is greatly deficient in agrarian strength; and as it is surrounded by provinces equally fertile in corn, there is little encouragement to agriculture. Wheat is raised in the more fertile districts; and rye, which is chiefly used in the manufacture of spirits, barley, millet, maize, buck-wheat and oats in the mountainous tracts. The culture of potatoes and pulse is much neglected, the Saxons preferring the care of fruit trees and flowers. Tobacco is cultivated to a considerable extent among the Seklers, but it is all consumed in the country. have made is owing entirely to the care of the emperor Joseph II. The blue linen which composes the dress of the Wallachian and Hungarian women formerly came from Turkey; but the emperor having prohibited its importation, this trade was forced upon the inhabitants, and is now in a very flourishing state. Woollen and cotton stuffs are fabricated in considerable quantities, of which a great proportion is exported to Hungary and Wallachia. There are also tan-yards, founderies, paper-mills, glass-houses, and powder-mills. Hats are made at Hermanstadt equal to those of Vienna; and at Kronstadt there is a curious manufacture of a kind of bottle called tschutten, which is made of maple-wood soaked in wax. About 30,000 of these are annually sold in Wallachia. Transylvania depends entirely upon foreigners. for articles of luxury. Its commerce in general is rather a transit trade than an exchange of commodities; and this trade is chiefly in the hands of the Greeks and Armenians. The following table will give some idea of its extent: Imports. Cattle 66,231 1,452 19 Tobacco ware Mercury The most important object of national industry is the working of the mines, which are the richest in Europe, and are an inexhaustible source of wealth to the country. There are above a hundred in actual operation between the Aranyosch and the Maros, which all yield gold mixed with silver. Of these the richest and most productive is that of Szekerembe, near the village of Nagyag. The richer ores consist principally of Tellurium, which is found in no country in the world but in Transylvania, and contain from 90 to 340 marks of silver per quintal, each mark of silver yielding from six to six and a half ounces of gold, or two-thirds gold and one-third silver. The works are carried on upon a grand scale, and are conducted with a degree of neatness for which the Germans have long Spices and drugs been famous in mining. The expense, however, is very considerable, owing to the high wages of the miners, and the dearness of provisions; yet notwithstanding this the mines of Nagyag yield a handsome profit. From the 1st of November 1800, to the 31st of October 1801, they delivered gold and silver ore to the value of 205,572 florins; and the expense of working was 163,632, leaving 41,940 florins of profit. This, however, is not nearly equal to what they formerly produced, as M. Born, who visited them 25 years before, calculated, that in the course of 20 years above 4,000,000 of florins in gold and silver had been cleared by the Nagyag mine. The other mines, though not so valuable, are very productive. The silver ore drawn from the mines of Vorospatak yield 328 ounces per quintal, from which is separated nearly two ounces of gold. The mine of Mala is remarkable for the richness of the ore, and the beauty of the native gold. Pieces of native gold are often found in the mine of Orlia of considerable size; and in 1779 a detached piece was picked up weighing eleven marks. Most of the rivers, and even the brooks formed by the rains contain golden sand; but the richest in this respect is the river Aranyosch. The Wallachians, and particularly the Gypsies, who employ themselves in washing the sands, are said to collect between six and seven quintals of gold yearly, which they are obliged to deliver at a fixed price to the commissioners of government. The mines of salt in Transylvania are numerous and almost inexhaustible. They belong to the crown, and a few only are in operation, which yield annually a million of quintals, of which 800,000 are exported to Hungary. The arts and manufactures of this province are still in their infancy, and whatever progress they 112,986 Joiner's work 18 Earthen and glass 9 Printing materials 29,177 29 562 Thread 1,933 30 Cotton, raw and man. 7,441 5 53 Other articles 18,600 22 Its trade with Vienna is altogether passive, and the merchants of that city draw considerable sums yearly from this province for gold and silver stuffs, silks, cloths, jewellery, &c. Its principal trade is with Wallachia, where it exports manufactured articles of wool, cotton, iron, glass, &c. and receives in return cattle, skins, wool, and cotton, and some Turkish merchandise. Transylvania gives the title of grand prince to the king of Hungary, who holds the sovereignty of the province. The arms of the principality are those of the three nations united in one shield, and