Peru: its Former and

Present Civilization, History and Existing Conditions, Topography and Natural Resources, Commerce and General Development. (London and Leipsic, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.)

Reginald C. Enoch: Ecuador: its Ancient

and Modern History, Topography and

Natural Resources, Industries and Social Development. (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914.)

Three handbook which serve the purposes of the average inquirer.

Carl Russell Fish: American Diplomacy. (New York, Holt, 1915.) The best single volume on this subject.

Alfred Hermann Fried: Pan-Amerika, Entwickelung, Umfang und Bedeutung der pan-amerikanischen Bewegung (18101910). (Berlin, Maritima, 1910.) Favors Pan-American union.

Martin García-Merou: Historia de la Diplomacia Americana. Politica Internacional de los Estados Unidos, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Lajouane, 1904.) Covers period from 1775 to 1903. The author is a diplomat of the Argentine Republic. Peter H. Goldsmith: A Brief Bibliography of Books in English, Spanish and Portuguese Relating to the Republics Commonly Called Latin - American, with Comments. (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1915.) A critical estimate of each book is given.

M. R. Hardy: Paraguay. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913.) A handbook.

Albert Bushnell Hart: The Monroe Doctrine: An Interpretation. (Boston, Little, Brown & Company, 1916.) Up to date and complete, with a good bibliography.

W. A. Hirst: Argentina. (London and Leipsic, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.) A handbook.

Herbert Kraus: Die Monroedoktrin in ihren Beziehungen zur amerikanischen Diplomatie und zum Völkerrecht. (Berlin, Guttentag, 1913.)

John H. Latané: The Diplomatic Relations of the United States and Spanish America. (Under caption: "The Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History, 1899.”) (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1900.) Well-documented studies of the diplomatic history of the Spanish-American revolt, of the Cuban difficulty, of the Central American canal, of the French

intervention in Mexico, and the Monroe Doctrine.

J. N. Léger: Haiti: her History and her Detractors. (New York, the Neale Publishing Co., 1907.) The author was the Haitian minister to the United States. This is the plea of an advocate, but worthy of study.

William M. Malloy: Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols and Agreements between the United States of America and other Powers (1776-1909). vols., Washington, Gov. Printing Office, 1910.) This is Senate Doc. No. 357, 61st Cong., 2nd Sess.

(2

Supplementary volume, edited by Garfield Charles (Washington, Gov. Printing Office, 1913), comes down to March 4, 1918. (Sen. Doc. No. 1063, 62nd Cong., 3rd Sess.) Clements R. Markham: A History of Peru. (Chicago, Charles H. Sergel & Co., 1892.) Reliable and well-written.

John Bassett Moore: American Diplomacy, Its Spirit and Achievements. (New York, Harper, 1905.) A thoughtful, suggestive discussion.

John Bassett Moore: Digest of International Law as Embodied. especially in Documents . . . of the United States. (8 vols., Washington, Government Printing Office, 1906.) This is House Doc. No. 551, 56th Cong., 2nd Sess.

John Bassett Moore: History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party, together with Appendices containing the Treaties relating to such Arbitrations, and Historical and Legal Notes on other International Arbitrations Ancient and Modern, and on the Domestic Commissions of the United States for the Adjustment of International Claims. (6 vols., Washington, Gov. Printing Office, 1898.) (This is House Mis. Doc. No. 212, 53rd Cong., 2nd Sess., also published separately.)

Pan-American Union, Director-General,

John Barrett, 17th and B Streets N. W., Washington, D. C., publishes a monthly Bulletin, illustrated, and containing all kinds of information about both the

Americas, and especially concerning Pan-
American affairs.

Frederic Logan Paxon: The Independence of the South American Republics: A Study in Recognition and Foreign Policy. (Philadelphia, Ferris & Leach, 1908.) Α thoughtful, scholarly review of international relations.

Charles M. Pepper: Panama to Patagonia. The Isthmian Canal and the West Coast Countries of South America. (New York, Young People's Missionary Movement of the United States and Canada, 1906.) Industrial, fiscal and political information with special reference to the effects of the Panama Canal on the countries of western South America.

Santiago Pérez Triana: La Doctrina Drago, con una Advertencia Preliminar, y una Introduction de W. T. Stead. (London, Wertheimer, Lea y Cia.) Chiefly a collection of documents.

