Urkunden zur Geschichte des Völkerrechts. By Dr. Karl Strupp. 2 Bande. Band I: Bis zum Berliner Kongress (1878). Mit einer Karte, pp. xviii, 410; Band II: Vom Berliner Kongress bis 1911. Mit einer Karte, pp. viii, 539. Erganzungsheft, pp. viii, 106. Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes A. G. 1911, 1912. Dr. Strupp, whose little collection of international incidents or cases evidenced a familiarity with the theory and practice of international law 1 shows, in the present collection of international documents, not merely a grasp of the general principles of international law and of the treaties and conventions in which they are in part imbedded, but also a first hand knowledge of international law in its historical development. What his hands have cunningly gathered together and grouped under appropriate headings, he shares with any and every reader minded to draw upon his stores of material, and shows him not so much what international law is, as how it has become what it is, namely, a universal law scaling or circumventing national boundaries as if they were nonexistent things. It is natural, therefore, that Dr. Strupp arranges his material chronologically, for only in this way can the growth of international development be shown. For the early periods this method is satisfactory, as the agreements were eminently political. Within the last century, however, a variety of subjects have been the object of regulation, control and protection by treaties to which many, in some cases all, civilized nations have been parties. Chronology is important in such cases as fixing the dates at which peoples and their governments consciously or unconsciously legislated in the interest of the international community, instead of solely in their own individual interests. In this latter period, therefore, Dr. Strupp groups material of a related kind under appropriate headings, but wisely arranges the treaties within the groups according to their dates. In this way the march of events is shown chronologically in matters political; and international development and organization are shown by topical arrangement. The student for these volumes are primarily for him, although the general reader would find them interesting and men in public life serviceable is thus enabled with little labor to appreciate the factors of international progress, to mark their first or gradual appearance and to gauge their force and influence. 1 See favorable review of Dr. Strupp's Völkerrechtliche Fälle in Vol. 5, pp. 127, 128 of this JOURNAL. 306-312); the various treaties guaranteeing Norway, the Baltic Sea territories, etc. (Vol. II, pp. 196-198); Suez and Panama Canal agreements (Vol. II, pp. 198-210); the Geneva Red Cross Convention of 1906, the documents of the Second Hague Peace Conference and the Declaration of London of 1909 (Vol. II, pp. 412-507). The supplemental volume of 1912 contains the documents relating the Morocco controversy between France and Germany and a very complete collection of documents concerning the Turco-Italian war in Tripoli (pp. 29–92) as well as the arbitration treaties of August 3, 1911 between the United States, France and Great Britain, and the still more recent arbitration treaty of August 9, 1911, between France and Denmark (pp. 93-103). This brief summary of the contents of Dr. Strupp's three volumes shows, it is believed, their great value and usefulness, and it is no exaggeration to say that they place before the public material indispensable to a correct understanding of the international development which has slowly taken place in the past and which is rapidly unfolding itself before our very eyes. We would be indebted to the learned editor if he had contented himself with relating and classifying this material under appropriate headings. But he was not content to do this. He has shown the position of each document in international law and international development by a series of carefully chosen references to standard works of international law and special monographs dealing in greater detail with the questions regulated or raised by the treaties and conventions. The student is therefore enabled to pursue his studies until he has mastered the various subjects to which the documents relate. Marginal notes make it possible to see at a glance the topic treated, and the use of different type calls attention to important provisions. Only material portions of the documents are printed and omissions are indicated. The language of the originals is preserved, if it is generally understood. When this is not the case, translations are used. Lists of important collections of treaties and works of international law, as well as a chronological list of the documents, are prefixed and an index is appended to the second volume. A map of the Balkan peninsula ends the first volume; a map of Northern and Central Asia accompanies the second volume. It will perhaps interest the American reader to note that Dr. Strupp considers as servitudes the French and American treaty rights in Newfoundland waters, created by the Treaty of Utrecht and its successors political agreements. The second period (1648-1815) contains the important political treaties chronologically arranged (pp. 24-171). Important political questions of the third period (1815-78) are: President Monroe's message of December 2, 1823, which formulated the so-called Monroe Doctrine (pp. 175–177), with President Roosevelt's statement of it of December 3, 1901, in a footnote (p. 177); the oriental questions: Greece (pp. 178-223); Egypt (pp. 225-228); the German Bund including the Schleswig-Holstein question (pp. 228–242); the end of the German Bund (pp. 242-250); the Franco-German war (pp. 250-265). The fifth section deals with various political questions, such as the development of Belgium (pp. 265-271) and the Italian question (pp. 271-278). The remaining documents of this period (1815-1878) deal with economic questions (river, canal and navigation, pp. 279-320); questions of intercourse and communication (the Gotthard tunnel, the universal postal union, the telegraphic union, pp. 320–345); questions of emigration (so-called Bancroft treaties, pp. 345-346); tariff and commercial policy (pp. 347-374); questions of international justice and administration: extradition, pp. 374ff.; the regulation of ideal (ideeler) interests: repression of the slave traffic (pp. 392-400); regulation of public health (pp. 400-401); scientific