circumnavigated the globe, arriving at Spithead, July 13, 1771. Sir Joseph Banks, afterwards the illustrious president of the Royal Society, accompanied captain Cook in this voyage. Captain Cook again sailed to explore the southern hemisphere, July 1772, and returned in July 1775. In his third expedition this great navigator was killed by the savages of Ö-why-hee, at 8 o'clock on the morning of Feb. 14, 1779. His ships, the Resolution and Discovery, arrived home at Sheerness, Sept. 22, 1780. COOPERAGE. This art must be coeval with the dawn of history, and seems to have been early known in every country. The coopers of London were incorporated in 1501. COPENHAGEN. Distinguished as a royal residence, A.D. 1443. In 1728, more than seventy of its streets and 3785 houses were burnt. Its famous palace, valued at four millions sterling, was wholly burnt, Feb. 1794, when 100 persons lost their lives. In a fire which lasted forty-eight hours, the arsenal, admiralty, and fifty streets were destroyed, 1795. Copenhagen was bombarded by the English under lord Nelson and admiral Parker; and in their engagement with the Danish fleet, of twentythree ships of the line, eighteen were taken or destroyed by the British, April 2, 1801. Again, after a bombardment of three days, the city and the Danish fleet surrendered to admiral Gambier and lord Cathcart, Sept. 7, 1807. The capture consisted of eighteen sail of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs, and twenty-five gunboats, and immense naval stores.-See Denmark. COPERNICAN SYSTEM. The system of the world wherein the sun is supposed to be in the centre, and immoveable, and the earth and the rest of the planets to move round it in elliptical orbits. The heavens and stars are here imagined to be at rest, and the diurnal motion, which they seem to have from east to west, is imputed to the earth's motion from west to east. This system was published at Thorn, A.D. 1530; and may in many points be regarded as that of Pythagoras revived.-Gassendus. COPPER. It is one of the six primitive metals; its discovery is said to have preceded that of iron. We read in the Scriptures of two vessels of fine copper, precious as gold.-Ezra viii. 27. The great divisibility of this metal almost exceeds belief; a grain of it dissolved in alkali, as pearl ashes, soda, &c., will give a sensible colour to more than 500,000 times its weight in water; and when copper is in a state of fusion, if the least drop of water touch the melted ore, it will fly about like shot from a gun.-Boyle. The mine of Fahlun, in Sweden, is the most surprising artificial excavation in the world. In England, copper-mines were discovered in 1561, and copper now forms an immense branch of British trade: there are upwards of fifty mines in Cornwall, where mining has been increasing since the reign of William III. COPPER-MONEY. The Romans, prior to the reign of Servius Tullius, used rude pieces of copper for money.-See Coin. In England, copper-money is of extensive coinage. That proposed by sir Robert Cotton was brought into use in 1609. Copper was extensively coined in 1665. It was again coined by the crown, 23 Charles II., 1672. Private traders had made them previously to this act. In Ireland, copper was coined as early as 1339; in Scotland in 1406; in France in 1580. Wood's coinage in Ireland, (which see) commenced in 1723. Penny and two-penny pieces were extensively issued, 1797. COPPER-PLATE PRINTING. This species of printing was first attempted in Germany, about A.D. 1450. Rolling-presses for working the plates were invented about 1545. Messrs. Perkins of Philadelphia, invented, in 1819, a mode of engraving on soft steel which, when hardened, will multiply copper-plates and fine impressions indefinitely. See Engraving. COPPERAS. First produced in England by Cornelius de Vos, a merchant, in 1587. COPYRIGHT. The decree of the Star-chamber regarding it, A.D. 1556. Every Venus over the sun were taken in the South Sea. The ship Endeavour was, in consequence, prepared for that purpose, and the command of her given to Lieutenant James Cook. He sailed in July 1768, touched at Madeira and Rio de Janeiro, doubled Cape Horn, and after a prosperous voyage reached Otaheite, the place of destination, in April 1769. By a comparison of the observations made on this transit (June 3, 1769) from the various parts of the globe, on which it was viewed by men of science, the system of the universe has, in some particulars, been better understood; the distance of the sun from the earth, as calculated by this and the transit in 1761, is now settled at 108,000,000 miles, instead of the commonly received computation of 95,000,000.—Buller. book and publication ordered to be licensed, 1585. An ordinance forbidding the printing of any work without the consent of the owner, 1649. Copyright further secured by a statute enacted in 1709. Protection of copyright in prints and engravings, 17 George III., 1777. Copyright Protection act, 54 George III. 1814. Dramatic authors' protection act, 3 William IV., 1833. The act for preventing the publication of lectures without consent, 6 William IV., 1835. The act of the 17th George III., extended to Ireland, 7 William IV., 1836. International copyright bill, I Victoria, 1838. Copyright of designs for articles of manufacture protected. 