Loraine F. Petre: Simon Bolivar, "El libertador." A life of the chief leader in the revolt against Spain in Venezuela, New Granada and Peru. (London and New

York, John Lane Company, 1910.) A standard biography of Bolivar. William Fiddian Reddaway: The Monroe Doctrine. (Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1898.) An acute study by an English authority. James Redway: Guiana, British, French and Dutch. (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918.) A handbook. George Lockhart Rives: The United States and Mexico, 1821-1848. A history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States, in 2 vols. (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918.) The best history of the Mexican war and its origins. William Spence Robertson: The Beginnings of Spanish-American Diplomacy. (New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1910.) Contained in a volume of "Essays in American History," dedicated to Prof. F. J. Turner. The last two essays are on Latin-American subjects.

Albert G. Robinson: Cuba and the Intervention. (New York, Longmans, Green & Company, 1905.)

José Ignacio Rodriguez: American Constitutions. A Compilation of the Political Constitutions of the Independent Nations of the New World, with Short Historical Notes and Various Appendixes. (Under page caption: "International Bureau of American Republics." Washington, Gov. Printing Office, Vol. I, 1906; Vol. II, 1907.) Contains the constitutions in the original languages with English translations. An indispensable work for the student.

William R. Shepherd: Latin America. (New York, Henry Holt & Co.; London, Williams & Norgate, 1914.)

A handbook, which is particularly just to the Latin-American points of view. Frederick Starr: In Indian Mexico. A narrative of travel and labor. (Chicago, Forbes & Co., 1908.) Life and customs among the Indians of southern Mexico. Philip T. Terry: Mexico. Handbook for Travelers. (Boston, Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1909.) Good for the reader as well as the traveler.

José Maria Torres Caicedo: Union LatinaAmericana, pensamiente de Bolivar para formar una Liga Americana; su Origen y sus Desarollos. (Paris, Rosa y Bouret, 1865.)

A discussion of English and American diplomacy with reference to LatinAmerica, and of the struggles of the Latin American colonies towards

con

federation and union-by a distinguished historian and diplomat of Venezuela.

J. F. Unstead and E. G. R. Taylor: Philips' comparative wall atlas of South America. Edited by J. F. Unstead, M.A., D.Sc., and E. G. R. Taylor, B.Sc. London, George Philip & Son, Ltd., the London Geographical Institute; New York, C. S. Hammond & Company, 8 maps, 86 x 40 inches, approximately 150 miles to the inch. It supplies a complete outline of the geography of South America, each map exhibiting a different aspect, as follows: relief and communications, political divisions, temperature, climate, November to April, climate, May to October. World Peace Foundation, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass., has published three pamphlets under the title, "The New PanAmericanism."

Nos. 1 and 2, issued in 1916, contain important addresses by President Wilson, Secretary Lansing and others, relating to Pan-American affairs, and a documentary history of dealings with Gen. Huerta and Gen. Carranza, of the conferences for mediation in 1914, etc.

No. 3, published in 1917, contains a valuable study of the international organization of the Central American Republics, with especial reference to the Central American Court of Justice and its work. Another pamphlet, published by the Foundation in 1916, which should be noted, is entitled, "The Monroe Doctrine and the League to Enforce Peace," by Professor George G. Wilson.

Modernizing the Monroe Doctrine. With an Introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler. By Charles H. Sherrill, late United States Minister to Argentina. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York. 1916. Net $1.25.

There is a certain appeal, especially to those who have followed our government's attempts at the political education of the Philippines, in the Hon. Charles H. Sherrill's proposed method of clinching the Monroe Doctrine by a business deal with the European landholders of the western hemisphere. The Pacific Islands are more of

a burden than a joy to us, he says. Why not, then, exchange them with the French, Dutch and British owners of the Guianas and British Honduras, and with the Danes, who, at the time of his writing, still possessed the Danish Islands of the Caribbean. Just how the partition of the Philippines, with their ten millions of little brown brothers, shall be made, would be for the new owners, not for us, to decide. But we should be not unprofitably rid of territory that came to us as the chance result of war, while its passage from our hands would make us consistent followers of the Monroe