He

the House, and he respectfully acknowledged that his hatred of oppression and his zeal for a friend had led him beyond the limits of discretion. was placed in the custody of the Sergeant at Arms for some days, and finally discharged on paying the fees. Time was thus obtained for reconsidering the ebnoxious bill, and it is said that some of the exceptionable clauses were either modified or cancelled. Mr. Tooke's gratitude for his friendly services induced him to hold out to him the prospect of testamentary remuneration; and in consequence of this Colonel Harwood, the nephew of Mr. Tooke, agreed with Mr. Horne to divide equally their joint interest in the reversion of the estate of Purley. According to one of his biographers this division took place, but according to others, Mr. Horne never received more than £8000 from the property, (though he adopted the name of Tooke in 1782) the principal legatee being a Mr. Beaseley.

Mr Horne was, as might have been expected, a keen opposer of the American war, and when the constitutional society voted £100 to the widows of the Americans who fell in the battle of Lexington, the fact was announced in an advertisement signed John Horne, in which the sufferers were denominated "Englishmen who, preferring death to slavery, were, for that reason only, inhumanly murdered by the king's troops." For this libel he was tried at Guildhall in 1777, and notwithstanding the ability of his defence, he was fined £100 and imprisoned twelve months.

Mr. Horne's acuteness as a grammatical critic first appeared during this trial, and in 1778 he published a letter to Mr. Dunning to investigate the meaning of certain conjunctions and prepositions used in his indictment. In 1779 the society of the Inner Temple refused to admit him to the bar, on the ground of his being a clergyman. Exasperated at this disappointment, he wreaked his vengeance on the government, and in 1780 he published a pamphlet entitled "Facts," containing a severe review of Lord North's administration, and including two chapters on Finance by Dr Price. In 1782, when the topic of parliamentary reform became popular, he addressed to Lord Ashburton (Mr. Dunning) "A Letter on Parliamentary Reform, containing the sketch of a plan."

In 1786 he published his great work under the title of Σrea Trigora, or Diversions of Purley, from the residence of his friend Mr. Tooke. This work, consisting of a number of grammatical dissertations, was founded on his first letter to Mr. Dunning, and has gained its author a high name among modern philologists. In 1787 he published a Letter to the Prince of Wales, on his supposed marriage with a catholic. In 1788 he printed a political pamphlet entitled "Two Pair of Portraits," in reference to the two Pitts and the two Foxes. His object was to serve the cause of Mr. Pitt.

In 1790 Mr. Horne Tooke opposed Mr. Fox and Lord Hood as a candidate for Westminster, and he polled 1700 independent votes. In 1794 he was

tried for high treason and acquitted, as we have already seen in our history of BRITAIN, Vol. IV. p.

640.

In 1796 Mr. Horne again became a candidate for Westminster, and polled 2819 votes; and in 1801 he took his seat in the House of Commons as member for Old Sarum, in the gift of Lord Camelford. A question arose whether a clergyman could sit in the house; but Mr. Addington brought in a bill to determine the future ineligibility of clergymen, and Mr. Tooke retained his seat till the dissolution of the parliament.

In 1802 he published the second part of his Diversions of Purley, which relates principally to etymology, and to the formation of adjectives and participles.

His last political act was his support of Mr. Paul as candidate for Westminster, but he afterwards saw reason to abandon him.

The last years of Mr. Tooke's life were spent in easy circumstances, and in a select circle of friends, whom he entertained with great hospitality at Wimbledon, where he died in March 1812, in the 77th year of his age. He was buried in Ealing church, and not in his garden, as he directed, and his property was left to his natural daughters.

