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*ENGLAND, continued.

959. Edgar, styled the Peaceable, brother of 1327. Edward III, his son; married Philippa,
Edwy; died July 1st, 974.
of Hainault; died June 21, 1377.

974. Edward the Martyr, his son, stabbed 1377. Richard II., son of Edward the Black

at Corfe castle at the instance of his
mother-in-law, Elfrida, Mar. 18th,979.

979. Ethelred II.; succeeded his half-brother
Edward; retired.

1013. Sweine, proclaimed king; died Feb. 3rd,
1014; succeeded by his son.

1014. Canute the Great: while absent in
Denmark the exiled king returned.
1015. Ethelred restored; died April 24th,
1016; succeeded by his son.
1016. Edmund Ironside; divided the king-
dom with Canute; murdered at Ox-
ford, Nov. 30th, 1016; reigned seven
months.

1016. Canute again; married Emma, widow
of Ethelred; died in 1036.
1036. Harold I., his natural son; a cruel
prince; died April 14th, 1039.

1039. Hardicanute, son of Canute and Emma;
died of repletion at a marriage-feast.
1041. Edward the Confessor, son of Ethelred
and Emma; died Jan. 5th, 1066,
naming William of Normandy his

successor.

1399.

1413.

1422.

Prince and grandson of Edward III; married Anne of Austria; 2ndly, Isabella of France; dethroned Sept. 28th, 1399; murdered at Pomfret Castle, 10th February following.

HOUSE OF LANCASTER.

Henry IV. cousin of Richard II.; married Joan of Navarre; died Mar. 20th, 1413; succeeded by

Henry V., his son; married Catharine of France; died Aug. 31st, 1422. Henry VI., his son; married Margaret of Anjou; deposed Mar. 4th, 1461; murdered by Richard, duke of Gloucester, in the Tower, June 20th, 1471.

HOUSE OF YORK.

1461. Edward IV.; married Lady Elizabeth Grey; died April 9th, 1483.

1483.

1483.

Edward V., his son; deposed June 22nd,

1483, and murdered in the Tower by

Gloucester; reigned two months and 13 days.

Richard III., brother of Edward IV.; slain at Bosworth, Aug. 22nd, 1485.

HOUSE OF TUDOR.

1485,

Henry VII.;

1509.

married Elizabeth of

York; died Apr. 22, 1509. Henry VIII., his son. See preceding annals; died Jan. 28th, 1547.

1066. Harold II., son of Earl Godwin; reigned
nine months; killed in battle.
[William of Normandy invaded Eng-
land in Sept. 1066, with a powerful
fleet and army, and gave battle to
Harold, at Hastings, on the 14th
October following, over whom he 1547.
obtained a complete victory, and
Harold being slain, he was pro- 1553. Mary, daughter of Henry,* married
claimed king by his triumphant
army on the spot.]

AFTER THE CONQUEST.
1066. William the Conqueror; died at Rouen,
Sept. 9th, 1087.

1087. William II., Rufus ; killed by an arrow,
Aug. 2nd, 1100.

1100. Henry I., Beauclerk, his brother; died
of a surfeit, Dec. 1st, 1135.

Edward VI., son of Henry VIII.; died
July 6th, 1553.

Philip of Spain; died Nov. 17th, 1558 1558. Elizabeth, daughter of Henry by Anna Boleyn; died Mar. 24th, 1603.

HOUSE OF STUART.

1603. James I. of England, and VI. of Scotland, son of Mary, queen of Scots; married Anne, princess of Denmark; died, March 27th, 1625.

1625.

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Charles I., his son; married Henrietta
of France; beheaded at Whitehall,
Jan. 30th, 1649.
Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell made
protector, Dec. 12th, 1653; died
Sept. 3rd, 1658. Richard Cromwell,
his son, made protector Sept. 4th,
1658; resigned Apr. 22nd, 1659.
Charles II., son of Charles L.; married
the infanta Catharine of Portugal;
died Feb. 6th, 1685.

