M. Ja.

M. P.*

LÉON JACQUES MAXIME PRINET.

Babylonia and Assyria:

Proper Names; Babylonian and Assyrian Religion; Bel; Belit. Avaray; Bar-le-Duc; Batarnay; Bauffremont,

Auxiliary of the Institute of France (Academy of Moral and Political Sciences). Beauharnais; Beaujeu;
Author of L'Industrie du sel en Franche-Comté.

N. H. M.

N. M.

N. V.

N. W. T.

Beauvillier;
Bellegarde: Family.

Formerly Lecturer on Sanskrit at the Robert Money Institution, Bombay. Vice-
President of the London Indian Society. Author of Industrial Development of Bhau Daji.
India; &c.

REV. NEWTON HERBERT MARSHALL., M.A., PH.D. (Halle).

Minister of Heath Street Baptist Church, Hampstead, London. Author of Gegen- Baptists.
wartige Richtungen der Religions philosophie in England; Theology and Truth.
NORMAN MCLEAN, M.A.

Fellow, Lecturer and Librarian of Christ's College, Cambridge. University Lecturer
in Aramaic. Examiner for the Oriental Languages Tripos and the Theological
Tripos at Cambridge.

Bardaisan;
Bar-Hebraeus;
Bar-Salibi.

Basel, Council of;
Benedict XIII. (anti-pope).

Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding Member of the Automatism.
Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of Thought Transference; Kinship and
Marriage in Australia; &c.

P. A.

PAUL DANIEL ALPHANDÉRY.

P. A. A.

P.A. K.

P. C. M.

P. C. Y.

P. Gi.

P.S.

Professor of the History of Dogma, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études, Sorbonne, Paris. Auto-da-Fé.
Author of Les Idées morales chez les hétérodoxes latines au début du XIII° siècle.
PHILIP A. ASHWORTH, M.A., Doc. JURIS.

Bavaria: Statistics;

New College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Translator of H. R. von Gneist's History Berlin.
of the English Constitution.

R. A.*

R. Ad.

Billaud-Varenne.

Bacon, Francis;
Bacon, Roger; Beneke;
Berkeley, Bishop.

Bashan;
Bethlehem.

Bacchylides.

Bagehot;

Balance of Trade.

Baruch.

R. H. L. P.

R. J. M.

R. L.*

R. L. S.

R. M.*

R. N. B.

S. A. C.

SIR ROBERT HARRY INGLIS PALGRAVE, F.R.S.

Director of Barclay & Co., Ltd., Bankers. Editor of the Economist, 1871-1883. Banks and Banking:
Author of Notes on Banking in Great Britain and Ireland, Sweden, Denmark and
Hamburg; &c. Editor of Dictionary of Political Economy.

RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A.

{

General.

Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the St James's Beresford, John.
Gazette (London).

S. C.

S. R. D.

SAMUEL ROLLES Driver, D.D., LITT.D.

T. A. J.

T. As.

T. A. L.

T. Ba.

T. E. H.

T. G. C.

T. H. D.

T. H. H.

T. H. H.

T. L. P.

T. 0.

See the biographical article; DRiver, S. R.

THOMAS ATHOL JOYCE, M.A.

Avahi; Aye-Ayo;
Babirusa;
Baboon; Beaver.

{Béranger.

Bacteriology: Pathological
Aspects.

Bakócz; Balassa; Bánffy;
Bar, Confederation of;
Baross; Basil;
Báthory; Batthyany;
Bela III, and IV.; Bem;
Beöthy; Bernstorff;
Bestuzhev-Ryumin;

Bethlen; Beżborodko; Biren,

Baal;
Benjamin.
Baldovinetti;
Bellini.

Bible: Old Testament: Canon and Chronology.

Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Hon. Sec., Royal Bechuana.
Anthropological Institute.

THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.), F.S.A.

Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly Scholar of Christ
Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow (Oxford). Corresponding Member of the Imperial
German Archaeological Institute. Author of the Classical Topography of the Roman
Campagna; &c.

THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.Á., LL.D.

Trinity College, Dublin.

SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P.

Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council of
the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Author of Problems of
International Practice and Diplomacy; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.

THOMAS ERSKINE HOLLAND, K.C., D.C.L., LL.D.

Fellow of the British Academy. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Formerly

Auximum; Avella;

Avellino; Avernus; Baiae;
Bari; Barletta; Bassano;
Belluno; Benevento;
Bergamo; Bertinoro.
Bailiff; Bill (law);
Bill of Sale.

Belligerency.

Professor of International Law in the University of Oxford. Bencher of Lincoln's Bentham, Jeremy.
Inn. Author of Studies in International Law; The Elements of Jurisprudence;

Alberici Gentilis de jure belli; The Laws of War on Land; Neutral Duties in a Mari-
time War; &c.