Mr. Tooke was remarkable for the wit and vivacity of his conversation, and for the grace, frankness, and dignity of his manners.† His fund of anecdote was inexhaustible, his sense of the ridiculous was keen, and his powers of raillery formidable. In the bodily suffering which preceded his death, he displayed great composure, and even cheerfulness, and he exhibited as has been well observed, in his last hours, a "manly spirit and a practical philosophy, which if they had been brought to bear upon his moral as well as upon his physical condition, if they had been employed with as much effect in reconciling him to his political exclusion as to his bodily sufferings, might have produced, not the very imperfect character we have been attempting to delineate, in which the unfavourable traits bear a larger proportion to those of a nobler and more benign cast, but the venerable portrait of a truly wise and virtuous man." See Reid's Memoirs, 8vo. Lond. 1812, Shepherd's Memoirs of John Horne Tooke, 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1813. This work contains many of his letters. Quarterly Review, Vol. vii. No. xiv. and Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary, vol. xxix. TOPAZ. See MINERALOGY, Index.

TOPICAL DYEING OF CALICO PRINTING, is the art of printing various coloured patterns upon plain calicoes by applying certain colourless mordaunts to the cloth.

This beautiful art is one of great antiquity, and was carried to considerable perfection in India. As the object in this brief sketch is not to instruct the calico printer, but to give the general reader an idea of this singular art, we shall omit all the previous processes of preparing the calico for the printer.

The pattern to be impressed on the calico was formerly cut out in relief on a wooden block of the

requisite size, exactly like a wooden cut for figures or diagrams. The wood used was generally holly, and the cutting of the pattern formed a separate trade called block-cutting. The perishable nature of wood, however, involved the printer often in much expense, and hence a great improvement has taken place by using slender pieces of brass or copper, which are fixed on the wood so as to produce the pattern, and which give greater sharpness and precision to the impressions. The next implement is the sieve with its case. The sieve consists of a broad hoop like that of a tambourin with a piece of superfine woollen cloth stretched tightly across it. The case consists of another wider hoop covered with sheep skin or oil cloth. The sieve placed in its case is now plunged in a tub of gum water.

The mordaunt mixed up with paste made of flour or a thick solution of gum Arabic, or gum Senegal, or gum nigacanth, is then spread with a brush on the cloth of the sieve, a part of the process which is called teesing. When the mordaunt is colourless, as the acetate of alumine, a little purple dye with a decoction of Brazil wood is mixed up with it to sighten it as the workmen say, or to make the pattern apparent to the eye.

The workman now takes the pattern block in one hand and the sieve in the other, and applying the surface of the block to that of the sieve, he then takes up a sufficient quantity of the thickened mordaunt so as to cover every part of the surface of the pattern formed by the copper lines. He then applies the block to the calico and impresses it with a gentle blow from a mallet. In this manner he goes over the whole piece. When a variety of colours is required, several different mordaunts are required, as different colours require different mordaunts to fix them. In order to evaporate the acids of the mordaunts, which might weaken the fabric of the cloth, the calico is placed in a room called the stove, heated with flues to about 90°. When the common red liquor mordaunt is used, the calico remains here about 24 hours; but when citric acid is used, a much shorter time is nesessary, and when a strong muriate of lime has been employed, half an hour of the stove is sufficient.

When iron liquor is the mordaunt, the intensity of the colour is increased, and the process much improved by exposing the calico for several days to the atmosphere. The black oxide of iron then acquires an additional dose of oxygen, and approaches nearer to the red or peroxide, which is the preferable mordaunt. Mr. Parker suggests it as an object of inquiry, whether or not the substitution of a current of atmospheric air for a great part of the drying in the stove, might not be an advantage.

The calico is now washed with water and a little cow dung, at various temperatures, an operation of from 5 to 40 minutes, which revives the uncombined part of the mordaunt, and which is now performed in what is called dunging machines. Mr. Parker is of opinion, that the dung, (which Bethollet found to contain a substance like bile,) imparts an animal matter to the fibres of the calico, which acts as an additional mordaunt.

When the goods are perfectly rinsed in river and

tepid water, they are boiled for ten or fifteen minutes in madder, and in the process called maddering, the calicoes receive, at one operation, all their requisite colours. The colouring matter of the madder is precipitated to a red by one mordaunt, to a purple by another, and to a black by a third, so that we can obtain every possible shade, from a lilac to a black, or from a pink to a red.