James II., his brother; married 1st,
Anne Hyde; 2ndly, the princess of
Modena; abdicated by flight,Dec. 19th,
1688; died in exile, Aug. 6th, 1701.
William III., prince of Orange, and

1689. {Mary, his queen, daughter of James;

dethroned, 1702,
Jan. 13th, 1327; murdered at Berke-
ley Castle, Sept. 21, following.

began their reign, Feb. 13th, 1689; Mary died, Dec. 28th, 1694; and William, of a fall from his horse, Feb. 21st, 1702.

Anne, second daughter of James; married George, prince of Denmark; died without issue, Aug. 1st, 1714

*By Catharine of Arragon.

ENGLAND, continued.

HOUSE OF HANOVER.
1714, George I., elector of Hanover and duke
of Brunswick-Lunenburgh; son of
Sophia, who was daughter of Eliza- 1820.
beth, the daughter of James I. ; ma-
ried the princess Sophia; died June 1830.
11th, 1727.

1727. George II., his son; married to Wilhel

1760. George III, grandson of George II.;
married Charlotte of Mecklenburgh-
Strelitz; died Jan. 29th, 18°0.
George IV., his son; married Caroline
of Brunswick; died June 26th, 1830.
William IV., brother of George IV.,
married to Adelaide of Saxe-Meinin-
gen; died June 20th, 1837,
Victoria, the reigning queen. See the
preceding annals.

mina-Caroline of Brandenburgh-An- 1837.
spach; died Oct. 25th, 1760.

England and Wales were united A.D. 1283, and Scotland was united to both in 1707, and the three were then styled Great Britain. Ireland was incorporated with these countries by the Act of Legislative Union, January 1, 1801, and the whole called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

ENGLAND, NEW. First settled by persons driven from England by religious persecution. The first attempt to form a settlement was made in 1607. Named New England by captain Smith in 1614 ; settlement of the Plymouth company in 1620. ENGLISH LANGUAGE. See article Languages. From the High Dutch or Teutonic sprung (among others) the English language, now one of the most copious and beautiful of Europe. Law pleadings were made in English by order of Edward III. instead of the French language, which had been continued from the time of the Conqueror, A.D. 1362. The English tongue and English apparel were ordered to be used in Ireland, 28 Henry VIII. 1536. The English was ordered to be used in all law-suits, and the Latin disused, May 1731.

ENGRAVING. The engraving of gems is a branch of art of the highest antiquity. The earliest writers make mention of engraved seals and seal rings, and there still exist many antique engravings equal to later productions of similar artists. Engraving from plates and wood is chiefly of modern invention, having its origin about the middle of the fifteenth century. Engraving on glass was perfected to an art by Boudier of Paris, 1799. The copyright to engravings has been protected by several statutes, among the principal are the acts 16 and 18 George III. 1775 and 1777. ENGRAVING ON COPPER. Prints from engraved copper-plates made their appearance about A.D. 1450, and were first produced in Germany. Masso, surnamed Finiguerra, was the first Italian artist in this way, 1460. The earliest date known of a copper-plate engraving is 1461. Rolling presses for working the plates were invented in 1545, and many improvements of it followed. Of the art of etching on copper by means of aquafortis, Francis Mazzouli, or Parmagiano, is the reputed inventor, about A.D. 1532.-De Piles.

ENGRAVING, LITHOGRAPHIC. This is a new branch of the art, and Alois Sennefelder may be regarded as the inventor of it. It was first announced on the Continent in 1798, and became more known as polyautography in 1808. It was introduced into general use in England by Mr. Ackermann of London in 1817.