surmounted by the prince's crown. The Hungarians have an eagle; the Seklers the sun and moon; and the Saxons seven castles. These three classes have the exclusive privilege of forming states of the principality; and when any of the other nations, who are merely tolerated, obtain this privilege, they are received as members of the Saxon nation, or are raised by letters patent from the king, to the rank of Hungarian nobles. This privilege has been bestowed upon the two Armenian cities of Szamosjuvar and Ibisfalva, but the citizens in virtue of this prerogative are now classed among the naturalised Hungarians. some primary schools of their own; and at Balusfalva they have a college, where the students receive gratuitous instruction, and also food. The Greek The Assembly of the States is composed of the Schismatics prosecute their studies at the convent governors of counties, the chief magistrates of the of Kronstadt, and have numerous schools under Saxons, and the royal judges of the Seklers; the the inspection of a director, who trains young men deputies from the counties, districts, royal cities, for filling the office of schoolmaster. The Reand privileged towns; the council of the royal re- formed have four superior colleges, which are well gency; the tribunal of justice, called the Royal endowed, and six inferior. The Lutherans, beTable; and all the magnats and nobles called to the sides a normal school for each village, have five Diet by letters-patent from the king. A royal colleges and eight burgh schools; but students. commission presides, who opens and closes the who are destined for the profession of theology or Diet, and lays before it the royal propositions; but medicine, are obliged to attend a foreign univertakes no share in its deliberations. All the politi- sity. The Socinians have two colleges, and sevecal interests of the principality are discussed in ral schools. Notwithstanding, however, these nuthis assembly, and even important affairs of a judi- merous establishments, the state of literature in cial nature; and to it belongs the power of making this province is very low. A literary society was and repealing laws, with the consent of the prince; instituted in 1793, whose labours were directed the levying of imposts; and the granting the privi- chiefly to the publication of rare works, of ancient lege of naturalization to strangers upon the repre- history, with notes, and to the collection of matesentation of the prince or a magnat. The governrials for the history of their own country. It has ment is administered by the Royal Regency, which also been employed in improving the Hungarian holds its sittings at Klausenburg, and the adminis- language, and in the general diffusion of science. tration of justice is conducted by the Royal Table and literature. There are three libraries in this sitting at Newmarket, which, for certain causes, province deserving of attention; that of Baron is a tribunal in the first instance; and for others a Bruckenthal at Hermanstadt, to which is attached court of appeal. There is, however, an appeal a valuable cabinet of gems and coins; and a gallery from its decisions to the Regency at Klausenburg, of paintings, perhaps the largest in the possession. and from thence to the Aulic chancery of Transyl- of any private individual in Europe; that of the vania at Vienna. late Count Ignatius Bauhyan, the Catholic bishop, which he bequeathed to the public, and which contains many rare editions and manuscripts; this prelate also built an observatory at Karlsburg, and endowed it along with the library with 38,000 florins; and that of Count Samuel Teleki at Newmarket, which is the most remarkable, and which, with a Museum of Natural History, has been open to the public since 1803. The revenues, amounting to nearly five millions of florins, arise from the contribution or imposts, yielding 1,300,000 florins, of which one-fifth is appropriated to the salaries of the officers of the province, and the remainder goes into the military chest; the customs; the tithe upon the working of the mines; the salt which belongs to the crown; the royal domains; the tithes paid by the counties; and the tithes levied upon the Saxons, and destined for the support of their own clergy. The armed force of the principality consists of two regiments of infantry of the line; two regiments of Wallachians; and two of Seklers, which form the military cordon upon the frontiers of Turkey; one regiment of dragoons, and two of Hussars. The commander-in-chief resides at Hermanstadt. The established forms of religion in Transylvania are, the Roman Catholic, the Reformed, the Lutheran, and the Socinian. The tolerated religions are the Greek Schismatics and the Jews. These different sects are divided, according to Hassel, into Transylvania was originally inhabited by the Getæ or Daci, as they were called by the Romans, and with the rest of Dacia was reduced