TRIALS, continued.

Of John Francis, for attempting to assassinate the queen. (See article Francis) June 17, 1842
Of Mr. Macready against the Dispatch newspaper, for libel; damages 51.
Of Patrick Byrne in Ireland, for the murder of Mr. Hall

Of Thomas Cooper, for the murder of Daly, the policeman; hanged

June 23, 1842

June 30, 1842

Of Nicholas Suisse, valet of the late marquess of Hertford, at the prosecution
nobleman's executors, charged with enormous frauds; acquitted.

Of M'Gill and others, for the abduction of Miss Crellin; guilty

Of Nicholas Suisse again, upon like charges, and again acquitted

Of Bean, for pointing a pistol at the queen; 18 months' imprisonment.

July 4, 1842
of that
July 6, 1842
August 8, 1842
August 24, 1842
August 25, 1842

Of the persons implicated in the disturbances and outrages in the provinces, under a special commission at Stafford, commenced.

Of the Cheshire rioters, under a special commission, before lord Abinger

Of the Lancashire rioters, also under a special commission

Of Alice Lowe, at the prosecution of lord Frankfort; acquitted

October 1, 1842 October 6, 1842 October 10, 1842

October 31, 1842

Of Mr. Howard, attorney, versus sir William Gossett, serjeant at arms of the house of commons, and others, for a trespass; damages 1007.

Dec. 5, 1842 Jan. 17, 1843 Feb. 1, 1843

Of Mr. Egan, in Dublin, for the robbery of a bank parcel; acquitted
Of the Rev. W. Bailey, LL.D., for forgery, guilty; transportation for life
Of Mac Naughten, for the murder of Mr. Drummond, secretary to sir Robert Peel;
acquitted on the ground of insanity

March 4, 1843

Of the Rebeccaites, at Cardiff, under a special commission; a principal was found guilty, and sentenced to transportation for 20 years; the others pleaded guilty, and two were transported, and several imprisoned

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Of Samuel Sidney Smith, for forgery, sentenced to transportation for life
Of Edward Dwyer, for the murder of his child at Southwark; guilty
Of Mr. Charles Rosenberg, on a charge of larceny; acquitted
Of Mr. Holt, of the Age; libel on the duke of Brunswick; guilty

October 27, 1843

Nov. 29, 1843 December 1, 1843 December 1, 1843 Jan. 29, 1844

acquitted, Feb. 14, 1844 February 19, 1844

Of lieut. Grant, second to lieut. Munro, in his duel with col. Fawcett;
Of Frazer v. Bagley, for crim. con., verdict for the defendant .
Of lord William Paget v. earl of Cardigan, for crim. con.; verdict for defendant, Feb. 26, 1844

Of Mr. Holt, of the Age; libel on lord William Paget; guilty

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Of Mary Furley, for the murder of her child in an agony of despair Of Mr. William Read, for causing the loss of the ship Colina; acquitted Of the will-forgers, Wm. Henry Barber, Joshua Fletcher, Georgiana Dorey, ders, and Susannah his wife; all found guilty, April 15; sentenced Of Crouch, for the murder of his wife, found guilty, May 8; hanged. Of Messrs. O'Connell sen., O'Connell jun., Steele, Ray, Barrett, Gray, Duffy, and rev. Thomas Tierney, at Dublin, for political conspiracy: the trial commenced Jan. 15; lasted 24 days, and all the traversers were found guilty, Feb. 12. Proceedings on motions for a new trial, &c., extended the case into Easter term; and sentence was pronounced upon all but the clergyman, on whom judgment was remitted Of Augustus Dalmas, for the murder of Sarah Macfarlane; guilty Of Wm. Burton Newenham, for the abduction of Miss Wortham; guilty TRIBUNES OF THE PEOPLE. Tribuni Plebis. Magistrates of Rome, first chosen from among the commons to represent the people, 492 B.C., at the time the people, after a quarrel with the senators, had retired to Mons Sacer. The first two were C. Licinius, and L. Albinus; but their number was soon after raised to five, and 37 years after to ten, which remained fixed. Their office was annual, and as the first had been created on the 4th of the ides of December, that day was ever after chosen for the election.