2 Victoria, 1839. For important act of 1842, see Literary Property. CORDAGE. The naval cordage in early ages was, probably, merely thongs of leather; and these primitive ropes were retained by the Caledonians in the third century, and by some northern nations in the ninth. Cordage of weed and of horse-hair was also used anciently before that made of hemp. See Hemp. CORDELIERS. Friars of the order of St. Francis, and the same with the Minorites. They are clothed in coarse grey cloth, with a small cowl and cloak of the same material, having a girdle of cord, or rope, tied with three knots, and hence the name, which was first given to them by St. Louis of France, about A.D. 1227. They once had the degree of doctor in the university of Paris, and in that city were all Scotists. CORFU. So celebrated in mythology and poetry, and capital of the island of the same name, was placed under British administration, by the treaty of Paris in November 1815. It is the chief of the Ionian Isles, which see. CORINTH. This city was built in 1520 and the kingdom founded by Sisyphus in 1376 B.C. In 146 B.C. the capital was destroyed by the Romans, but was rebuilt by Julius Cæsar; and was among the first cities of Greece that embraced the Christian religion. It was defended by a fortress called Acrocorinth, on a summit of a high mountain, surrounded with strong walls. The situation of this citadel was so advantageous, that Cicero named it the Eye of Greece, and declared, that of all the cities known to the Romans, Corinth alone was worthy of being the seat of a great empire. Corinth built on the ruins of Ephyra, A colony goes to Sicily, and they build (Abbé Lenglet) Syracuse Sea fight between the Corinthians and Periander rules, and encourages genius and learning B.C . 1520 B.C. 732 664 1375 ,629 1375 The reign of Bacchus, whose successors .439 . 395 . 228 786 Thelestes deposed, and the government 757 CORINTHIAN ORDER. The finest of all the orders of ancient architecture, aptly called by Scamozzi, the virginal order, as being expressive of the delicacy, tenderness, and beauty of the whole composition. The invention of it is attributed to Callimachus, 540 B.C.-See Abacus. CORINTHIAN WAR. The war which received this name, because the battles were mostly fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by a confederacy of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against the Lacedæmonians. The most famous battles were at Coronea and Leuctra, which see. CORK. Built in the sixth century. The principality of the M'Cartys, was converted into a shire by king John, as lord of Ireland. A chapter was granted to the city by Henry III. in 1242; its great charter was granted by Charles I. A large part of the town was consumed by an awful fire, in 1621. The earl of Marlborough besieged and took Cork from king James's army, in 1690, when the duke of Grafton, a natural son of Charles II., was slain. The cathedral was built by the produce of a coal duty, between the years 1725 and 1735. Explosion of gunpowder here, Nov. 10, 1810. CORK, SEE OF. Its foundation is ascribed to St. Barr, or Finbarr, early in the seventh century. About 1431, this see and that of Cloyne were canonically united; but on the death of Bishop Synge, in 1678, they were separated, the see of Ross having been added to Cork about a century before, A.D. 1582. No valuation is returned of this see in the king's book; but in a manuscript in Marsh's library, it is taxed, 31 Eliz., at 40%. sterling; and in a MS. in the College library, at 251. The sees of Cork and Cloyne have been again united by act 3 & 4 W. IV., 1833.-See Bishops. CORK-TREE. Called the Quercus suber, and resembling the holm; it is a species of the oak, its fruit is an acorn, and its bark when burned makes the cork used for stopping bottles, casks, and other articles. Cork was in use among the ancients. The Egyptians made coffins of cork, which being lined with a resinous composition, preserved dead bodies uncorrupted. The tree grows in great abundance on the Pyrenean mountains, and in other parts of Spain, in France, and in the north of New England. The cork-tree was brought to England before 1690. CORN. The origin of its cultivation is attributed to Ceres, who having taught the art to the Egyptians, was deified by them, 2409 B.C.-Arundelian Marbles. The art of husbandry, and the method of making bread from wheat, and wine from rice, is attributed by the Chinese to Ching Noung, the successor of Fohi, and second monarch of China, 1998 B.C.-Univ. Hist. But corn provided a common article of food from the earliest ages of the world, and baking bread was known in the patriarchal ages.-See Exodus xii. 15. Wheat was introduced into Britain in the sixth century, by Coll ap Coll Frewi.-Roberts' Hist. Anc. Britons. The first importation of corn of which we have a note, was in 1347. Bounties were granted on its importation into England, in 1686. Its importation from Ireland into England now forms a vast branch of trade. The new London Corn Exchange, Marklane, London, was opened in June 1828; it is of the Grecian-Doric style of architecture, and was erected at an expense of 90,000%. CORN BILLS. Various enactments regulating the importation of corn, have been made from time to time; among the most important recent acts have been the following: A bill to permit the exportation of corn was passed in 1814. An act to permit its importation when corn shall be at eighty shillings per quarter, was passed in 1815. During the discussions on this latter bill, mobs assembled in London, and many of the houses of its supporters were damaged, January 28; and a riot in Westminster continued several days, and occasioned much mischief, March 21 et seq. 1815. The memorable Corn Bill, after passing in the Commons, was defeated in the House of Lords by a clause, proposed by the duke of Wellington, being carried by a majority of four, June 1, 1827. The act whereby wheat was allowed to be imported on payment of a duty of 11. 