The Rise of Maritime Containerization in the Port of Oakland: 1950 to 1970

7th Street Terminal additional adopted containerization Alameda Bay Area berths Bradford capital carrier carrying channels chapter competition construction container facility container operations Container Ports container service containerships Corps of Engineers costs cranes critical deck development of containerization dredging early East economies-of-scale Elizabethport environmental freight Grace Line Horace Carpentier ILWU impact increased initial intercoastal intermodal Interstate Commerce Commission Japan Japanese steamship firms labor lease Line's loaded Malcolm McLean marine terminal maritime industry Matson Navigation Company McLean MCTC Merchant Marine Conference military million N.Y.K. Line Nutter Oakland October Outer Harbor Pacific Port newsletter Port of Oakland Port of San Port's rail railroad regulation regulatory rise of containerization roll-on roll-off San Francisco Bay Sea-Land Service shippers ships steamship lines tariffs trade trailer truck U.S. Army U.S. Maritime Administration United unloaded vessels Vietnam Vietnam War waterfront West Coast Wildavsky 1973 York