to a Roman province by Trajan. Having been successively subdued by the Sarmatians, Goths, and Huns, the Saxons, driven from their country by the conquests of Charlemagne, established themselves in this province, then known by the name of Mediterranean Dacia. Its principal towns and its cultivation owe their origin to this people, who bestowed upon it the name Sibenburgen, or the seven cities. Stephen, the first king of Hungary, annexed this province to his dominions in 1002, and governed it by viceroys, called waywodes. It continued subject to this power until 1527, when John Zapoli aspired to the throne of Hungary, in opposition to Ferdinand of Austria. The issue of this struggle was the conquest of Hungary by Sultan Soliman, and the conferring of Transylvania upon Stephen, the son of John Zapoli, to be held as a fief of the Ottoman throne. From this period Transylvania was regarded as a distinct state, and its princes entered into negotiations with the neigbouring potentates. About 1602, Sigismund the waywode formed an alliance with the house of Austria, and afterwards endeavoured to cede the principality to the empire; but the government of that power was odious to the inhabitants, who, under a succession of patriotic leaders, drove out the Austrian garrisons; and Bethlem Gabor, a noble Hungarian and a calvinist, extended his conquests over the greater part of Hungary. In 1657, Prince Ragotski excited, by his disobedience, a war with the Porte, which was terminated by his defeat and death; but the Transylvanians, enraged at the encroachments of the Ottomans, deposed their waywode, and having conferred the principality on Kemeni, one of Ragotski's generals, threw themselves under the protection of the Emperor Leopold, and admitted German garrisons into their principal fortresses. Kemeni, however, was soon after killed in a skirmish with the Turks, when Michael Abaffi, a vassal of the Porte, was elected waywode by the states. In the reverses which subsequently befel the Ottoman arms, Transylvania was relinquished to the emperor in 1698; since which time it has formed a part of the Austrian dominions. See Demian's Tableau Geographique et Politique de Hongrie, &c. TRANSIT INSTRUMENT. See ASTRONOMY, and Plate XLVII. TRALEE, a post town on the west coast of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, situated near a small river which runs into Tralee bay. The jail and the court-house form one side of a square in the centre of the town. A castle, once the residence of the earls of Desmond, still remains, and traces of a monastery. The parish church is a plain building. Tralee returns one member to parliament. West Lon. 9° 35'. North Lat. 52° 16'. TRANENT, a town of Scotland, in the county of East Lothian. It consists of a long street on the London road, with another going off from it to the north. The church, which is at the foot of the last of these streets, is a substantial building, with a square tower. A sum has been left to the town by Mr. Steel, to erect an hospital for the education of youth. Population about 1400. TRANQUEBAR, a seaport town of India, situated at the mouth of the Caveri. When a village, it was purchased by the Danes in 1616, but it is now a very large town. It is defended by a neat fort, called Danebourg, remarkable for its whiteness. The town is about two miles in circuit, and surrounded with a wall with bastions. It contains three christian churches, one mosque, and several pagodas. The streets are broad and straight, and the houses neat. Population about 20,000. East Lon. 79° 55'. North Lat. 11° 1'. See Millburn's Oriental Commerce, vol. i. p. 267. TRAVANCORE. See INDIA, Vol. XII. p. 57. TREBIZOND, the Trapezus of Xenophon, is a city of Asia Minor, situated on a gentle slope rising from the Black Sea. It is defended by two deep ravines, and by its ancient embattled ramparts, which are built of stone and very lofty. The houses, which are mean, are built of stone and lime, and roofed with tiles. It contains 18 large mosques, 8 khans, 5 baths, and 10 small Greek churches. The most remarkable building is the Besestein, a large square edifice with two small windows in each face, which is supposed to have been a Genevese powder magazine. The castle at the south end is a large building, commanding a full view of the city and environs. It is situated on a flat rock, and its ditches are cut out of the rock. Population about 15,000. East Lon. 39° 28'. North Lat. 41° 2′ 41′′. TRENTON, city of, the capital of New Jersey, situated on the left bank of the Delaware river, of a mile above the head of tide water, opposite the lower falls, and on the north side of the Assunpink creek, Hunterdon county, 30 miles from Philadelphia, and 50 from New York. North Lat. 40° 13′ 15". West Lon. 0° 21' 15" of Philadelphia, and 2° 8' 15" of Washington, D. C. It is incorporated with city privileges, and governed by a mayor, recorder, 3 aldermen, and 13 