By adding to the madder some weld or bark, every shade from a brown to an orange may be produced, and with weld or bark, also, we obtain all colours from a dark olive to a bright lemon. In order to produce the finest yellow or delicate lemon colour, the calico should be dried in the open air, as stove drying converts a yellow to an orange, and the dunging should not be performed at a higher temperature than 96° or 100°.

The calicoes are next to be branned, an operation which is effected by removing them from the weld or madder copper to a boiler containing wheat bran and water, in which all stains are cleared from the white portion, though at the risk of the colours being somewhat impaired. Mr. Parker has found that a peculiar redness may be imparted to all madder colours, by raising them with a mixture of bran and madder, that is, by adding a little bran to the madder, in the maddering process.

As the whites cannot always be cleared by the branning, lest the colours should be impaired, the rest of the operation of bleaching the whites is performed by exposure on the grass for some days; but in Scotland, this process has been effected in a few minutes, by immersion of the colours in a weak solution of one of the bleaching salts, such as oxymuriate of potash, soda, and magnesia.

The mordaunts used by the calico printers are commonly acetate of iron for browns, blacks, lilacs, &c. and acetate of alumine for all shades of yellows and reds, &c. Nitrate of iron, obtained by dissolving metallic iron in a peculiar kind of aquafortis, yields blacks, which, like those obtained from galls, are applied at once to the cloth, and are not afterwards raised by dying, like the black of the common iron liquor. Hence the black of the nitrate of iron can be mixed with other colours.

Another kind of calico printing, called resist work, is now in common use. A resist paste is composed of sulphate, nitrate, muriate, or acetate of copper, of which the sulphate is the best, mixed with flour paste, or any of the other gums, or with pipe-clay and gum. With this paste the pattern is printed on the calico, which when sufficiently dry is repeatedly dipped in the blue vat, till they have received the requisite depth of tint. The goods are then washed and passed through diluted sulphuric acid, and all the parts printed by the preparation of copper are found to be of a good white, in consequence of having resisted the action of the indigo, though all the rest of the calico has been permanently dyed. The deep blue calicoes, with white figures or white spots, are generally executed by the resist process with indigo; and by a peculiar method, with subsequent dying or madder, weld or bark, red or yellow spots or figures may be produced upon a blue ground.

A method of resisting, or stopping out particular colours with wax, though an expensive one, was formerly in general use, and wax is still employed in India for preserving the white portions. In the manufacture of silk Bandana handkerchiefs, a preparation of tallow and rosin, made fluid by heat, is used for printing the patterns, which are thus left white, and preserved from the operation of the indigo, which gives the rest a blue colour. When the ground is to be white, and only a single sprig or small object is to form the pattern, it is executed by means of a pencil, with what is called pencil blue, which is formed of 10 oz. of finely ground indigo, 20 oz. of quick lime in lumps, 20 oz. of potash of commerce, and 10 oz. of orpiment, mixed up in a gallon of water, and thickened with gum senegal.

In another operation of calico printing, called chemical discharge work, the goods are dyed of one uniform colour, with a mixture of iron liquor, and any of the dyeing substances. When they are washed, dried, turned, and calendered, a discharging liquor is prepared by dissolving in one of the mineral acids a portion of one or more of the metals, according to the nature of the colour to be discharged, or of that to be produced. For example, if a piece of calico, treated with a decoction of Brazil wood, and dyed black by being maddered with iron liquor, be printed when dry, with a peculiar solution of tin, the iron in the dye will be dissolved, and the printed part will instantly be converted from a deep black into a brilliant crimson. The introduction of cylinder printing into the calico manufacture, is a most important step in its progress. Cylinders from 18 to 42 inches long, and from 3 to 5 inches wide, are now formed by hammering plates of copper into a circular form, though sometimes they are bored out of a solid mass of copper. The pattern is enchased on the surface. The cylinders furnish themselves with colouring matter, placed in a trough, and are kept clear by a steel knife, called the doctor, which passes over the surface, when they are charged with the thickened colour. The cylinder, thus coloured, rolls over the piece of calico, from one end to the other, and communicates the pattern with the greatest certainty and accuracy. Sometimes two cylinders are used to give two different colours at the same time. Mr. A. Parkinson of Manchester, has invented a machine, on which one cylinder and two surface rollers give three distinct colours.

