TURKEY, continued.

He defeats the army of the sultan in Sy-
ria, with great loss

July 30, 1832 |
series of successes brings the army of
Ibrahim Pacha within eighty leagues
of Constantinople, and the sultan has
recourse to the aid of Russia Jan. 1833
A Russian force enters the Turkish ca-
pital
April 3, 1833

Treaty with Russia, offensive and defensive

July 8, 1833 Office of grand vizier abolished by the sultan

March 30, 1833 Treaty of commerce with England, concluded by Mr. Bulwer, ratified, Nov. 16, 1838 For the events of 1839 and 1840 in relation to Syria, see Syria.

TURKISH EMPERORS.

1296. Ossman, or Ottoman I.
1325. Orcham, his youngest son.
1359. Amurath I., his son; assassinated.
1388. Bajazet I., his son; died in prison.
1397. Isa Belis; killed by his brother.
1403. Solyman; killed by his brother.
1410. Musa; strangled by his brother.
1413. Mahomet I.; succeeded by his son.
1421. Amurath II.; succeeded by his son.
1451. Mahomet II.; left the empire to his
two sons.

1481. Cortacus, his grandson; succeeded by
his father.

1481. Xemin; obliged to abdicate in favour of
his brother.

1481. Bajazet II.; deposed by his son.
1512. Selim; succeeded by his son.
1520. Solyman the Magnificent.
1566. Selim II.; succeeded by his son.
1574. Amurath III.; succeeded by his son.
1595. Mahomet III.; succeeded by his son.
1604. Achmet; succeeded by his brother.
1617. Mustapha I.; succeeded by his nephew.

1617. Osman I.; strangled by the Janissaries, and his uncle restored.

1622. Mustapha I.; again deposed, and succeeded by his grandson.

1623. Amurath IV.; succeeded by his brother. 1640. Ibrahim, strangled by the Janissaries; succeeded by his son.

1655. Mahomet IV., deposed; succeeded by his brother.

1687. Solyman III.; succeeded by his brother. 1691. Achmet II.; succeeded by his nephew. 1695. Mustapha II., eldest son of Mahomet IV., deposed and succeeded by his brother.

1703. Achmet III.; deposed.

1730. Mahomet V.; succeeded by his brother.
1754. Osman II.; succeeded by his brother.
1757. Mustapha III.; succeeded by his brother.
1774. Abelhamet, or Achmet IV.
1789. Selim III.

1807. Mustapha IV.

1808. Mah. Khan II

1839. Abdul-Medjid, June 27.

TURKEY TRADE. This trade, one of the most lucrative at the time, and for ages afterwards, to England, commenced in 1550. The Turkey or Levant company of London was instituted by charter of Elizabeth, in 1579.-Anderson.

TURKEYS AND GUINEA FOWLS. First brought to England A.D. 1523, and to France in 1570. Turkeys are natives of America, and were, consequently, unknown to the ancients. Mr. Pennant has established this fact by various particulars in the history of these birds; evincing that they are natives neither of Europe, Asia, nor Africa; a circumstance since placed beyond controversy, by the researches of Mr. Beckmann. Wild turkeys are met with in flocks of some thousands in parts of the new world.-Smyth.

TURNING. According to Pliny this art was known to the ancients, by whom articles of wood, ivory, iron, and gold were formed. The precious vases, enriched with figures in half relief, which at this day adorn the cabinets of the antiquary and curious, were produced by turning. The lathes made for turnery in England are, many of them, wonderful in their machinery; and in some of our dock-yards, blocks and other materials for our ships of war are now produced by an almost instantaneous process, from rough pieces of oak, by the machinery of Mr. Brunel. TURNPIKES. See Tolls. Turnpike-gates for exacting tolls, which were otherwise previously collected, were set up in the reign of Charles II., 1663.-Chalmers. The statutes relating to turnpike-roads are very numerous.

TURPENTINE TREE, Pistacia Terebinthinus, came from Barbary, before 1656. Spirits of turpentine were first applied, with success, to the rot in sheep: one-third of the spirit diluted with two-thirds water, 1772.—Annual Register. TUSCANY. This country was created into a dukedom, A.D. 1530. It came into the Austrian family in 1737. It was seized by the French in March 1799. Ferdinand IV., the grand-duke, was dispossessed by France, and his dominions given to Louis, son of the king of Spain, with the title of king of Etruria, February 26, 1801. He died June 30, 1803; and soon afterwards this state was transformed into an appendage to the crown of Italy; but was restored to Austria in 1814. The present grand-duke Leopold II. ascended June 18, 1824.

TWELFTH-DAY. The church-festival called the Epiphany, or manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. See Epiphany. The custom of drawing king and queen on, this day was borrowed from the Greeks and Romans, who, on the tabernacle, or Christmas festivals, drew lots for kings, by putting a piece of money in the middle of a cake, which whoever found, was saluted as king.

