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Jan.

Jan.

Feb.

La guerre italo-turque et ses conséquences. L'Afrique française, 22:27.

La guerre italo-turque. Q. dipl., 33:59, 110, 179, 242. Jan.-Feb.
La guerre italo-turque. Raymond Recouly. R. pol. et parl., 71:161.

[La guerre italo-turque.] Mècheroutiette. Jan.- Feb.-March. Tripolitania e Cirenaica. Attilio Brunialti. Rassegna Naz., 183:503.

Impressions sur la Tripolitane. Comte Vay de Vaya et du Luskold. R. générale, 48:185. Feb.

Jan.

Jan.

Italian manifesto against war. R. of R., 45:98.
L'Italie et la guerre. Edoardo Giretti. Le Mouvement Pacifiste, 1:11.

Pace? Un Testimone. Rassegna Naz., 183:475. Feb.

Un precursore degli Italiana a Tripoli. Jack La Bolina. Rassegna Naz., 183:469. Feb.

Il proclama del generale Caneva alla populazione araba. Z. f. Völk. u. Bundes., 6:49.

Progress of the Italian war in Africa. Cur. Lit., 52:29. Jan.

Una protesta inglese ed una risposta italiana a proposito della guerra. La Vita Int., 15:36. Jan.

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Real meaning of the Turco-Italian war. R. of R., 45:223. Feb.
[Tripoli. The Italo-Turkey War.] Concord, 29:17. Feb.

Tripoli and Constantinople. E. J. Dillon. Quarterly R., 216:248. Jan.
Turkey as victim and the taking of Tripoli, Contemp. R., 100:862. Dec.
Turkey. Mecheroutiette. Dec., 1911, Jan., Feb.

Ueber die Gefahr des Italienisch-Turkischen Krieges für die Choleraverbreitung in Europa. Deutsche R., 37:77. Jan.

Die Weltanschauung. Adolf Harnacks, L. B. Deutsche Rundschau, 38:25. Jan.

With the Italians in Tripoli. T. Comyns Platt. National R., 59:118.
March.
Jan.-Feb.

Tunis. L'emprunt tunisien. L'Afrique française, 22:26, 68.
Turkey. The breakdown in Turkey. E. J. Dillon. English R., 10:497.
Difficulties of the Young Turk party. S. Cobb. N. Amer. R., 195:103.

Jan.

La Turquie. Louis Méril. Nouvelle R., 26:69. March.
Turkey under the constitution. Quarterly R., 216:202. Jan.
United States of America. Alte und neue Staatsauffassung in Amerika. Paul S.
Reinsch. Intern. Monatschrift, 6:559. Feb.

American foreign policy. Sydney Brooks. Liv. Age, 271:603. Dec. 9.
American problems. By An American Exile. Fort R., 91 (97):463.

March.

American yellow press. Sydney Brooks. Fort. R., 90 (96):1126. Dec. Dollar diplomacy. Uncle Sam, Wall Street and Co. open a Spanish American branch. H. M. Hyde. Everybody's, 26:77. Jan.

Les missionaries belges et hollandais aux Etats-Unis d'América, 17731850. R. générale, 48:51. Jan.

La presse américaine. André Vernière. Q. dipl., 33:149. Feb.
Secret reports of John Howe, 1808. Am. Hist. R., 17:70, 332.

Oct.

Jan. United States of the World. The United States of the World. Forum, 47:211. Feb.

War.

De l'internement des prisonniers de guerre sur territoire neutre, en cas

de guerre sur terre. G. Sauser-Hail. R. gén. de dr. int. public, 19:40.

Jan.-Feb.

Krieg und Mannheit. David Starr Jordan. Friedens-Warte, 14:16, 57. Jan.-Feb.

Feb.

Kriegsfurcht. G. D. F. Emil v. Moinovich. Öster. Rundschau, 30:243.

Newspaper correspondents in naval warfare. A. Pearce Higgins. Z. f. Völk. und. Bundes., 6:19.

Women. Legal position of women in Norway. J. Castberg. 19th Cent., 71:364. Feb.

Changing ideals of the modern German woman. R. of R., 45:231. Feb. Preuszen und die preussischen Frauen. Bernarda von Rell. Preussische Jahrbücher, 147:292. Feb.

Will women, when they have the vote, further the cause of peace? Felix Moschelles. Concord, 29:13. Feb.

Woolsey, Theodore Dwight. Theodore Dwight Woolsey. By Theodore S. Woolsey. Yale R., n. s., 1:239

ERRATA. January, 1912.

KATHRYN SELLERS.

Page 268, sixth line, fifth word, read 473; thirty-fourth line, third word, read

politiques.

Page 269, third line, ninth word, read 90.

Page 270, fourth line, fourth word, read Aegypten; tenth line, omit; eleventh line, seventh word, read turcs.

Page 271, thirty-eighth line, eighth word, read 38; thirty-ninth line, third word, read maritimes.

Page 272, first line, fifth word, read Naz.; second line, fourth word, read alle

mands; sixth line, first and second words, read Les accords; twentyeighth line, seventh word, read Nuestro; forty-first line, ninth word, read 90.

Page 273, sixth line, sixth word, omit; tenth line, first word, read 90; eleventh line, ninth word, read Friedens; nineteenth line, ninth word, read allgemeine; twenty-sixth line, first word, read Marokko.