TRICHINOPOLI, EAST INDIES, SIEGE OF, from 1751 to 1755.

June 14, 1844
June 17, 1844

Blown up by the magazine of gunpowder taking fire: 300 of the inhabitants lost their lives; 340,000 ball-cartridges were destroyed; and the whole foundation shaken, 1772. TRIENNIAL PARLIAMENTS. Parliaments every three years were established shortly after the period of the Revolution. The bill for the triennial assembling of parliament was passed 6 William and Mary, 1694. This act was repealed, and septennial parliaments were voted, which have ever since continued, George I., 1715. See Parliaments.

TRINCOMALEE. Reckoned the finest harbour in the East Indies. Trincomalee was taken from the Dutch, by the English, in 1782; it was retaken by the French the same year; but was restored to the Dutch by the peace of 1783. It surrendered to the British, under colonel Stewart, August 26, 1795, and was confirmed to England by the peace of Amiens, in 1802. See Ceylon.

TRINIDAD. This island was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and was taken from the Spaniards by sir Walter Raleigh in 1595; but the French took it from the

English in 1676. Taken by the British, with four ships of the line, and a military force under command of sir Ralph Abercrombie, to whom the island capitulated, Feb. 21, 1797 ; they captured two, and burnt three Spanish ships of war in the harbour. This possession was confirmed to England by the peace of Amiens in 1802. The insurrection of the negroes occurred January 4, 1832. See Colonies. TRINITY AND TRINITARIANS. The doctrine of the Trinity is generally received by all Christians. Theophilus, bishop of Antioch, who flourished in the second century, the first who used the term Trinity, to express the three sacred persons in the Godhead. His Defence of Christianity was edited by Gesner, at Zurich, in 1546.-Watkins. An order of the Trinity was founded, A.D. 1198, by John de Matha and Felix de Valois. The Trinity fraternity, originally of fifteen persons, was instituted at Rome by St. Philip Neri, in 1548. The act to exempt from penalties persons denying the doctrine of the Trinity, passed in 1813. TRINITY COLLEGES. Trinity college, Cambridge, was founded by Henry VIII., 1546. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, was founded by William Bateman, bishop of Norwich (see Cambridge), in 1351. Trinity COLLEGE, OXFORD: founded by sir Thomas Pope, 1554 (see Oxford). Trinity COLLEGE, DUBLIN: grant of the Augustine monastery of All Saints within the suburbs for erecting this college, conferred by queen Elizabeth, 1591. First stone laid by Thomas Smith, mayor of Dublin, January 1, 1593. New charter, 1637. Made a barrack for soldiers, 1689. - Burns. The principal or west front erected, 1759. Library erected, 1732. TRINITY HOUSE, LONDON. Founded by sir Thomas Spert, A.D. 1512. It was incorporated by Henry VIII. in 1514, and re-incorporated in 1685. The present Trinity-house was erected in 1795. Trinity Houses were founded at Deptford, at Hull, and at Newcastle: these three societies were instituted and incorporated by Henry VIII., the first in 1512, the other two in 1537. By their charter they had the power of examining, licensing, and regulating pilots, and of erecting beacons and lighthouses, and of placing buoys in the channels and rivers: their powers and privileges have been greatly augmented by succeeding kings.-Gibson's Camden. TRINITY SUNDAY. The festival of the Holy Trinity was instituted by pope Gregory IV. in 828, on his ascending the papal chair, and is observed by the Latin and Protestant churches on the Sunday next following Pentecost or Whitsuntide, of which, originally, it was merely an Octave. The observance of the festival was first enjoined in the council of Arles, 1260. It was appointed to be held on the present day by pope John XX. in 1334.