TYBURN. The ancient place in London for the execution of malefactors. Formerly Oxford-road, now Oxford-street, had trees and hedges on both sides; and beyond, all was country, both northward and westward at the west-end of Oxford-road Tyburn turnpike stood. In 1778, a German writer, describing the metropolis, and speaking of Tyburn, the place for executing criminals at that time, mentions it as being "distant from London about two English miles."

TYLER, WAT, HIS INSURRECTION. It arose in the opposition of the people to the poll-tax, which was levied in 1378. Owing to the indecent rudeness of one of the collectors to Tyler's daughter, with a view to prove her of sufficient age (fifteen) to pay the tax (Tyler striking him dead for the offence), the provoked populace gathered upon Blackheath to the number of 100,000 men. The king, Richard II., invited Tyler to a parley at Smithfield, where the latter addressed the king in a somewhat menacing manner, now and again lifting up his sword. His insolence raised the indignation of the mayor, Walworth, who stunned Tyler with a blow of his mace, and one of the knights attending the king despatched him. The death of their leader awed the multitude, to whom Richard promised a charter, and they dispersed, 1381.

TYRE. This great city was first built by Agenor. Another city was built 1257 B.C. It was besieged by the Assyrians, 719 B.C., and they retired from before it, after a siege of upwards of five years, 713 B.C. Taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 572 B.C., and the city demolished, when the Tyrians removed to an opposite island, and built a new and magnificent city. It was taken by Alexander with much difficulty, and only after he had joined the island to the continent by a mole, after a siege of seven months, Aug. 20, 332 B.C.-Strabo. Two of the most atrocious acts in the history of human crimes were the siege and destruction of Tyre by Alexander, and of Jerusalem by Titus. Histories which laud such monsters ought to be consigned to the flames.-Phillips.

TYRE, ERA OF. Began on the 19th of October, 125 B.C., with the month Hyperberetæus. The months were the same as those used in the Grecian era, and the year is similar to the Julian year. To reduce this era to ours, subtract 124; and if the given year be less than 125, deduct it from 125, and the remainder will be the year before Christ.

U.

UBIQUARIANS. A sect of Lutherans which arose and spread through Germany and other countries, and who believed the natural body of Christ to be everywhere present. This sect arose under Brentius, about A.D. 1540.

UKRAINE. The name signifies a frontier. By a treaty between Russia and Poland, these states divided the Ukraine in 1693. Poland having the west side of the Dnieper, and Russia the east. But the whole country (the borders of Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary) was assigned to Russia by the treaty of Partition in 1795. ULM, PEACE OF, by which Frederick V. lost Bohemia (having been driven from it previously), July 3, 1620. Ulm was taken by the French in 1796. Great battle between the French and Austrians, in which the latter, under general Mack, were defeated with dreadful loss, by marshal Ney, whose victory was consummated by the surrender of Ulm, and 36,000 men, the flower of the Austrian army, Oct. 17, 19, 1805. From this time the ruin of the confederates, and grandeur and power of Napoleon, had their date.

UMBRELLA. Described in early dictionaries as "a portable pent-house to carry in a person's hand to screen him from violent rain or heat." Umbrellas are very ancient: it appears, by the carvings at Persepolis, that umbrellas were used at very remote periods by the Eastern princes. Niebuhr, who visited the southern part of Arabia, informs us that he saw a great prince of that country returning from a mosque, preceded by some hundreds of soldiers, and that he and each of the princes of his

numerous family caused a large umbrella to be carried by his side. The old chinaware in our pantries and cupboards show the Chinese shaded by an umbrella. It is said that the first person who used an umbrella in the streets of London was the benevolent Jonas Hanway, who died in 1786 *.

UNCTION, EXTREME. Unction was frequent among the Jews. At their feasts, and other times of rejoicing, they anointed sometimes their whole body, and at other times their head or feet only: their kings and high priests were anointed at their inauguration; they also anointed the vessels of the temple to consecrate them. None of the emperors, it is said, were anointed before Justinian, Aug. 1, A.D. 527. As a religious rite, extreme unction was in common use, A.D. 550. St. Asaph was the first who received unction from the pope, 590.—Bayle. It is administered in dying cases as extreme unction. See Anointing.

UNIFORMS. Military uniforms were first used in France, "in a regular manner," by Louis XIV., 1668. In England the uniform was soon afterwards adopted. For an account of naval uniforms, see Naval Uniforms.

UNIFORMITY, ACT OF. An Act of Uniformity passed 1 Elizabeth, 1559. But the statute known as the Act of Uniformity was passed 13 and 14 Charles II., 1661, 2. It enjoined uniformity in matters of religion, and obliged all clergy to subscribe to the thirty-nine articles, and use the same form of worship, and same book of common prayer. This act caused upwards of 2000 conscientious ministers to quit the church of England, and take their lot among the dissenters, who thereby received so large an addition to their numbers that they may be considered as the fathers of the dissenting interest.

UNION OF THE CROWNS. The crowns of England and Scotland were united by the accession of James VI. of Scotland as James I. of England, March 24, 1603. The legislative union of the two kingdoms was attempted in 1604, but the project failed. It was again attempted, but again failed, in 1670. In the reign of Anne it was once more tried, and in the end with better success. Commissioners were appointed, the articles discussed, and, notwithstanding great opposition made by the tories, every article in the union was approved by a great majority, first in the house of commons, and afterwards by the peers, July 22, 1706, and ratified by the Scottish parliament, Jan. 16, 1707. It became a law, May 1, same year.