assistants or common council. The state-house is 100 feet long, and 60 wide, in which the legislative sessions and superior courts are held; it is also used as a magazine for the state arms: there is also three fireproof offices, and a house for the residence of the governor, belonging to the state. Here is a bank, an academy, and a masonic hall. Trenton is identified with the history of the revolutionary war; the battle fought here, and the capture of the Hessians, gave the first favourable turn to the success of the Ameri can arms. This city, with Mill-Hill, Bloomsbury, and Lamberton, on the opposite side of the creek, and extending 13 miles down the bank of the river, has 8 churches, viz. an episcopal, presbyterian, friends, baptist, reformed baptist, Roman catholic, methodist, and African methodist. The state-prison, at Lamberton, contains usually about 100 convicts; it is in contemplation to improve this, or erect a new one upon the modern plan. The bridge over the river, from Bloomsbury to Morrisville on the opposite side, is much admired for its architecture and elegance, for a particular description of which see article TRENTON BRIDGE. The mills are 1 grist, and 5 for the manufacture of cotton fabrics, having 5400 spindles and 212 looms. A company is incorporated to create an additional water power, by means of a race-way, to be constructed in and along the bank of the river, equal to 700 horses, and considering its local advantages, will be equal to any in the United States. The Delaware and Raritan canal, now constructing, is located in the rear of these towns, which with the feeder, basin, aqueduct and locks, will add to the whole, beside the advantages, a more interesting scenery. Trenton has, houses, 410, inhabitants (1830) 2826 Mill-Hill, Bloomsbury, Lamberton, 66 78 66 66 140 * 66 66 64 66 486 840 326 4460 T. GORDON. TRENTON BRIDGE, over the Delaware, about 30 miles above Philadelphia. See Plate DX. No. 2, Fig. 2. The first corner-stone of this bridge was laid on the 21st day of May 1804. The front of the abutment on the Pennsylvania side being 65 feet in advance from the bank, it was deemed prudent to make it thicker than the one on the opposite shore; accordingly this abutment is 50 feet in front and 18 feet thick, with the back supported by a horizontal arch from its foundation. The fronts of the abutments from the surface of the ground, and the ends, and about 40 feet of the wing walls above the banks, are carried up with cut stone in courses of range work, varying in depth as they proceed upwards from twenty to six inches, and battering half an inch in the foot: and although no ornament was sought for, this masonry exhibits a solidity of work, and neatness of execution, that reflects great credit on the workmen who constructed it. The cut stone in the abutments are all clamped together with iron clamps, as high as is presumed the ice or other floating substances will ever assail them; and in every tier of stone there are a number of branch clamps extending diagonally and crosswise the abutment, connecting the whole together. The interior is made up of large rough stone, many of half a ton weight and upwards, compactly filled in with smaller stone, and the whole laid in good lime and sand mortar, and forming one entire solid mass of masonry. These abutments are 19 feet above the ordinary flow of the tide, 6 feet above the highest freshes from ordinary causes, and at least 4 feet higher than the water has ever been known to rise, from obstructions by ice on the bars below. Besides this, the travelling way is raised nearly 3 feet higher; so that no injury can possibly be sustained in the wooden superstructure by any substances floating on, or carried down the river in the highest freshets. The wing walls on the east side, at the distance of 60 feet from the front of the abutments, spread or splay 78 feet; and for the first 20 feet they run into the bank, are laid as deep as the foundation of the abutment, and 7 feet wide in the bottom. From the end of the angle, they are continued in a parallel line with each other, 103 feet farther, on a gradual taper to 4 feet, where they terminate. The exterior of this masonry is battered an inch to the foot, while the interior is rather more than perpendicular; so that the filling has little or no pressure on the side walls, but will settle in perpendicular lines. The wing walls on the west or Pennsylvania side, which are 85 feet in length from the front of the abutment, extend about 18 feet into the bank, and spread or splay 66 feet, being the width of the street leading to the bridge. In laying the exterior courses of the foundations of the piers, great care was taken to select flat and long stones, running many feet into the body of the piers. On these, and throughout the whole interior, are laid large rough stone of vast weight, and the whole closely filled in with building stone. The depth of these