ENGRAVING, MEZZOTINTO. The art was discovered by Siegen, and was improved by prince Rupert in 1648; Sir Christopher Wren further improved it in 1662. Aquatinta, by which a soft and beautiful effect is produced, was invented by the celebrated French artist, St. Non, about 1662; he communicated his invention to Le Prince. Barrabe of Paris was distinguished for his improvements in this kind of engraving, 1763. Chiaro-oscuro engraving originated with the Germans, and was first practised by Mair, one of whose prints bears date 1491.—See Zincography, &c. ENGRAVING ON STEEL. The mode of engraving on soft steel, which, after it has been hardened, will multiply copper-plates and fine impressions indefinitely, was introduced into England by Messrs. Perkins and Heath, of Philadelphia, in 1819. ENGRAVING ON WOOD, took its rise from the brief mahlers, or manufacturers of playing-cards, about A.D. 1400; and from this sprung the invention of printing, first attempted by means of wooden types not movable. See Printing. The art is referred by some to a Florentine, and by others to Reuss, a German; it was greatly improved by Durer and Lucas Van Leyden in 1497; and was brought to perfection in England by Berwick, his brother, and pupils, Nesbett, Anderson, &c., 1789, et seq. The earliest wood engraving which has reached our times is one representing St. Christopher carrying the infant Jesus over the sea; it bears date A.D. 1423.

P

ENLISTMENT. By statute no persons enlisting as soldiers or sailors are to be sworn in before a magistrate in less than twenty-four hours, and then they are at liberty to withdraw upon their returning the enlistment or bounty money, and 21s. costs. ENNISKILLEN. The people of this town occupy a remarkable place in the history of the civil wars of Ireland. They made an obstinate defence against the army of Elizabeth, 1595. Their memorable defence against James II., 1689. 1500 Enniskilleners met General M'Carty with a force of 6000 men, of whom 3000 were slain, and nearly all the rest were made prisoners, they losing but 20 men, July 20, 1689. The dragoon regiment called the "Inniskillingers," is always recruited here. ENTOMOLOGY. This branch of natural history cannot be regarded as ranking as a science until the arrangement of Linnæus, A.D. 1739. The London Entomological Society was instituted in 1806; it is directed chiefly to the study of insects found in Great Britain; and inquires into the best methods of destroying noxious insects, and making known such as are useful.

ENVOYS. They enjoy the protection, but not the ceremonies of ambassadors. Envoys Extraordinary are of modern date.- Wicquefort. The court of France denied to them the ceremony of being conducted to court in the royal carriages, A.D. 1639. EPHESUS. Famous for the temple of Diana, which magnificent structure was one of the seven wonders of the world; it was 425 feet long and 200 broad, and cost 220 years of labour. Ctesiphon was the chief architect, and 127 kings contributed to its grandeur. The temple was burnt by Erostratus, solely to perpetuate his memory, 356 B.C.-Pliny. It rose from its ruins, and was richer and more splendid than before; but it was again burnt A.D. 260.-Univ. Hist. EPHORI. Powerful magistrates of Sparta, first created by Theopompus to control the royal power, 760 B.C. They were five in number, and acting as censors in the state, they could check and restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them, if they were guilty of irregularities.

EPIC POETRY. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey the first epic poems. See HOMER. EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY. Epicurus of Gargettus, near Athens, was the founder of it, about 300 B.c. and taught that the greatest good consists in a happiness, springing not from sensual gratification or vicious pleasures, but from virtue, and consisting in the peace and harmony of the soul with itself. His disciples had all things in common; and the pleasantness of his system, and its ease and luxury, made him many followers.

EPIGRAMS. They derive their origin from the inscriptions placed by the ancients on their tombs. Marcus Valerius Martialis, the celebrated Latin epigrammatist, who flourished about A.D: 83, is allowed to have excelled all others, ancient or modern, in the tasteful and pointed epigram. The following Latin epigram on the miracle of our Saviour in turning water into wine at Cana (John iii.) is a beautiful example :

"Videt et erubuit lympha pudica Deum."

And Dr. Johnson has declared that the subjoined English epigram, by Dr. Doddridge, on the words Dum vivimus vivamus, is the finest specimen in our language :

"Live while we live !" the epicure will say,
"And taste the pleasures of the present day."
"Live while we live!" the hoary preacher cries,
"And give to God each moment as it flies."
Lord! in my view let both united be,

We live in pleasure when we live to thee.-Doddridge.