Other machines have been employed, called sur face machines. They consist of cylinders of wood, with the pattern formed upon them, exactly like the pattern blocks already described. By means of those cylinder machines, a piece of calico, which employs a man and a boy three hours, may be done in three or three and a half minutes.

Hence the British calico printer has been able to finish calico goods, in which the printing consists of precipitating the colouring matter of logwood and other vegetable dyes, without using any mordaunt or previous preparation whatever, at the rate of one penny per yard, including every expense of colour, paste, and printing. In such goods, the pat

tern will be washed out by the first shower of rain. For a full account of topical dyeing in calico printing, the reader is referred to Parke's Chemical Essays, from the information contained in which we have drawn up the above brief article. See also our article BANDANA HANDKERCHIEFS, Vol. III. p.

213.

TORNADO. See PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Vol.

XV.

His

TORPEDO. See ICHTHYOLOGY, Vol. XI. p. 118-141, and ELECTRICITY, Vol. VIII. p. 296, 301. TORRICELLI EVANGELISTA, a celebrated natural philosopher, was born at Faenza in 1608. discoveries, which have already been detailed in our articles BAROMETER and PNEUMATICS, are recorded in his Lezioni Academiche, which appeared at Florence in 1715, with a life of the author, by Buonaventuri. He was appointed mathematician to the Grand Duke Ferdinand II., and he filled also the mathematical chair of Florence. He died in 1647, in the 39th year of his age. See our article MATHEMATICS.

TORTOISE. See HERPETOLOGY, Vol. X. p. 382-385, and the Edinburgh Journal of Science, Vol. 1829, No. ii. p. 244, New Series.

TOULON, a seaport town of France, and capital of the department of the Var. Its form is oval, with its greatest length parallel to the sea, and it stands at the foot of a ridge of lofty mountains. It is defended by ramparts, ditches, bastions, batteries, and by a fine citadel. The old town is ill built, but has a long street called Rue aux arbres. The new town, where the public buildings were erected by Louis XIV. contains several square streets, and the oblong square, called the Champ de Bataille, surrounded with a double row of poplars. principal public buildings are the Hotel de Ville, the Hotel de l'Intendance, and several churches and hospitals.

The

As one of the principal stations of the French navy, Toulon has excellent harbours, viz. the new harbour and the merchants' harbour. The former can contain 200 sail of the line. The latter is a commodious though small basin, surrounded by a handsome quay. The entrance from the roadstead to the harbours is defended by two strong forts. The arsenal, which stands round the new harbour, is a large building filled with naval stores, every man of war having its own particular storehouse. It contains shops for carpenters, blacksmiths, &c. The rope-house, built entirely of freestone, is 320 feet long, with three arched walks. There are here also docks for ship-building, the dry dock being particularly interesting. The galley slaves, about 5000 in number, are kept at work at Toulon.

The trade of this place is confined to the productions of the vicinity, such as wine, oil, silk, and fruit, particularly capres, of which at least 2000 quintals used to be annually exported. The principal manufactures of the place are woollen goods, soap, glass, hats, and caps. There is here a herring fishery on a large scale. Population 22,000, exclusive of the galley slaves. For an account of the siege of Toulon in 1793, see BRITAIN, Vol. IV. p. 639. East Lon. 5° 55' 41". North Lat. 43° 7′.