foundations vary several feet in different parts of the piers, owing to the irregular surface of the rock, (in some places forming a pretty regular basin), and this is as an additional security against their being moved by ice, rafts, or other floating substances coming against them. An offset of 6 inches is made on these foundations, where the cut stone commences: the pier here receives its proper shape and dimensions, VOL. XVIII. PART I. which in this place is 68 feet in length, and 22 in breadth, with the end up stream, of a semicircular form. The levelling up of the foundation, and all the cut stone, are laid in terras mortar. On the pier next to the Pennsylvania shore, three courses of cut stone are laid, rising above the foundation to the height of 4 feet 7 inches. On each of the other piers one course only of cut stone is laid, of 20 and 22 inches in depth; in which situation ice and every other floating substance will run over them during the winter and spring seasons. The span between the Pennsylvania abutment and the first pier, as well as between each of the other piers, is 194 feet; and from the New Jersey abutment to the first pier, the span is 156 feet, leaving a water way of 932 feet, out of 1100, the distance across the river from the top of one bank to the other. The piers are all carried up with cut stone, in courses of range work, varying in depth as they proceed upwards, from 25 to 28 inches, until they rise to the top course, which is 12 inches, the sides and lower end battering an inch in the foot; these stones extend into the body of the work, from 8 inches to 5 feet. The exterior or cut stone, as high as the water has ever been known to rise, is laid in terras mortar; and throughout the whole extent, lengthwise, every second or third course is clamped together with iron clamps. Crosswise also of the piers, every third or fourth course, eight or more iron cramps are extended from side to side, and let into the courses of cut stone. These, together with a vast number of branch cramps, it is presumed will effectually secure the whole from spreading or giving way in any direction. The ends of the piers, up stream, are semicircular, and after rising 4 feet from their foundations, with the usual batter of the sides, they recede or batter at an angle of 67°, until they rise to the further height of 10 feet perpendicular, when they are again carried up with the former batter to the square, where they terminate, and receive their finish with a coping of cut stone, in the form of a half dome. The stones of which this angular part is composed, are all deep in their bed, extending from 2 to 5 feet into the pier, and are each secured with a clamp of iron. At this point the cut stone ceases, and the dimensions of the pier are here 62 feet in length, and 20 feet in breadth. An offset of 8 inches is then made on the sides, and the square part of the piers again carried up, with a skew back, to the further height of 3 feet 9 inches. The feet of the arches rest on this offset and spring from this angle. The height of the piers next the shores, from the foot of the arches to ordinary low water mark, is 27 feet 5 inches, and of those in the middle, 28 feet 7 inches each. The distance between the abutments is 1008 feet, and the whole length of the bridge, including the wing walls, is one quarter of a mile. The whole of the stone work done consists of 169,223 feet of cut stone, contained in 16,650 perches of masonry. The superstructure consists of five arches, or five sets or series of arches, each composed of five sections or ribs, as they are usually called, and rising H from the chord line, in the proportion of 13 feet in 100. These sections or ribs are formed of white pine plank, of from 35 to 50 feet in length, 4 inches thick, and 12 wide (except the middle section, which is 13), and repeated one over the other, breaking joints, until they form a depth of three feet through. This mode of constructing wooden arches is considered as a great improvement in bridge architecture, and we have reason to believe was first introduced into practice by Mr. Burr, the architect of this bridge. Be this as it may, it is supposed to possess many advantages over those formed of solid and massy pieces of timber. The relative situation of these sections is such as to leave two openings of 11 feet each, in the centre, for carriages, and two of 4 feet 6 inches each, on the sides, for foot walks. The general width of the bridge is therefore 36 feet from out to out, and the travelling ways will be on the chord line between these sections. Outside of the two exterior sections, wing arches of 50 feet in length, and of the same convexity and depth, are placed, which, inclining towards the centre, are united to these sections, and securely bolted through them. This gives the bridge an additional base of 16 feet, and a bearing of 52 feet on each pier. On the top or circumference of