THOMAS G. CARVER, M.A., K.C. (d. 1906).

{

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Cambridge. 8th Wrangler, 1871. Author of Average.
On the Law Relating to the Carriage of Goods by Sea.

T. W. R. D.

V. H. B.

W. A. B. C.

W. A. G.

W. A. P.

W. Bo.

W. B. Ca.

W. C. P.

T. W. RHYS DAVIDS, M.A., LL.D., PH.D.

Professor of Comparative Religion in the University of Manchester. Formerly

Professor of Pali and Buddhist Literature, University College, London. Fellow of Bharahat.
the British Academy. Secretary and Librarian of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1885-
1902. Author of Early Buddhism; Buddhist India; &c.

VERNON HERBERT BLACKMAN, M.A., D.Sc.

Professor of Botany in the University of Leeds. Formerly Fellow of St John's Bacteriology: Botany.
College, Cambridge.

REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., PH.D.
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David's
College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of Guide to Switzerland; The Alps in Nature
and in History; &c. Editor of the Alpine Journal, 1880-1888.
WALTER ARMSTRONG GRAHAM.

Baden: Switzerland;
Barcelonnette; Basel;
Basses-Alpes; Beaulieu;
Bellinzona; Bern; Bienno.

His Siamese Majesty's Resident Commissioner for the Siamese Malay State of
Kelantan. Commander, Order of the White Elephant. Member of the Burma Bangkok.
Civil Service, 1889-1903. Author of The French Roman Catholic Mission in Siam;
Kelantan, a Handbook; &c.

WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.

Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St John's College,
Oxford. Author of Modern Europe; The War of Greek Independence; &c.

WILHELM BOUSSET, D.TH.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis in the University of Göttingen. Author of
Das Wesen der Religion; The Antichrist Legend; &c.

W. BROUGHTON CARR.

Formerly Editor of the British Bee Journal and the Bee-Keepers' Record.
WILLIAM CHARLES POPPLEWELL, M.SC., A.M.I.C.E.

Lecturer in Engineering in Manchester School of Technology (University of Man-Bellows and Blowing Machines. chester). Author of Compressed Air; Heat Engines; &c.

Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the City and Guilds. of London

Institute Central Technical College, South Kensington. Associate Member of the Bearings.

Institute of Naval Architects. Author of The Balancing of Engines; Valves and

Valve Gear Mechanisms; &c.

SIR WILLIAM EDMUND GARSTIN, G.C.M.G.

Governing Director, Suez Canal Co. Formerly Inspector-General of Irrigation, Bahr-el-Ghazal (in part).
Egypt. Adviser to the Ministry of Public Works in Egypt, 1904-1908.

W. E. G.

W. H. Be.

WILLIAM HENRY BENNETT, M.A., D.D., D.LITT. (Cantab.).

W. H. Ha.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in New and Hackney Colleges, London.
Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Lecturer in Hebrew at Firth
College, Sheffield. Author of Religion of the Post-Exilic Prophets; &c.

WILLIAM HENRY HADOW, M.A., Mus. Doc.

{

Balaam;

Beelzebub.

Principal, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of
Worcester College, Oxford. Member of Council, Royal College of Music. Editor Bach, K. P. E.
Oxford History of Music. Author of Studies in Modern Music; &c.

Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, Aberdeen University. Author of The Logic of Bain, Alexander.
Definition; Christian Ethics; &c. Editor of Alexander Bain's Autobiography.

WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE, PH.D., LL.D.

Professor of History, Columbia University, New York.
Bancroft while American Ambassador in Berlin, 1872-1875-
Napoleon Bonaparte.

Barrister-at-Law. High Bailiff of County Courts, Barrie, J. M.

Cardiff. Author of Romantic Professions; &c.

Director of London School of Economics. Agent-General and High Commissioner Ballance, John.
for New Zealand, 1896-1909. Minister of Education, Labour and Justice, New

Zealand, 1891-1896. Author of The Long White Cloud, a History of New Zealand; &c.

W. R. LETHABY, F.S.A.

Principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts under the London County Council. Baptistery.
Author of Architecture, Mysticism and Myth; &c.

WILLIAM SANDAY, D.D., LL.D., LITT.D.

Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Chap

lain in Ordinary to His Majesty the King. Hon. Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. Bible: New Testament: Canon. Fellow of the British Academy. Author of Inspiration (Bampton Lecture, 1893);

Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans; &c.

W.T.Ca.

W.T. T.-D.

WILLIAM THOMAS CALMAN, D.Sc., F.Z.S.

Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South Kensington. Barnacle.
Author of "Crustacea "in Lankester's Treatise on Zoology.