TOULOUSE, a large town in the S. of France, and the capital of the Upper Garonne. It stands on the right bank of the Garonne, which is here navigable, and has been described as "a labyrinth of narrow and winding streets." Some of the streets, however, are tolerably broad, though the squares are all very small. The principal public objects are the town-house, called the capital, which stands in the Place Royale, and has a fine façade, the ancient archbishop's palace, the cathedral, the mint, the exchange, the hospital, the theatre, and the bridge above the Garonne, which is a grand structure, 830 feet long and 72 broad. It is partly built of stone and partly of brick. In one of the halls of the town-house are the busts of all the eminent natives since the time of the Romans. Among the antiquities of Toulouse, are the remains of an amphitheatre and some vestiges of an aqueduct. There is here an university with a library, museum, botanical garden, and observatory. There is also an academy of arts and sciences, an academy of inscriptions, and a central school. In the caverns of the church of the Cordeliers there used to be exhibited dried dead bodies arranged along a wall. The chief manufactures of the place are silk, woollen and linen goods, carpets and cotton, and there is also a foundry for cannon. An account of the battle of Toulouse has been already given in our article FRANCE, Vol. IX. p. 374. The population of Toulouse in 1822, was 52,328, and in 1827, it was no less than 69,731. East Lon. 1° 26' 36". North Lat. 43° 36′ 46".

TOURMALINE. See MINERALOGY Index, ELEOTRICITY, and SCIENCE, Curiosities in, Vol. XVI. p.

615.

TOURNAY, the Civitas Nerviorum of the Romans, is a large town of the Netherlands, built on both sides of the Scheldt. The town is gloomy and ill built. The chief buildings are the cathedral, the Abbey of St. Martin, and an hospital. There are also a lyceum, a central school, and a public library.

There is a handsome quay along the Scheldt. The manufactures are woollen and cotton goods, car pets, stockings, and crape. Population 12,000. TOURNEFORT. See BOTANY, Vol. IV. p. 12—

13.

TOURS, a town of France, and capital of the department of the Indre and Loire. It stands in a fine plain on the left bank of the Loire, a little above its junction with the Cher. Its form is oblong. The old part of the town consists of narrow and gloomy streets, but the new part, built in the reign of Louis XVI., is very handsome, containing the Rue Neuve or Royale, a very elegant street, and built of fine stone on an uniform plan. This street is on a line with the famous bridge over the Loire, which is 1335 feet long and 45 broad, having 14 arches, each 75 feet in span. The great promenade, called the Mall, about 2660 yards long, extends from this bridge to that over the Cher. The cathedral, a metropolitan church, is a fine Gothic structure, with grand spires, an ingenious clock, and a library. The other public buildings are the Hotel de Ville, the Hotel de l'Intendance, the theatre, the archbishop's palace, the church of St. Martin, the college of the Jesuits, and the Benedictine abbey. There is likewise here a museum, a botanical garden, and a race course. The ancient abbey of Marmoutier is in one of the suburbs. It is an immense edifice of an irregular but imposing architecture. It has five terraces which command fine views. The manufactures of this place are silk and woollen goods, leather, wine, and brandy. The red wine of Tours is celebrated. Population 22,000. East Lon. 8° 40′ 38". North Lat. 47° 23′ 46′′.

TRACHEOTOMY. See SURGERY, Vol. XVII. TRADE WINDS. See PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Vol. XV., p. 579.

TRAFALGAR, BATTLE of. See BRITAIN, Vol. IV. p. 655.

TRAGEDY. See DRAMA, Vol. VII. p. 699.
TRAJAN. See ROME.

TRANSYLVANIA, a country in Europe, and part of ancient Dacia, lies between 47° 37' 32" and 45° 33' 55" of North Lat. and 43° 47' 30" and 40° 26' 34" East Long. and contains 880 square miles,† including the military cordon. Its Hungarian appellation Erdely, or its Latin synonyme Transylvania, intimates its relative situation with respect to Hungary, from which it is separated on the north and west by immense forests; and its limits on the south and east are clearly defined by a chain of lofty mountains, which divide it from Wallachia and Moldavia. With these provinces it has no way of communication but by some narrow defiles, capable of an easy defence, the most celebrated of which is

the pass of Rothenthurn or the Red Tower, near the village of Boitza. The road through this pass was formed at considerable expense in 1717, by the orders of the Emperor Charles VI., and in many places is cut out of the rock along the banks of the Alt. Dr. Clarke describes it as one of the most remarkable passes in Europe, if not in the whole world; and might be rendered impregnable, simply by throwing down the shelves or artificial wooden roads which, in many parts of it, hang from the sides of the rock, and offer the only means of access.