these sections and wing arches, beams or ties and diagonal braces are laid and let into each other, in the form of lattice work, and the whole firmly connected with the arches, by iron bolts with screws going through them at the distance of every eight feet: thus they are made to form one entire connected arch, which can neither admit of any sideway or intestine motion between the sections, nor be readily injured or endangered by high winds. The platform on which the travelling is performed, is suspended from these arches, by means of iron chains or links, which hook into the eyebolts, firmly fixed through the arches, at the distance, also, of every 8 feet in the three middle sections, and 16 feet in the two exterior ones. To the lower ends of these chains is appended a stirrup, in which the beams lay which sustain the joists and flooring. To prevent the platform from having any swinging motion, wing chords and diagonal braces are again interposed, which effectually perform this service. The expansion of the arches (were not the solidity and weight of the piers and abutments of themselves sufficient) is completely guarded against by the intervention of wooden chords which embrace and connect the several feet of these arches together. These serve also a further important purpose, to wit, of stiffening and strengthening the arches, by means of upright bracing, which takes place between them and the chords; so that by the application of great weights, to either end of the arch, no vibratory motion can ensue, as the pressure is by this means distributed throughout the whole extent of the segment. The three great objects, convenience of travelling, strength, and durability, are all happily united in the model adopted, nor has ornament been wholly thrown aside. The access to the bridge on either side, and throughout the whole extent of the plat form, presents to the traveller a plane without any sensible rising.-The bridge was finished in the month of February 1806.-Extracted from Mease's Wonders of Nature and Art. TREVES, the Augusta Trevirorum of the Romans, a town of Prussia, is situated in the centre of a large valley lying along the Moselle. It is about a mile and a half long, and has its streets tolerably wide. The chief buildings are the elector's palace, which now forms barracks. There are also here 5 parish churches and 13 monasteries and nunneries. Among these are the church of Notre Dame, that of St. Simeon, and the cathedral church of St. Peter's. The gymnasium occupies a building of great size, with a library in one of its wings. The piers of the bridge over the Moselle are very ancient. The corn market is regarded as a Roman work. Coins, medals, and inscriptions are frequently dug up here, and there are extensive remains of baths. Population 10,000. Lon. 6° 38' 20". North Lat. 49° 46′ 37′′. TREVISO, a town of Austrian Italy, situated at the junction of the Piavesella and the Sile. streets, though irregular, are broad and well paved, and the houses good, particularly the palazzi. The town contains the cathedral, 16 parish churches, 8 monasteries, 10 nunneries, 4 hospitals, a castle, and a theatre. It is surrounded with a rampart, and is three miles in circuit. The manufactures are silk and cotton stuffs and cutlery. Population 12,000, or 22,000 according to others. East Lon. 12° 9'. North Lat. 45° 42'. East The TRIESTE, the Tergeste of the Romans, a seaport town of Austria, and capital of a district in Illyria, is situated at the N. W. extremity of the Gulf of Venice. The old town stands on the side of a hill crowned with a castle which commands the whole of the city and the new town called Theresienstadt from its founder Maria Theresa, is situated on level ground intersected with a canal. There are several good streets in the town, and the houses are generally commodious. The principal public buildings are the cathedral, an ancient edifice, the former church of the Jesuits, the church of St. Anthony, the palace, the poor's and foundling's hospital, two Lazarettos, and a neat modern theatre. There is also here a gymnasium, a public library, a society of arts and sciences, and two insurance societies. The harbour is both secure and commodious, having three canals extending from it a good way into the town, so as to afford room for very large vessels. A magnificent mole, one of the finest objects in the town, was built by Maria Theresa when Austria was ambitious of making Trieste a place of importance. It extends about 1500 feet into the sea, and forms an excellent roadstead. There is room upon the mole for fifty pieces of cannon, though only thirty are mounted, some 18 and some 24 pounders. The mole includes the old Lazaretto, which is now employed solely as barracks. Opposite to the mole on the other side of the roadstead is the new Lazaretto, with a distinct harbour, which is likewise enclosed by a mole. The castle, situated on a height considera |