TRIPLE ALLIANCE. This celebrated treaty of alliance was ratified between the States-General and England, against France, for the protection of the Spanish Netherlands; Sweden afterwards joining the league, it was known as the Triple Alliance, January 28, 1668.

TRIUMPHS. The triumph was a solemn honour done generals of armies after they had won great victories, by receiving them into the town with great magnificence and public acclamations. Among the Romans there were two sorts-the great, that was called simply the triumph; and the little, styled the ovation. They also distinguish triumphs into land and sea triumphs, accordingly as the battles were fought. See Ovation.

TRIUMVIRI. Three magistrates appointed equally to govern the Roman state with absolute power. These officers gave a fatal blow to the expiring independence of the Roman people, and became celebrated for their different pursuits, their ambition, and their various fortunes. The first triumvirate, B.c. 60, was in the hands of Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, who at the expiration of their office kindled a civil war. The second and last triumvirate, B.C. 43, was under Augustus, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, through whom the Romans totally lost their liberty. Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and after he had defeated them, he made himself absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in full force at Rome for about twelve years. See Rome.

TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF. The emperors Francis and Alexander of Austria and Russia met at Troppau, October 20. The conference between them and the king of Prussia, against Naples, took place November 10; and the congress was transferred to Laybach, nearer to Italy, Dec. 17, 1820. See Laybach, Congress of.

TROUBADOURS OR JONGLEURS. They first appeared in the ninth century, and were so encouraged by the patronage of the court of Poitou, and by several powerful princes, that they spread in process of time throughout Europe. They cultivated poetry and music, and refinement followed in their steps, greatly improving the taste and temper of the times. To the troubadours we owe Latin and French poetry. TROY. The history of Troas, or Phrygia Minor, is at best but obscure, and more particularly so in times prior to the reign of Dardanus, who came hither from Italy (or Crete) about the year 1506 B.C., and married the daughter of Teucer, prince of the country, whom he succeeded. Dardanus built a city, and named it, after himself, Dardania: Troas, the second in succession from Dardanus, changed the name to Troy; and Ilus, his successor, converted it into Ilium.

Some time after the destruction of old Troy, a new city was built, about thirty stadia distant from the old site; but though it bore the same name, and received ample donations from Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition, it never rose to much importance, and in the age of Strabo was nearly in ruins.-Priestley. TROY WEIGHT. The Romans left their ounce, now our avoirdupois ounce, in Britain. Arbuthnot. The present ounce of this weight was brought from Grand Cairo into Europe, about the time of the Crusades, A.D. 1095. It was first adopted at Troyes, a city of France, whence the name; and is used to weigh gold, silver, and precious stones. The troy weight, Scots, was established by James VI. (our James I.) in 1618.

TROYES, TREATY OF, between England, France, and Burgundy, whereby it was stipulated that Henry V. should marry Catherine, daughter of Charles VI., be appointed regent of France, and after the death of Charles should inherit the crown, May 24, 1420. The French were driven from Troyes by the allied armies, Feb. 7; it was retaken by Napoleon, Feb. 23; and was finally re-occupied by the allies, March 4, 1814. TRUMPET.

Some of the Greek historians ascribe the invention of the trumpet to the Tyrrhenians, and others to the Egyptians. It was in use in the time of Homer, but not at the time of the Trojan war. First torches, then shells of fish, sounded like trumpets, were the signals in primitive wars.-Potter. The speaking-trumpet is said to have been used by Alexander the Great in 335 B.C. Trumpets were first sounded before the king in the time of Offa, king of Mercia, A.D. 790. Speakingtrumpets were improved by Kircher in 1652. Made by Salland, 1654. Philosophically explained by Moreland, 1671.

TRUMPET-FLOWER, Bignonia radicans, was brought hither from North America, about 1640. The Trumpet Honeysuckle, Lonicera sempervirens, came from North America in 1656. The Bignonia capensis was brought to England, from the Cape, in 1823. The Large-flowered Trumpet-flower, or Bignonia grandiflora, was brought from China in 1800.

