1774. The statute declared the author to have an exclusive right for 14 years, and if at the end of that term he were living, the right to again return to him for the same term of years. The later acts extended the author's right to 28 years, and if living at the end of that time, then to the remainder of his life. By the 5th and 6th of Victoria, the right is to endure for the life of the author, and for seven years after his death; but if that term expire earlier than 42 years, the right is still to endure for 42 years, for which term also any work published after the author's death is to continue the property of the owners of the manuscript; act passed July 1, 1842. The Dramatic Authors' Protection act, passed June 10, 1833. The International Copyright bill, passed July 31, 1838.

LITERARY SOCIETIES, CLUB, FUND, &c. The various societies connected with literature in London, will be found in their respective places through the volume. The celebrated Literary Club was instituted by Dr. Johnson, and included many of the illustrious men in literature of the age, 1765. The Literary Fund, in Lincoln'sInn Fields, was founded in 1790, to relieve authors and literary men who by age or infirmities are reduced to poverty: this society was incorporated in 1818. The Royal Society of Literature was established Sept. 15, 1825. LITHOGRAPHY. The invention of it is ascribed to Alois Sennefelder, whose first essays were executed about 1796; and shortly afterwards the art was announced in Germany, and was known as polyautography. It became partially known in England in 1801 et seq., but its general introduction may be referred to Mr. Ackermann, of London, about 1817. Sennefelder died in 1841.

LITHOTOMY. The surgical operation of cutting for the stone was performed by the ancients. The small apparatus, so called from the few instruments used in the operation, was practised by Celsus, about A.D. 17. The operation called the high apparatus, is said to have been invented by De Franco, and it is thought to be the most ancient. The great apparatus was invented by John de Romanis, about 1520. LITURGY. In the ancient Greek and Roman churches the word Liturgy was restrained to signify the mass only. The present ENGLISH LITURGY was first composed, and was approved and confirmed by parliament, in 1547-8. The offices for morning and evening prayer were then put into nearly the same form in which we now have them, but other parts were different. Upon the solicitation of Calvin and others, the liturgy was reviewed and altered to very nearly its present state, 1551. It was first read in Ireland, in the English language in 1550, and in Scotland, where it occasioned a tumult, in 1637. Again altered in 1661. The Liturgy was revised by Whitehead, formerly chaplain to Anna Boleyn, and by bishops Parker, Grindall, Cox, and Pilkington, and dean May, and secretary Smith.

LIVERIES. In England they originated with our ancestors, who clothed their vassals in uniform, thereby to distinguish families; they were originally a single article of dress, or a particular colour used on a part of some one garment; in the end they became rich suits and gaudy trappings.-Ashe.

LIVERY OF LONDON. See Companies of London. The term "Livery" is derived from the custom of the retainers and followers of the lord mayor and sheriffs, bearing habiliments of the form and colour displayed by those functionaries. It was usual for the wardens of companies to deliver a purse containing 20s. to the lord mayor on the 1st Dec., to obtain for individuals, so desiring, sufficient cloth to make a suit, and the privilege of wearing the livery. This circumstance added to the splendour of the mayor's train when the civic court went forth.-Ashe. LIVERPOOL. This town, which within the last century has, by a progressive increase in extent, population, and commercial importance, obtained the first rank after the metropolis, is supposed to be noticed in Domesday-book under the name Esmedune, or, Smedune. In other ancient records its various appellations are, Litherpul, and Lyrpul, signifying probably, in the ancient dialect of the county, the lower pool; though some have deduced its etymology from a pool frequented by an aquatic fowl, called the "Liver," or from a sea-weed of that name; and others, from its having belonged to a family of the name of Lever, whose antiquity is not sufficiently established to justify that conclusion. Soon after the Conquest, William granted that part of the county situated between the rivers Mersey and Ribble to Roger of Poitiers, who, according to Camden, built a castle here, about the year 1089. To this circumstance is attributed the origin of the town. It was, however, but a small fishing place, until, in 1172, its favourable situation, and the convenience of

its port, attracted the notice of Henry II., who made it the place of rendezvous and embarkation of his troops for the conquest of Ireland :