:

EPIPHANY. The feast of the Epiphany celebrates the arrival of the wise men of the East, and the manifestation to the world of the Saviour, by the appearance of a miraculous blazing star, which conducted the Magi to the place where he was to be found; instituted A.D. 813.-Wheatley. The primitive Christians celebrated the feast of the Nativity for twelve days, observing the first and last with great solemnity; and this being twelve days after Christmas, it is vulgarly called Twelfth-day. EPIRUS. Known by the great warlike achievements of Pyrrhus. Its early history is very obscure, and it is only during the reign of this sovereign, who was the last, that it becomes interesting. The first Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus) settled in Epirus after the Trojan war, 1170 B.C. He was killed in the temple of Delphi, about 1165 B.C

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274 274

B.C. 272

He enters Argos, and is killed by a tile, thrown at him from a house-top by a

woman

Philip unites Epirus to Macedon
Its conquest by the Romans

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His last battle with the Romans

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Annexed to the Ottoman empire. A.D. 1466

He takes Macedon from Antigonus EPISCOPACY. The government, by its bishops, of the Christian church. It may be said to have been instituted A.D. 33, when Peter sat in the bishop's chair at Rome. Butler. Episcopacy commenced in England in the second century; in Ireland about the same time; and in Scotland in the fourth century; but historians dispute with theologians upon this point. See Bishops. In Scotland, episcopacy was finally abolished at the period of the revolution, 1688-9. The sect called Episcopalians first appeared about the year 500.-Burnet.

EPITAPHS. They were used by the ancient Jews, by the Athenians, the Romans, and most of the nations of antiquity; their date is referred in England to the earliest times. In the epitaphs of the ancients arose the epigram.-Boileau. Among the most admired epitaphs in the English language is the following inscription on the monument of Mrs. Mason, lady of the Rev. William Mason, the distinguished poet, who died at Bristol Wells in 1767, and is interred in Bristol cathedral:—

"Take, holy earth, all that my soul holds dear:

Take that best gift, which Heav'n so lately gave:
To Bristol's fount I bore, with trembling care,

Her faded form-she bow'd to taste the wave,
And died! Does youth, does beauty read the line?
Does sympathetic fear their breast alarm?

Speak, dead Maria! breathe a strain divine

E'en from the grave thou shalt have power to charm!
Bid them be chaste, be innocent, like thee;

Bid them in duty's sphere as meekly move,

And if so fair, from vanity as free,

As firm in friendship, and as fond in love!

Tell them, though 'tis an awful thing to die,

('Twas e'en to thee)-yet the dread path once trod, Heav'n lifts its everlasting portals high,

And bids the pure in heart behold their God."-MASON.

EPITHALAMIUM. Tisias, the lyric poet, was the first writer of a nuptial complimen tary song, or epithalamium. He received the name of Stesichorus from the altera. tions made by him in music and dancing, 536, в c.—Bossuet.

EPOCHAS. These are periods in history which are agreed upon and acknowledged by the respective historians and chronologers, and which serve to regulate the date of events. The following are the epochas thus particularly adopted.--See Eras. Creation.

Deluge

Calling of Abraham

Argonautic expedition

Destruction of Troy.
1st Olympiad

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EQUINOX. The precession of the equinoxes was confirmed, and the places and distances of the planets were discovered, by Ptolemy, A.D. 130. When the sun in his progress through the ecliptic comes to the equinoctial circle, the day and night are equal all over the globe: this occurs twice in the year; once in the first point of Aries, which is called the vernal equinox; next in the first point of Libra, which is the autumnal equinox.-Blair.