Page 275, first line, fourth word, read Interparlamentarier; fourth line, third word, read première, eleventh word, read comte; thirtieth line, first word, read Vertretungsbefugnis; thirty-ninth line, second word, read Le.

Page 276, forty-second line, seventh word, read Tripolis.
Page 277, seventeenth line, eighth word, read ottoman.

THE REAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DECLARATION OF LONDON *

The principal achievement of the Hague Conference of 1907 was the Convention for an International Prize Court. That convention provided for a real and permanent court composed of judges who were to be appointed by the contracting Powers for terms of six years, were required to be "judges of known proficiency in questions of international maritime law and of the highest moral reputation," and were to be paid a stated compensation from a fund contributed by all the Powers.

Jurisdiction was conferred upon the court to review on appeal all judgments of national prize courts. By a subsequent agreement, for the purpose of avoiding difficulties presented by the constitutions of some of the signatory Powers, an alternative procedure was authorized under which the new court might pass upon the question involved in the case of prize de novo, and notwithstanding any judgment of the national prize court, instead of passing upon it by way of appeal from that judgment. Article 7 of the convention provides:

If a question of law to be decided is covered by a treaty in force between the belligerent captor and a Power which is itself or whose subject or citizen is a party to the proceedings, the court is governed by the provisions of the said treaty.

In the absence of such provisions the court shall apply the rule of international law. If no generally recognized rule exists the court shall give judgment in accordance with the general principles of justice and equity.

In estimating the value of such an agreement among the civilized Powers it is worth while even for a student of international law to recall the wide range and critical importance of the questions to be included within the jurisdiction of the new court.

* Opening address by Elihu Root as President of The American Society of International Law at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Society in Washington, April 25, 1912.

When war breaks out between two considerable maritime Powers the commerce of the whole world is immediately affected. Each belligerent nation undertakes, so far as it can, to cripple its enemy both by direct military and naval operations and by cutting off supplies, interfering with sources of income, and generally weakening the enemy's national power to maintain an army and navy.

The liability of enemy merchant ships to capture tends to throw the commerce formerly carried on by the belligerent nations into the hands of neutrals while the necessary policy of each belligerent urges it to circumscribe and prevent so far as it can the neutral commerce with the other belligerent. Blockades and searches and seizures for carrying contraband goods are familiar methods of giving effect to this policy. Added to this is the necessity of constant watchfulness by belligerents to prevent neutral vessels from rendering direct service to the enemy's forces, such as the transportation of officers and troops or messengers, or the transmission of intelligence. In this way belligerents fall into an attitude of suspicion toward neutral vessels and unfriendliness toward neutral commerce, and the peaceable commerce of the world falls into an attitude of resenting what it regards as unwarranted interference.

The most striking illustration of this tendency is to be found in the tremendous conflicts of the Napoleonic wars, when Pitt and Napoleon waged war not merely with armies and navies but with British orders in council and Continental decrees. The Prussian Decree which began the series at the instance of Napoleon, on the 28th of March, 1806, declared the coast of the North Sea closed against Great Britain. On the 8th of April, 1806, Great Britain retaliated for that decree by the first order in council, which declared the blockade of the Ems, the Weser, the Elbe, and the Trave. On the 16th of May, 1806, came the second order in council declaring a blockade of the whole coast of the Continent from the Elbe to Brest. On the 14th of October, 1806, Napoleon retaliated with the famous Berlin Decree, which prohibited all commerce with England. On the 7th of January, 1807, another British order in council declared all neutral trading with France, or from port to port with any possession of France, or with any of the allies of France anywhere, to be ground for condemnation. On the 17th of December,

1807, Napoleon's Milan Decree declared a sentence of outlawry upon England and all English ships. It was impossible that such a process should not involve all Europe in a universal war; and an aftermath of England's enforcement of her policy upon the neutral shipping of the United States was the War of 1812.

The Civil War in the United States gave rise to a multitude of controversies between the United States and Great Britain, arising on one side from the seizure by the United States of numerous vessels charged with directly or indirectly attempting to violate the blockade of the southern coast, or with carrying contraband, and arising on the other side from the fitting out of Confederate cruisers in the neutral ports of Great Britain. The negotiations which led to the settlement of both classes of these claims by arbitration under the Treaty of Washington involved no slight strain upon the temper and good sense of both nations, and the result was reached against most violent protest on the part of many who preferred war to concession.

In the recent war between Russia and Japan a feeling of strong resentment was created in England by Russia's course in sinking the British merchantmen, the Knight Commander, the Saint Kilda, the Hipsang, and the Allenton, and in the capture of the Malacca by Russian vessels which had passed the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal as merchantmen and then converted themselves into cruisers.

There is no more fruitful source of international controversy, of international resentment and dislike, than in the great multitude of questions relating to the rights and wrongs of neutrals and of belligerents in a war between maritime Powers. The tendency always is for the war to spread through these controversies and exasperated feelings, and the adjudication of questions by national prize courts naturally fails to allay the irritation. Provision for the international judicial determination of such questions is adapted not only to preserve the substantial rights of neutral commerce and of belligerents, but also to prevent the spread of war much as municipal ordinances are framed to check the spread of fire, and sanitary regulations to prevent the communication of infectious disease. Considered by itself, the concurrence. of the major part of the civilized world in the project of this convention

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