In 1843, the number of ships which entered the port of Liverpool was as follows; British, 2,615, of the aggregate burthen of 691,707 tons; foreign, 1,014, burthen 417,621 tons. The amount of duties paid at the custom-house for the year ending 5th January 1844, was £4,121,522.-Parl. Ret. The most remarkable feature in the history of Liverpool is, the rapidity with which it has risen into a degree of importance without example in the annals of any other town or city in the world, its present commercial rank being little inferior to that of London.-Lewis' Topog. Dict. LIVERPOOL RAILWAY. The first grand work of this kind was the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, about thirty-one miles long, connecting these, two of the most important towns in the empire. The first shaft was commenced in Oct. 1826, and the excavation of the tunnel, one mile and a quarter long, Jan. 1827; and the tunnel was completed in Sept. 1828, and was opened July 30, 1829. At the opening of the railroad, the duke of Wellington and a number of other illustrious persons were present; and Mr. Huskisson, who alighted during a stoppage of the engines, was knocked down by one of them, which went over his thigh, and caused his death, Sept. 15, 1830. Tue Liverpool and Birmingham railway was opened its entire length, as the Grand Junction, July 4, 1837; and the railway to London was opened its entire length, Sept. 17, 1838.

LLANDAFF, SEE OF; an ancient bishopric whose first known prelate was St. Dubritius, in 522. The church takes its name from its situation, Lan, in Welch, siguifying a church, and it having been erected close to the river Taff, or Taffe, in Glamorganshire.-Dugdale. The see is valued in the king's books at 1541. 148. ld.

per annum.

LLOYD'S. The coffee-house in connexion with the Royal Exchange, and held previously to the late fire (see Exchange) on the northern side of that building. Lloyd's was established in 1772, and is the resort of eminent merchants, underwriters, insurance brokers, &c.; and here are effected insurances for all the world on ships and merchandise. The books kept here contain an account of the arrival and sailing of vessels, and are remarkable for their early intelligence of maritime affairs. In 1803, the subscribers instituted the Patriotic Fund, for the purpose of affording relief to the relatives of those who had died in the service of their country. They likewise subscribe liberally in almost every instance where public subscriptions are deemed necessary. LOADSTONE. One of the most wonderful productions of the earth. Its virtues were but indistinctly known to the ancients, yet its attractive quality had been taken notice of from very remote times.-Sturmius. Aristotle assures us that Thales made mention of it, and Hippocrates speaks of it under the name of stone that attracts iron, and Pliny was struck with its attractive power. The polar attraction of the loadstone was, it is said, known in France before A.D. 1180; but this honour is accorded to Roger Bacon about 1267. The Italians discovered that it could communicate its virtues to steel or iron; and Flavio Gioja of Pasitano, was the inventor of the mariner's compass.-See Compass.

LOANS. Those for the service of the crown of England were generally borrowed at Antwerp until after the reign of Elizabeth. In 1559, that queen borrowed 200,000%. of the city of Antwerp, to enable her to reform her own coin, and Sir Thomas Gresham and the city of London joined in the security.-Rapin. The amount of the English loans, during four late memorable periods, was, viz. :

Besides the property tax. In 1813, were raised two loans of twenty-one millions and twenty-two millions; and it deserves to be recorded that a subscription loan to carry on the war against France was filled up in London in fifteen hours and twenty minutes, to the amount of eighteen millions, Dec. 5, 1796. LOCHLEVEN CASTLE, KINROSS. Built on an island in the celebrated lake of Loch Leven, in 1257, and was a royal residence when Alexander III. and his queen were forcibly taken from it to Stirling. It was besieged by the English in 1301, and again in 1335. Patrick Graham, first archbishop of St. Andrew's, was imprisoned and died within its walls, 1447. The earl of Northumberland was confined in it io 1569. It is, however, chiefly remarkable as the place of the unfortunate queen Mary's imprisonment, in 1567, and of her escape, on Sunday, May 2, 1568. In this castle Mary was compelled to sign her abdication of the throne of Scotland, of which an interesting account is given by sir Walter Scott, in The Abbot; and of which, also, some new and affecting particulars are given by Mr. Tytler, in the 7th volume of his History of Scotland, published in August, 1840. LOCKS. Those of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans were clumsy contrivances. Denon has engraved an Egyptian lock of wood. Du Cange mentions locks and padlocks as early as A.D. 1381. The French are accounted the worst locksmiths in Europe, and the English the best. Bramah's celebrated patent locks were registered in 1784. Locks have been made at Wolverhampton in suits of eight, ten, or more, of exquisite workmanship, all with different keys, so that none of them can open any but its own lock, yet a master key will open all.-See Keys. LOCUSTS. The visits of these animals in Eastern countries have frequently superinduced pestilence and death, and many instances are recorded of these consequences. Owing to the putrefaction of vast swarms in Egypt and Lybia, upwards of 800,000 persons perished, 128 B.C. The country of Palestine was infested with such swarms that they darkened the air, and after devouring the fruits of the earth they died, and