This country may be divided according to the situations of the three principal nations which are represented in the Transylvanian diet. The Hun

Transylvania presents a very unequal surface; and besides the mountains which form its frontier, there are a great number in the interior of a considerable height, and covered with wood. The principal of these on the north are parts of the great Carpathian chain, which runs from the Black Sea as far as Silesia, and those on the south are, for the most part, fertile hills, producing vines and grain, equally with the plains. Among the highest on the frontiers are, the Surul, whose summit is 1078 toises above the level of the Alt, which waters its base, and the Budislaw, which is 70 toises higher.

Of the immense forests, which formerly covered Transylvania, the most considerable that now remain are those of Ricka, Hargit, Paraide, Mikoane, and Zeidne.

The numerous rivers, which water this province, have their origin within its own territory: and all contribute to increase the waters of the Danube. Of these the chief are the Maros, the Szamos, greater and less, and the Alt or Aluta.

The lakes in this country are not confined to the plains, but are found on the heights of the mountains. The principal are, the lake of Hadosh or Tochege, the lake of St. Anne, and the lake of Piritsch.

The climate of Transylvania is very variable, and depends greatly upon the direction of the winds, and the cultivation of the country. The changes of temperature are sudden and extreme, and are caused by the frequent storms which ravage this country with great fury, and which are followed by excessive cold. Chilly winds generally prevail in spring and autumn, and are known by particular names, as the wind of Rothenthurn, in the counVOL. XVIII. PART I.

try about Harmanstadt; the Nenenewind in Haranszek, and the wind of Thordahaschadek in the district of Aranyosch. In the eastern and more elevated tracts, the climate is moist, cold and little favourable to the cultivation of grain. During summer the coldest nights are succeeded by scorching heat, and in winter the cold is almost insupportable.

The soil of this country in the plains is, in general, fertile, and produces in great plenty all the necessaries of life. Its mineral riches also are abundant; and besides the precious metals and the more common minerals of marble, slate, lime, granite, chalk, &c. diamonds are found at Haromszek: topazes, chrysolites, emeralds, and amethists, on the mountains of Selis and Porkuna; and agates, opals, calcedonies, and cornelians, in the plains and in the rivers. Mineral waters are more common here than in any other country in Europe, some of which are saline, many metallic, and others produce incrustations and stalactites.

There is no country in the world of the same extent, where so many races of people are assembled together as in Transylvania. Hungarians, Seklers, Saxons or Germans, Wallachians, Bulgarians, Armenians, Greeks, Servians, Bohemians, Poles, Jews and Gypsies. Each of these classes possess a distinct national character; and, though inhabiting the same districts, and often the same villages, they have for ages maintained a stubborn attachment to the customs and usages of their fathers.

The Wallachian language, which is a mixture of Latin and Sclavonian, is the organ of communication among the different nations, as all understand and speak it; but the Hungarians and Seklers, in their intercourse with each other, use always the language of Hungary; and the Saxons the German. Of all these nations the Wallachians are increasing the most rapidly, and may already be calculated at nearly one half of the inhabitants, of which the following table shows their number and proportions:

The principal towns are Kronstadt, containing 25,000 inhabitants; Klausenburg, 20,000; Hermanstadt, 16,000; Thorda, 6,500; and Udvarhely, 6000.

Agriculture has made but little progress in this country, and rural economy in general is in a very imperfect state. In the low districts along the banks of the Maros, the Hungarians raise abundant crops; but this is owing more to the fertility of the soil than to the labour of the husbandman. The hardy and intelligent Seklers, who inhabit a higher region, are under the necessity of labouring their fields with greater care; but the best cultivated part of the country belongs to the Saxons, though even they still adhere to the antiquated modes of their ancestors. Transylvania, however, G*