EQUITY, COURTS OF. To determine causes according to the rule of equity and conscience, rather than according to strict law, A.D. 1067.-See Chancery. ERAS. Notices of the principal eras will be found in their alphabetical order; a few only need be mentioned here. The era of Nabonasser, after which the astronomical observations made at Babylon were reckoned, began February 26, 747. The era of the Seleucida (used by the Maccabees) commenced 312 B.c. The Olympiads belong to the Grecians, and date from the year 776 B.C.; but they subsequently reckoned

by Indictions, the first beginning A.D. 313: these, among chronologers, are still used. See Indictions. The Romans reckoned from the building of their city, 753 B.C.; and afterwards from the 16th year of the emperor Augustus, which reckoning was adopted among the Spaniards until the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic. The disciples of Mahomet began their Hegira from the flight of their prophet from Mecca, which occurred A.D. 622.

ERAS OF THE CREATION AND REDEMPTION. The Jews and Christians have had divers epochas; but in historical computation of time are chiefly used the most extraordinary epochs, which are two, the Creation of the World, and the appearance of our REDEEMER, which last the Christians have made their era. They did not adopt it, however, until the sixth century, when it was introduced by Denys the Little, a Scythian, who became abbot of a monastery near Rome: he was the first who computed time from the birth of Christ, and fixed that great event according to the vulgar era.-Cassiodorus Chron. This computation began in Italy, A.D. 525, and in England in 816. It is the only one now in general use, and is that observed in this work. See Creation, and Christian Era. ERFURTH. Founded in A.D. 476; and its famous university established in 1390. Erfurth was ceded to Prussia in 1802. It capitulated to Murat, when 14,000 Prussian troops surrendered, October 16, 1806. In this city Napoleon and Alexander met, and offered peace to England, September 27, 1808. The French retreated to Erfurth from Leipsic, 18th October, 1813.

ESCHEATS. Any land or other property that falls to a lord within his manor by forfeiture or death. The escheator observes the rights of the king in the county whereof he is escheator.-Cowel. In London a court of escheats was held before the lord mayor, to recover the property of a bastard who died intestate, for the king; such a court had not been held in the city for one hundred and fifty years before, July 16. 1771.-Phillips.

ESCURIAL. The palace of the kings of Spain, one of the largest and most magnificent in the world. It was commenced by Philip II. in the year 1562; and the first expenditure of its erection was 6,000,000 of ducats. It forms a vast square of polished stone, and paved with marble. It may give some notion of the surprising grandeur of this palace to observe, that, according to the computation of Francisco de los Santos, it would take up more than four days to go through all its rooms and apartments, the length of the way being reckoned thirty-three Spanish leagues, which is above 120 English miles. Alvarez de Colmenar also asserts, that there are 14,000 doors, and 11,000 windows belonging to this edifice.

ESPIERRES, BATTLE OF, between the allied English and Austrians on the one side, the former commanded by the duke of York, and the French on the other. The French attacked the allies concentrated here, with an army of 100,000 men, and were repulsed after a long and desperate engagement, losing 12,000 killed and wounded, 500 prisoners, and seven pieces of cannon, May 22, 1794. ESQUIRES. Among the Greeks and Romans, esquires were armour-bearers to, or attendants on, a knight.-Blount. In England the king created esquires by putting about their necks the collar of S S, and bestowing upon them a pair of silver spurs. A British queen is recorded as having married the armigerum, or esquire, of her deceased husband. The distinction of esquire was first given to persons of fortune not attendant upon knights, A.D. 1345.-Stowe. Meyrick's Ancient Armour. ESSLING, BATTLE OF, between the armies of France and Austria, commanded by Napoleon and the archduke Charles; a dreadful conflict which commenced on May 21, and was renewed with increased vigour on the next day, May 22, 1809. Napoleon was defeated with the loss of 30,000 men; but the loss of the Austrians, also most severe, exceeded 20,000. This was the severest check that the French emperor had yet experienced, and his army was greatly endangered in its retreat. ETERNITY. When creation began we do not know: there were angels, and a place of angelic habitation before the creation of man, and of the world destined for his residence, and even among those pure spiritual essences, there had been a rebellion, and a fall. How long those spirits had existed, and how many other orders of beings besides, we conjecture in vain; but how far back soever we suppose the commencement of creation, even beyond the greatest amount of ages that figures, in any way combined, could be made to express, still there was an eternity preceding-an eter

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