5s. 8d. per quarter, whenever the average price of all England was under 62s.; from 62s. to 63s., 17. 4s. 8d.; and so gradually reduced to 1s., when the average price was 73s. and upwards, was passed July 15, 1828 this act is designated as the "sliding scale." The act of the 5th of Victoria, passed 29th April 1842, also called the "sliding scale act," regulated the duty on wheat as follows; with sliding duties also on other articles of corn: CORN-LAWS. ANTI-CORN-LAW LEAGUE. From Metropolitan and provincial anti-corn-law associations sprung the League, headed by Mr. Cobden and others. Meetings held in various places, in March and April, 1841. Meeting of a disturbed character held at Manchester, May 18, 1841. Bazaar held at Manchester at which the League realise 10,000l., Feb. 2, 1842. About 600 deputies connected with provincial associations assemble in London and hold numerous meetings from Feb. until August 1842. The League at Manchester announce the intention of raising 50,0007. in order to depute lecturers throughout the country, print pamphlets, &c. Oct. 20, 1842. The League commence a series of meetings at Drury-lane theatre, March 15, 1843. The agitation is resumed by the commencement of a series of monthly meetings at Covent Garden; and it appeared that the league in the past year had received £50,290, and had expended £47,814; and had distributed 9,826,000 tracts among the people. Sept. 28, 1843. Great free-trade meeting at Manchester, when £12,606 were collected as contributions to the league fund. Nov. 14, 1843. CORNWALL. Originally called Kernou, a term connected with the Latin Cornu, a horn, in allusion to its numerous promontories or projecting points. On the retreat of the ancient Britons, Cornwall was formed into a kingdom, which existed for many years under different princes, among whom were Ambrosius Aurelius, and the celebrated Arthur. It was erected into a dukedom by Edward III., in 1336, and the heir to the Crown of England, if a prince, is born duke of Cornwall, but is immediately afterwards created prince of Wales. CORONATION. The first coronation by a bishop, was that of Majocianus, at Constantinople, in A.D. 457. The ceremony of anointing at coronations was introduced into England in 872, and into Scotland in 1097. The coronation of Henry III. took place, in the first instance, without a crown, at Gloucester, October 28, 1216. A plain circle was used on this occasion in lieu of the crown, which had been lost with the other jewels and baggage of king John, in passing the marshes of Lynn, or the Wash, near Wisbeach.-Matthew Paris. Rymer. At the coronation of king William and queen Mary, the bishop of London put the crown on the king's head, as Dr. Sancroft, the archbishop of Canterbury, would not take the oaths to their majesties. George IV. was crowned July 19, 1821. William IV. was crowned, with his queen, Sept. 8, 1831; and Victoria, June 28, 1838. CORONATION CHAIR. In the cathedral of Cashel, formerly the metropolis of the kings of Munster, was deposited the Lia Fail, or Fatal Stone, on which they were crowned. In A.D. 513, Fergus, a prince of the royal line, having obtained the Scottish throne, procured the use of this stone for his coronation at Dunstaffnage, where it continued until the time of Kenneth II., who removed it to Scone; and in 1296, it was removed by Edward I. from Scone to Westminster. Edward wishing to annex Scotland to his own dominions, dethroned John Baliol, ravaged the country, and seized this stone, among other monuments of Scottish history. CORONATION FEASTS, AND OATH. The oath was first administered to the kings of England by Dunstan (the archbishop of Canterbury, afterwards canonised), to Ethelred II. in 979. An oath, nearly corresponding with that now in use, was administered in 1377; it was altered in 1689. The fêtes given at coronations commenced with Edward I. in 1273. That at the coronation of George IV. rivalled the extravagances and sumptuousness of former times. CORONEA, BATTLE OF. Fought in the first year of the Corinthian war. The Athenians, Thebans, Argives and Corinthians having entered into a league, offensive and defensive, against Sparta, Agesilaus, after diffusing the terror of his arms, from his many victories, even into Upper Asia, engages the allies at Coronea, a town of Boeotia, and achieves a great victory over them, 394 B.C.-Corn. Nepos. CORONERS. They were officers of the realm in A.D. 925. Coroners for every county in England were first appointed by statute of Westminster, 4 Edward I. 1276.Stowe. Coroners were instituted in Scotland in the reign of Malcolm II., about 1004. By an act passed in the 6th and 7th of queen Victoria, coroners are enabled to appoint deputies to act for them, but only in case of illness. Aug. 22, 1843. CORONETS. The caps or inferior crowns, of various forms, that distinguish the rank of the nobility. The coronets for earls were first allowed by Henry III.; for viscounts by Henry VIII.; and for barons by Charles II.