DIVISIONS OF THE SERVICE.

The classified civil service is divided into five great branches, as follows: The Departmental Service, the Customs Service, the Postal Service, the Government Printing Service, and the Internal-Revenue Service.

The Departmental Service includes all officers and employees who, on the one hand, are not appointed subject to the consent of the Senate, and, on the other hand, are above the grade of laborers, and who are serving in, or on detail from (1) the Departments, Commissions, and Offices in the District of Columbia; (2) the RailwayMail Service; (3) the Indian Service; (4) the Pension Agencies; (5) the SteamboatInspection Service; (6) the Marine-Hospital Service; (7) the Light-House Service; (8) the Mints and Assay Offices; (9) the Revenue-Cutter Service; (10) the Subtreasuries; (II) the Engineer Department at Large; (12) the Ordnance Department at Large; (13) the force employed under custodians of Federal buildings, and (14) those employees outside of the District of Columbia between the extremes before mentioned whose duties are clerical or medical, or who serve as watchmen, messengers, draftsmen, computers, engineers, firemen, or as superintendents of construction, super ntendents of repairs, or foremen, under the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, or who are employed in any branch of the Treasury Department not here included.

The Customs, Government Printing, and Internal-Revenue Services include all similar officers and employees whose appointments are not confirmed by the Senate or who are not engaged in unskilled manual labor. The Postal Service includes like officers and employees in free-delivery post-offices.

EXCEPTED POSITIONS.

The list of classified employees or positions excepted from examination or registration is as follows:

Departmental Service.-Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institution, in charge of United States National Museum; private secretaries or confidential clerks (not exceeding two) to the President or to the head of each of the eight Executive Departments; attorneys or assistant attorneys in any Department whose main duties are connected with the management of cases in court; Indians employed in the Indian Service at Large, except those employed as superintendents, teachers, teachers of industries, kindergartners, and physicians.

Postal Service.-One assistant postmaster, or chief assistant to the postmaster, at each post-office; one cashier of each first-class post-office.

Appointment to the following-named positions is subject to a noncompetitive examination prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, not disapproved by the Commission and conducted in accordance with its regulations:

Customs Service.-One cashier in each customs district; one chief or principal deputy or assistant collector in each customs district; one principal deputy collector at each subport or station.

Internal-Revenue Service.-One employee in each internal-revenue district, who shall act as cashier or chief deputy or assistant collector, as may be determined by the Treasury Department; one deputy collector in each internal-revenue district where the number of employees in the office of the collector exceeds four; one deputy collector in each stamp (or branch) office.

UNCLASSIFIED POSITIONS.

The following positions or employees in the Executive civil service are not subject to the provisions of the civil-service rules which relate to classified positions or employees: (1) Any person in the military or naval service of the United States who is detailed for the performance of civil duties; (2) any person employed in a foreign country under the State Department or temporarily employed in a confidential capacity in a foreign country; (3) any position the duties of which are of a quasimilitary or quasi-navalcharacter and for the performance of which a person is enlisted for a term of years; (4) a number of positions with salaries of less than $300 per annum, the duties of which require only a portion of the time of the occupants, and permit them to engage in other regular business or occupation.

PROVISIONS CONCERNING POWER OF REMOVAL.

Among the most important provisions of the civil-service rules are those directed against removal for political or religious reasons. The order of the President, promulgated July 27, 1897, as section 8 of Rule II, is one of these. It forbids removal from any position subject to competitive examination except for just cause and upon written charges filed with the appointing officer and of which the accused shall have full notice and an opportunity to make defense,

THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

The Public Printer has charge of all business relating to the public printing and binding. He appoints the officers and employees of the Government Printing Office, and purchases all necessary machinery and material.

The Chief Clerk has general supervision of the clerks and clerical work of the office. He conducts the correspondence relating to public business, and performs such other duties as may be assigned to him by the Public Printer.

The Foreman of Printing has charge of all matter which is to be printed. His department consists of the following divisions: The Document, Job, Specification, Press, Folding, 'Stereotype, and Congressional Record rooms, as well as the various branch offices.

The Foreman of Binding has charge of the Bindery, in which division all work requiring binding, ruling, or marbling is executed. The binderies of the branch offices are under his supervision.

The Superintendent of Documents has general supervision of the distribution of all public documents, excepting those printed for the use of the two Houses of Congress and the Executive Departments. He is required to prepare a comprehensive index of public documents and consolidated index of Congressional documents, and is authorized to sell at cost any public document in his charge, the distribution of which is not specifically directed.

THE COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

(Northwest corner of Sixth and B streets SW.)

The United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries was established by joint resolution of Congress approved February 9, 1871. It is placed in charge of a Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, who is required to be a person of scientific and practical acquaintance with the fish and fisheries of the sea, coast, and inland waters. Reports are made annually to Congress.

The scope of the work of the Commission covers (1) the propagation of useful food fishes, including lobsters, oysters, and other shellfish, and their distribution to suitable waters; (2) the inquiry into the causes of decrease of food fishes in the lakes, rivers, and coast waters of the United States, the study of the waters of the coast and interior in the interest of fish culture, and the investigation of the fishing grounds of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, with the view of determining their food resources and the development of the commercial fisheries; (3) the collection and compilation of the statistics of the fisheries and the study of their methods and relations.

In the prosecution of its work the Commission has 30 stations, situated in different parts of the country, 4 fish-distributing cars, 2 steam vessels, and I sailing vessel.