interests (pp. 401-403); laws of war: the Paris Declaration of 1856 (pp. 403-404); arbitration: Treaty of Washington of May 8, 1871, and the Alabama award of September 14, 1872 (pp. 405–410). The period from 1815 to 1878 has been chosen as the best fitted to show Dr. Strupp's happy combination of the chronological and topical method, as in this period non-political treaties first appear, assume importance and begin to outnumber arrangements of a more or less political character. The subdivisions in the final period of 1878 to 1912 correspond to those in the preceding period except that the previous section of documents concerning justice and administration is replaced by one entitled, "International, private, precedural and administrative law." The entries are however more numerous and of greater interest to the general reader as well as student. From these various documents a few are singled out as of special interest: the oriental question, including the settlement of the Bulgarian question by the recognition of Bulgarian independence by the interested Powers (Vol. II, pp. 6-18; the BosniaHerzegovinan question (Vol. II, pp. 24-32); the Moroccan question from 1880 to 1911 (Vol. II, pp. 40-71, supplemental volume, pp. 1-26); the Far Eastern questions from 1893 to 1910 (Vol. II, pp. 123-154, 306-312); the various treaties guaranteeing Norway, the Baltic Sea territories, etc. (Vol. II, pp. 196-198); Suez and Panama Canal agreements (Vol. II, pp. 198-210); the Geneva Red Cross Convention of 1906, the documents of the Second Hague Peace Conference and the Declaration of London of 1909 (Vol. II, pp. 412-507). The supplemental volume of 1912 contains the documents relating the Morocco controversy between France and Germany and a very complete collection of documents concerning the Turco-Italian war in Tripoli (pp. 29-92) as well as the arbitration treaties of August 3, 1911 between the United States, France and Great Britain, and the still more recent arbitration treaty of August 9, 1911, between France and Denmark (pp. 93-103). This brief summary of the contents of Dr. Strupp's three volumes shows, it is believed, their great value and usefulness, and it is no exaggeration to say that they place before the public material indispensable to a correct understanding of the international development which has slowly taken place in the past and which is rapidly unfolding itself before our very eyes. We would be indebted to the learned editor if he had contented himself with relating and classifying this material under appropriate headings. But he was not content to do this. He has shown the position of each document in international law and international development by a series of carefully chosen references to standard works of international law and special monographs dealing in greater detail with the questions regulated or raised by the treaties and conventions. The student is therefore enabled to pursue his studies until he has mastered the various subjects to which the documents relate. Marginal notes make it possible to see at a glance the topic treated, and the use of different type calls attention to important provisions. Only material portions of the documents are printed and omissions are indicated. The language of the originals is preserved, if it is generally understood. When this is not the case, translations are used. Lists of important collections of treaties and works of international law, as well as a chronological list of the documents, are prefixed and an index is appended to the second volume. A map of the Balkan peninsula ends the first volume; a map of Northern and Central Asia accompanies the second volume. It will perhaps interest the American reader to note that Dr. Strupp considers as servitudes the French and American treaty rights in Newfoundland waters, created by the Treaty of Utrecht and its successors as far as France was concerned (Vol. I, pp. 33-34), and by the Treaty of 1783 as regards the United States (pp. 81-82). There is evidently no doubt in his mind as to the nature of the right for he uses not merely the term "Fischereigerechtigkeit" but "servitut." The arbitral award of 1910 has evidently not eliminated the servitude from international law. The work is a distinct contribution to the understanding of international relations, and students without distinction of nationality are indebted to Dr. Strupp for this intelligent, painstaking and carefully annotated collection of the most important documents dealing with international law and international organization. JAMES BROWN SCOTT. Nationalities and Subject Races. Report of Conference Held in Caxton Hall, Westminster, June 28-30, 1910. London: P. S. King & Son. pp. xii, 178. The conference, whose proceedings are recorded in this volume, was held in London in June, 1910, "to define and assist the rights of subject nationalities, and to introduce into international politics the principle recognized in private life, that it is the duty of the strong to protect, and to help the progress of the weaker and younger communities towards maturity." Its keynote was the principle of nationality -- the right of each nation or people to the management of its own internal affairs, and its protection from oppression and exploitation. Its participants probed to its roots what one of them described as "the canker of modern civilization." Among them were native representatives of Egypt, Finland, Georgia, India, Ireland, Morocco, Persia and Poland. The conference was the forerunner of the First Universal Races Congress held in London in the summer of 1911. At the final session, Mr. J. A. Hobson, presiding, summarized the recital of the difficulties and the wrongs of the subject races, and re-stated the problem under consideration in a manner so clear, so succinct and so satirical, that we cannot do better than to quote from his address: Every problem of conduct, whether on the individual or national scale, if it is a difficult problem, implies a certain contradiction between professions and practices, that is to say, an inconsistency between what we think we mean and say and what we really mean and actually do. Now this problem in a sense is a modern problem. It did not arise in the Imperialism of the ancient world in any clear shape whatever. The old Imperialistic nations knew very well what they were doing, and they made no bones about it. If they went out to loot any territory they said so, and their |