-Baker. But authorities conflict. Sir Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, was the first of the degree of earl who wore a coronet, 1604.-Beatson. It is uncertain when the coronets of dukes and marquesses were settled.-Idem. CORPORATIONS. They are stated by Livy to have been of very high antiquity among the Romans. They were introduced into other countries from Italy. These political bodies were first planned by Numa, in order to break the force of the two rival factions of Sabines and Romans, by instituting separate societies of every manual trade and profession.-Plutarch. CORPORATIONS, MUNICIPAL, IN ENGLAND. Bodies politic, authorised by the king's charter to have a common seal, one head officer, or more, and members, who are able, by their common consent, to grant or receive, in law, any matter within the compass of their charter.-Cowel. Corporations were formed by charters of rights granted by the kings of England to various towns, first by Edward the Confessor. Henry I. granted charters, A.D. 1100; and succeeding monarchs gave corporate powers, and extended them to numerous large communities throughout the realm, subject to tests, oaths, and conditions.-Blackstone. The Corporation and Test Act Repeal bill passed 9 George IV., May 1828. The Corporation Reform bill for the regulation of muncipal corporations in England and Wales passed Sept. 9, 1835. The Irish Municipal Corporation bill, altering the entire structure of corporations in Ireland, passed 4 Victoria, Aug. 10, 1840.-Statutes. CORPULENCY. The most extraordinary instances of corpulency occur in England, where many persons are loaded with flesh or fat.-Cornaro. In Germany some fat monks have weighed eighteen stone.-Render. Of modern instances known in this country, was Mr. Bright, a tallow-chandler and grocer, of Malden, in Essex, who died in the 29th year of his age. Seven persons of the common size were with ease enclosed in his waistcoat; and a stocking, which when sent home to him was found too little, was large enough to hold a child of four years old. Mr. Bright was esteemed an honest tradesman, and facetious companion, and was comely in his person and affable in his manners: he weighed 42 stone and 12 pounds; and was buried in the church of All Saints, Malden, Nov. 12, 1750. Daniel Lambert, sup posed to have been the heaviest man that ever lived, died, in his 40th year, at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, weighing ten stone more than Mr. Bright, June 21, 1809. CORREGIDOR. An officer of justice in Spain, and in the countries subject to the Spanish government, acting as the chief judicial minister in a town or province; the office existed before the name, which is referred to the fifteenth century. A similar functionary heads the police magistracy in Portugal. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. A compound, in chemistry, which is 200 of mercury and 72 of chlorine: this preparation is said to have been known to the Arabians so early as the tenth century.-Ashe. CORSICA. Called by the Greeks Cyrnos. The ancient inhabitants of this island were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, when he existed among them. It was held by the Carthaginians; and was conquered by the Romans, 231 B.C. In modern times, Corsica was dependent upon the republic of Genoa, until 1730; and was sold to France in 1733. It was erected into a kingdom under Theodore, its first and only king, in 1736. He came to England, where he was imprisoned in the King's Bench prison for debt, and for many years subsisted on the benevolence of private friends. Having been released by an act of insolvency in 1756, he gave in his schedule the kingdom of Corsica as an estate to his creditors, and died the same year, at his lodgings in Chapel-street, Soho. The earl of Orford wrote the following epitaph, on a tablet erected near his grave, in St. Anne's church, Dean-street : "The grave, great teacher! to a level brings The celebrated Pascal Paoli was chosen for their general by the Corsicans, in 1753. He was defeated by the count de Vaux, and fled to England, 1769. The people acknowledged George III. of England for their king, June 17, 1794, when sir Gilbert Elliott was made viceroy, and he opened a parliament in 1795. A revolt was suppressed in June 1796; and the island was relinquished by the British, Oct. 22, same year, when the people declared for the French. CORTES OF SPAIN. A deliberative assembly under the old constitution of Spain; several times set aside. The cortes were newly assembled after a long interval of years, Sept. 24, 1810; and they settled the new constitution, March 16, 1812. This constitution was set aside by Ferdinand VII., who banished many members of the assembly in May, 1814. The cortes or states-general were opened by Ferdinand VII. 1820, and they have since been regularly convened. CORUNNA, BATTLE OF. The British army, under the command of Sir John Moore, amounting to about 15,000 men, had just accomplished a safe retreat when they were attacked by the French, whose force exceeded 20,000: the enemy were completely repulsed, but the loss of the British in the battle was immense. The illustrious and |