UNION WITH IRELAND. The UNION of GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND, proposed in the Irish parliament, Jan. 22, 1799. Rejected by the commons of Ireland, Jan. 24, the votes being 105 for, to 106 against the union. The English house of commons on the same question divided, 140, 141, and 149 for the union; against it, 15, 25, and 28, respectively. Lord Castlereagh detailed his plan of the union, in the Irish house of lords, founded on the resolutions of the British parliament thereon, Feb. 5, 1800. Votes of the commons agreeing to it, 161 against 115, Feb. 17; and again, 152 against 108, Feb. 21. The houses of lords and commons wait on the lord lieutenant with the articles of union, March 27. The act passed in the British parliament, July 2, 1800. The imperial united standard was first displayed upon Bedford Tower, Dublin Castle, in consequence of the act of legislative union becoming an operative law, Jan. 1, 1801.

UNION REPEAL ASSOCIATION, IRELAND. See Repeal of the Union.

*For a long while it was not usual for men to carry them without incurring the brand of effeminacy. At first, a single umbrella seems to have been kept at a coffee-house for extraordinary occasions-lent as a coach or chair in a heavy shower, but not commonly carried by the walkers The Female Tatler advertises "The young gentleman belonging to the Custom-house, who, in fear of rain, borrowed the umbrella from Wilks's Coffee-house, shall the next time be welcome to the maid's pattens." As late as 1778, one John Macdonald, a footman, who wrote his own life, informs us, that he had "a fine silk umbrella, which he brought from Spain; but he could not with any comfort to himself use it, the people calling out Frenchman! why don't you get a coach ?" The fact was, the hackney-coachmen and chairmen, joining with the true esprit de corps, were clamorous against this portentous rival. The footman, in 1778, gives us some farther information. "At this time, there were no umbrellas worn in London, except in noblemen's and gentlemen's houses, where there was a large one hung in the hall to hold over a lady if it rained, between the door and her carriage." This man's sister was compelled to quit his arm one day from the abuse he drew down on himself and his umbrella. But he adds, that "he persisted for three months, till they took no further notice of this novelty. Foreigners began to use theirs, and then the English. Now it is become a great trade in London."-New Monthly Magazine.

UNITARIANS. This sect began A.D. 1550. The Unitarians believe in and worship one only self-existent God, in opposition to those who, besides the Father, worship his Son Jesus. They arose under Servetus. This learned man, excited by the discussions of the reformers, began to read the Scriptures, and conducted his researches with so free a spirit, that he printed a tract in disparagement of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. In 1553, proceeding to Naples through Geneva, Calvin induced the magistrates to arrest him on a charge of blasphemy and heresy: and refusing to retract his opinions, he was condemned to the flames, which sentence was carried into execution, Oct. 27, 1553. Servetus is numbered among those anatomists who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulation of the blood, before Harvey established that doctrine. The Unitarian marriage bill was passed June, 1827. UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. The British realm was so named, on the union with Ireland, Jan. 1, 1801, when a new imperial standard was hoisted on the Tower of London and Castle of Dublin. See Union. UNITED PROVINCES, THE SEVEN. Established by throwing off the Spanish yoke, A.D. 1579. The revolted states, with William, prince of Orange, at their head, after long deliberations at the Hague, published an edict excluding king Philip from any sovereignty, right, or authority over the Netherlands. The deputies from the provinces of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Groningen, Overyssell, and Guelderland, met at Utrecht, January 23, 1579; signed a treaty for their mutual defence; appointed the prince of Orange as their stadtholder; and formed the alliance ever since known as the "Union of Utrecht," the basis of the commonwealth so renowned by the appellation of the "Seven United Provinces." Their independence was acknowledged in 1609. United to France in 1796. Louis Buonaparte was crowned king by the authority of Napoleon, June 5, 1806. Louis abdi. cated, July 1, 1810. Restored to the house of Orange, and Belgium annexed, Nov. 18, 1813. Belgium separated from Holland, and Leopold of Saxe-Coburg elected king, July 12, 1831. See Holland and Belgium.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A great part of North America was colonised by British subjects, and, till the late disastrous American war, formed part of the British empire. The first colonists, to avoid civil and religious tyranny, fled from the cultivated plains of England, the comforts of civilised life, and the stronger attachment of kindred and habits, to take refuge in the woods and marshes of America. The revolted provinces from the sway of Great Britain were first styled the United States by a resolution of congress, Sept. 9, 1776. Their flag was declared to be thirteen stripes alternately red and white, and thirteen stars in a blue field, corresponding with the then number of states of the union, June 20, 1777. The independence of the United States was acknowledged by France, Feb. 6, 1778. Recognised by Holland, April 19, 1782; and by Great Britain in the treaty of Paris, Nov. 30, same year. See America.