TUAM, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF. St. Jarlath, the son of Loga, who sat in A.D. 501, is looked upon as the first founder of the cathedral of Tuam, though the abbey is said to have been founded in 487. The church was anciently called Tuaim-da-Gualand. In the year 1151, Edan O'Hoisin was the first archbishop, at least the first who had the use of the pall, for some of his predecessors are sometimes called bishops of Connaught, and sometimes archbishops, by Irish historians. The see of Mayo was annexed to Tuam in 1559. This arch-see is valued in the king's books, by an

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extent returned anno 28 Elizabeth, at 507. sterling per annum.-Beatson. Tuam ceased to be archiepiscopal, conformably with the statute 3 and 4 William IV., 1833, and is now a bishopric only. See Archbishops.

TUESDAY. The third day of the week, so called, as is supposed, from Tuisco, or Tiw, a Saxon deity, that was particularly worshipped on this day. Tuesday was called the third day among the Jews. See Week Days.

TUILERIES, PARIS. One of the royal palaces of that city, commenced by Catharine de Medici, after the plans of Philibert de Lorme, A.D. 1564; continued by Henry IV.; and finished by Louis XIV. This palace was the scene of great events during the two memorable revolutions.

TULIPS. They came to England from Vienna, A.D. 1578, and have always been among our most esteemed flowers. It is recorded in the register of the city of Alcmaer, in Holland, that in the year 1639, 120 tulips, with the offsets, sold for 90,000 florins; and in particular, that one of them, called the viceroy, sold for 4203 guilders! The States at last put a stop to this extravagant and ruinous passion for flowers. The tulip-tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, was brought to these realms from North America, about 1663.

TUNBRIDGE-WELLS. The celebrated springs here were first discovered by Dudley lord North, who had retired into the neighbourhood in the last stage of consumption, and became perfectly restored to health by the use of its waters, A.D. 1606. TUNIS AND TRIPOLI. The former stands near where Carthage was built. The territories of both formed part of the celebrated Carthaginian state, and were entirely destroyed by the Romans after the third Punic war, 148 B.C. Besieged by Louis IX. of France, 1270. It remained under African kings till taken by Barbarossa, under Solyman the Magnificent. Barbarossa was expelled by Charles V.; but the country was recovered by the Turks, under Selim II. Taken, with great slaughter, by the emperor Charles V., when 10,000 Christian slaves were set at liberty, 1535. The bey of Tunis was first appointed in 1570. Tunis was reduced by admiral Blake, on the bey refusing to deliver up the British captives, 1656. TUNNELS. The earliest tunnel for the purpose of internal navigation was executed by M. Riguet, in the reign of Louis XIV. at Bezières, in France. The first in England was by Mr. Brindley, on the duke of Bridgewater's navigation, near Manchester, about 1760. Era of the Gravesend tunnel, 1800-the report upon it, 1801. The Thames tunnel projected by Mr. Brunel in 1823. See Thames Tunnel. TURBAN. The head-dress of many of the Eastern nations, consisting of two parts, a cap and a sash, the latter artfully wreathed about the head. The sash of the Turk's turban is white linen; that of the Persians, red woollen. These are the distinguishing marks of their different religions. Sophi, king of Persia, being of the sect of Ali, was the first who assumed the red colour, to distinguish himself from the Turks, who are of the sect of Omar.

TURIN. The French besieged this city in 1706; but prince Eugene defeated their army, and compelled them to raise the siege. In 1798, the French republican army took possession of Turin, seized all the strong places and arsenals of Piedmont, and obliged the king and his family to remove to the island of Sardinia. In 1799, the French were driven out by the Austrians and Russians; but shortly afterwards the city and all Piedmont surrendered to the French. In 1814, it was delivered up to the allies, when they restored it to the king of Sardinia.

TURKEY. The Turks themselves were originally a tribe of Tartars; but by reason of the number of people whom they conquered, and with whom they became incorporated, the modern Turks must be regarded as a mixture of many races of men.