SIR WILLIAM TURNER THISELTON-DYER, F.R.S., K. C.M.G., C.I.E., D.Sc. LL.D.,

PH.D., F.L.S.

Hon. Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Bentham, George.
1885-1905. Botanical Adviser to Secretary of State for Colonies, 1902-1906.
Joint-author of Flora of Middlesex. Editor of Flora Capenses and Flora of Tropical

Africa.

WILLIAM WALLACE, M.A.

See the biographical article: WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897).

REV. WENTWORTH WEBSTER (d. 1906).

Author of Basque Legends; &c.

WILLISTON WALKER, PH.D., D.D.

{

Averroes;
Avicenna.
Basque Provinces;
Basques

W.W.

W. We.

W. Wr.

W.R.S.
W.W.R.*

Professor of Church History, Yale University. Author of History of the Congre- Bacon, Leonard.
gational Churches in the United States; The Reformation; John Calvin; &c.

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME III

Amongst the small Alpine lakes, the Erlaufsee and the Lunzer See are worth mentioning. Of its mineral springs, the best known are the sulphur springs of Baden, the iodine springs of Deutsch-Altenburg, the iron springs of Pyrawarth, and the thermal springs of Vöslau. In general the climate, which varies with the configuration of the surface, is moderate and healthy, although subject to rapid changes of temperature. Although 43.4% of the total area is arable land, the soil is only of moderate fertility and does not satisfy the wants of this thickly-populated province. Woods occupy 34.2%, gardens and meadows 13.1% and pastures 3.2%. Vineyards occupy 2% of the total area and produce a good wine, specially those on the sunny slopes of the Wiener Wald. Cattle-rearing is not well developed, but

AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederösterreich or Österreich unter | Danube, only the Enns and the March are navigable rivers. der Enns, "Austria below the river Enns "), an archduchy and crownland of Austria, bounded E. by Hungary, N. by Bohemia and Moravia, W. by Bohemia and Upper Austria, and S. by Styria. It has an area of 7654 sq. m. and is divided into two parts by the Danube, which enters at its most westerly point, and leaves it at its eastern extremity, near Pressburg. North of this line is the low hilly country, known as the Waldviertel, which lies at the foot and forms the continuation of the Bohemian and Moravian plateau. Towards the W. it attains in the Weinsberger Wald, of which the highest point is the Peilstein, an altitude of 3478 ft., and descends towards the valley of the Danube through the Gföhler Wald (2368 ft.) and the Manhartsgebirge (1758 ft.). Its most south-easterly offshoots are formed by the Bisamberg (1180 ft.), near Vienna, just opposite the Kahlenberg.game and fish are plentiful. Mining is only of slight importance, The southern division of the province is, in the main, mountainous and hilly, and is occupied by the Lower Austrian Alps and their offshoots. The principal groups are: the Voralpe (5802 ft.), the Dürrenstein (6156 ft.), the Ötscher (6205 ft.), the Raxalpe (6589 ft.) and the Schneeberg (6806 ft.), which is the highest summit in the whole province. To the E. of the famous ridge of Semmering are the groups of the Wechsel (5700 ft.) and the Leithagebirge (1674 ft.). The offshoots of the Alpine group are formed by the Wiener Wald, which attains an altitude of 2929 ft. in the Schöpfl and ends N.W. of Vienna in the Kahlenberg (1404 ft.) and Leopoldsberg (1380 ft.).

Lower Austria belongs to the watershed of the Danube, which with the exception of the Lainsitz, which is a tributary of the Moldau, receives all the other rivers of the province. Its principal affluents on the right are: the Enns, Ybbs, Erlauf, Pielach, Traisen, Wien, Schwechat, Fischa and Leitha; on the left the Isper, Krems, Kamp, Göllersau and the March. Besides the

small quantities of coal and iron-ore being extracted in the Alpine foothill region; graphite is found near Mühldorf. From an industrial point of view, Lower Austria stands, together with Bohemia and Moravia, in the front rank amongst the Austrian provinces. The centre of its great industrial activity is the capital, Vienna (q.v.); but in the region of the Wiener Wald up to the Semmering, owing to its many waters, which can be transformed into motive power, many factories are spread. The principal industries are, the metallurgic and textile industries in all their branches, milling, brewing and chemicals; paper, leather and silk; cloth, objets de luxe and millinery; physical and musical instruments; sugar, tobacco factories and foodstuffs. The very extensive commerce of the province has also its centre in Vienna. The population of Lower Austria in 1900 was 3,100,493, which corresponds to 405 inhabitants per sq. m. It is, therefore, the most densely populated province of Austria. According to the language in common use, 95% of the population