their intolerable stench caused a pestilential fever, A.D. 406. A similar catastrophe occurred in France in 873. A remarkable swarm of locusts settled upon the ground about London, and consumed the vegetables; great numbers fell in the streets, and were preserved by the curious; they resembled grasshoppers, but were three times the size, and their colours more variegated, Aug. 4, 1748. They infested Germany in 1749, Poland in 1750, and Warsaw in June 1816.

LODI, BATTLE of the Bridge of. One of the great early achievements in Italy of Buonaparte. He commanded the French army, which was opposed to the Austrians commanded by general Beaulieu, and obtained a brilliant and decisive victory after a bloody engagement in which several thousands of the Imperialists perished on the field, and many thousands were made prisoners, May 10, 1796. The conqueror pursued his advantage with wonderful rapidity, as after this battle all Lombardy lay open to his army, and the republican flag floated in Milan a few days afterwards. LOG-LINE, used in navigation, A.D. 1570; and first mentioned by Bourne in 1577. The log line is divided into spaces of fifty feet, and the way which the ship makes is measured by a half-minute sand glass, which bears nearly the same proportion to an hour that fifty feet bear to a mile the line used in the royal navy is forty-eight feet. LOGARITHMS, so useful in mathematics, are the indexes of the ratio of numbers one to another. They were invented by baron Merchiston, an eminent Scotchman (sir John Napier) in 1614. The method of computing by means of marked pieces of ivory was discovered about the same time, and hence called Napier's bones. The invention was afterwards completed by Mr. Briggs, at Oxford. LOGIERIAN SYSTEM. A system of musical education commenced by J. B. Logier in January 1815, and by him introduced into the chief towns of the United Kingdom, the Prussian states, &c. First taught in Dublin with eminent success by Mr. Logier and Mr. E. C. Allen, and in London by most of the high musical professors. LOGWOOD, a species of wood of a dense and firm texture, and deep strong red colour; it is the heart only of the tree that produces it; it was first cut by the English in the bays of Honduras and Campeachy, in 1662. Its use in dyeing shortly afterwards became general, and was encouraged by a law.-Burns' Annals.

LOLLARDS. The name given to the first reformers of the Roman Catholic religion in England, and a reproachful appellation of the followers of Wickliffe.-Chaucer. The original sect was founded by Walter Lollard in 1315; he was burned for heresy at Cologne in 1322. After his death the disciples of Wickliffe were called Lollards. The first martyr in England on account of religious opinions was William Sawtree, the parish priest of St. Osith, London, Feb. 19, 1401, reign of Henry IV. The Lollards were proscribed by the English parliament in 1416, and about 1414, numbers of them, or persons to whom the name was given, were burnt alive*.—Moreri ; Carte. LOMBARD MERCHANTS. In England they were understood to be composed of natives of some one of the four republics of Genoa, Lucca, Florence, or Venice.Anderson on Commerce. Lombard usurers were sent to England by pope Gregory IX. to lend money to convents, communities, and private persons, who were not able to pay down the tenths which were collected throughout the kingdom with great rigour that year, 13 Henry III., 1229. They had offices in Lombard-street, which great banking street is called after them to this day. Their usurious transactions caused their expulsion from the kingdom in the reign of Elizabeth. LOMBARDY. The Lombards were a detachment of Alemanni from the marches of Brandenburgh, famous for their bravery. They were invited into Italy by Justinian, to serve against the Goths. To reward their services, the emperor gave them part of Upper Pannonia, A.D. 548. They passed into Italy, and their chief was proclaimed king by his army at Milan, in 570. The kingdom of Lombardy supported itself and made considerable conquests till 772, when Charlemagne took Desiderius, the last king, and annexed his territories to the German empire.-La Combe.

* Among others, sir John Oldcastle, baron Cobham, was cruelly put to death in St. Giles's-in-theFields. His crime was his adoption of the tenets of the great reformer Wycliffe. He was misrepresented to our heroic prince Henry V. by the bigoted clergy, as a heretic and traitor, who was actually at the head of 30,000 Lollards, in these fields. About 100 inoffensive people were found there. Cobham escaped; but was taken some time after in Wales. He suffered death on this spot; being hung on a gallows, by a chain fastened round his body, and, thus suspended, burnt alive, in 1417.—Butler; Pennant's London.

LONDON*. The greatest and richest city in the world. Some will have it that a city existed on the spot 1107 years before the birth of Christ, and 354 years before the foundation of Rome. It was the capital of the Trinobantes 54 B.C. and long previously the royal seat of their kings. In A.D. 61, it was known to the Romans as Lundinium. Lundinium or Colonia Augusta was the chief residence of merchants at that period, and the great mart of trade and commerce, though not dignified with the name of a colony.-Tacitus. It is said, but not truly, to have derived its name from Lud, an old British king, who was buried near where Ludgate formerly stood; but its name is from Llyn-Din, the "town on the lake."

London enlarged by the Romans. A.D. 49
Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, reduces
London to ashes, and puts 70,000 Ro-
mans and strangers to the sword
She is defeated by Suetonius, 80,000 Bri-
tons are massacred, and she takes poison
London is walled in, and a palace built
800 vessels are employed in the port of
London for the export of corn alone
London made a bishop's see, and Resti-
tutus first bishop

Theonius, second bishop

St. Melitus (afterwards translated to
Canterbury), third bishop.

Westminster abbey built by Sebert.-See

William of Walworth, lord mayor
Wat Tyler's rebellion. See Tyler
Aldermen elected for life

City first lighted at night by lanterns
Guildhall commenced 1411, finished
Whittington thrice lord mayor, viz. 1397,
1406, and

1285

61

.

1300

61

. 1328

306

1348

359

1380

. 1381

514

1394

.

1415

. 1416

* The fables of Geoffrey of Monmouth, with regard to the origin of London, are unworthy of the attention of the antiquary. That London was founded by Brute, a descendant of the Trojan Æneas, and called New Troy, or Troy-novant, until the time of Lud, who surrounded it with walls, and gave it the name of Caer Lud, or Lud's Town, &c., may be considered as mere romance.-Leigh.

+ Stowe incorrectly states this charter to have been given in 1209, but it bears date May 19th, in the 16th year of king John's reign. John began his reign in 1199. This charter was acted on at that period in various instances, as many of the mayors were afterwards continued in their offices for several years together; and the same right was exerted in the case of Mr. Alderman Wood, who filled the office of lord mayor during two succeeding years, those of 1816 and 1817.-Idem.

This terrible pestilence broke out in India, and spreading itself westward through every country on the globe, reached England. Its ravages in London were so great, that the common cemeteries were not sufficient for the interment of the dead; and various pieces of ground without the walls were assigned for burial-places. Amongst these was the waste land now forming the precincts of the Charter-house, where upwards of 50,000 bodies were then deposited. This destructive disorder did not entirely subside till 1357.-Idem.

§ This proclamation or decree was dated from Nonesuch, 7th July 1580, and it was forbidden to erect new buildings where none had before existed in the memory of man. This extension of the metropolis was deemed calculated to encourage the increase of the plague; created a trouble in governing such multitudes; a dearth of victuals; multiplying of beggars, and inability to relieve them; an increase of artisans more than could live together; impoverishing of other cities for lack of inhabitants. The decree stated that lack of air, lack of room to walk and shoot, &c., arose out of too crowded a city. A proclamation to the same effect was also issued by James I.