THE BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
(Organized September 4, 1890.)

That uniform usage in regard to geographic nomenclature and orthography shall obtain throughout the Executive Departments of the Government, and particularly upon maps and charts issued by the various Departments and Bureaus, this Board is constituted. To it shall be referred all unsettled questions concerning geographic names which arise in the Departments, and the decisions of the Board are to be accepted by the Departments as the standard authority in such matters.

THE BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

The Bureau of the American Republics was established under the recommendation of the International American Conference in 1890 for the prompt collection and distribution of commercial information concerning the American Republics. It publishes translations of the tariffs of the countries of Latin America reduced to the United States equivalents; also handbooks of these countries, a monthly bulletin containing the latest information respecting their resources, commerce, and general features, and The Commercial Directory of the American Republics, an international publication. Replies are also furnished to inquiries in relation to the commercial and other affairs of the countries, and items of news giving recent laws of general interest, development of railways, agriculture, mines, manufactures, shipping, etc., are given to the press. The Bureau is sustained by contributions from the several American Republics in proportion to their population.

THE INTERCONTINENTAL RAILWAY COMMISSION.

This Commission was organized for the examination of the possible routes and preparation of reports on their length, cost, and advantages, together with the conduct of proper surveys for an intercontinental railway to connect the United States of America and the other Republics of the American Continent.

INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION.

(Bliss Building, 35 B street NW.)

This Commission was established by act of Congress approved June 18, 1898. It is composed of nineteen members-five Senators appointed by the President of the Senate, five Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House, and nine civilians appointed by the President of the United States. The duties of the Commission are to investigate questions pertaining to immigration, labor, agriculture, manufacturing, and general business, and to report to Congress and suggest such legislation as deemed best upon these subjects. It shall also furnish such information and suggest such laws as may be made a basis for uniform legislation by the various States.

THE JUDICIARY.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.

(In Capitol Building.)

MELVILLE WESTON FULLER, Chief Justice of the United States, was born in Augusta, Me., February 11, 1833; was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1853; studied law, attended a course of lectures at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1855; formed a law partnership in Augusta, Me., and was an associate editor of a Democratic paper called The Age; in 1856 became president of the common council, and served as city solicitor; removed to Chicago, Ill., in 1856, where he practiced law until appointed Chief Justice; in 1862 was a member of the State constitutional convention; was a member of the State legislature from 1863 to 1865; was a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of 1864, 1872, 1876, and 1880; the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the Northwestern University and by Bowdoin College in 1888, and by Harvard in 1890; was appointed Chief Justice April 30, 1888, confirmed July 20, 1888, and took the oath of office October 8, same year. JOHN MARSHALL HARLAN, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, was born in Boyle County, Ky., June 1, 1833; was graduated from Center College, Kentucky, in 1850; studied law at Transylvania University; practiced his profession at Frankfort; was elected county judge in 1858; was elector on the Bell and Everett ticket; removed to Louisville and formed a law partnership with Hon. W. F. Bullock; in 1861 raised the Tenth Kentucky Infantry Regiment and served in Gen. George H. Thomas's division; owing to the death of his father in the spring of 1863, although his name was before the Senate for confirmation as a brigadier-general, he felt compelled to resign; was elected attorney-general by the Union party in 1863 and filled the office until 1867, when he returned to active practice in Louisville; was the Republican nominee for governor in 1871; his name was presented by the Republican convention of his State in 1875 for the Vice-Presidency; was chairman of the delegation from his State to the national Republican convention in 1876; declined a diplomatic position as a substitute for the Attorney-Generalship, to which, before he reached Washington, President Hayes intended to assign him; served as a member of the Louisiana commission; was commissioned an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court November 29, 1877, and took his seat December 10, same year.

HORACE GRAY, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born in Boston, Mass., March 24, 1828; was graduated from Harvard College in the class of 1845 and from the Harvard Law School in 1849; was admitted to the bar in 1851; was appointed reporter of the supreme judicial court of Massachusetts in 1854 and held the position until 1861; was appointed associate justice of the supreme judicial court of Massachusetts August 23, 1864, and chief justice of that court September 5, 1873; was commissioned an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by President Arthur December 19, 1881.

DAVID JOSIAH BREWER, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, was born in Smyrna, Asia Minor, June 20, 1837; is the son of Rev. Josiah Brewer and Emilia A. Field, sister of David Dudley, Cyrus W., and Justice Stephen J. Field; his father was an early missionary to Turkey; was graduated from Yale College in 1856 and from the Albany Law School in 1858; established himself in his profession at Leavenworth, Kans., in 1859, where he resided until he removed to Washington to enter upon his present duties; in 1861 was appointed United States commissioner; from 1862 to 1865 was judge of the probate and criminal courts of Leavenworth County; from 1865 to 1869 was judge of the district court; from 1869 to 1870 was county attorney of Leavenworth; in 1870 was elected a justice of the supreme court of his State, and reelected in 1876 and 1882; in 1884 was appointed judge of the circuit court of the United States for the Eighth district; was appointed to his present position, to succeed Justice Stanley Matthews, deceased, in December, 1889, and was commissioned December 18, 1889.

HENRY BILLINGS BROWN, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born in South Lee, Mass., March 2, 1836; was graduated from Yale College in 1856; studied law for some time in a private office; attended lectures

both at Yale and Harvard law schools, and was admitted to the bar of Wayne County, Mich., in July, 1860; in the spring of 1861, upon the election of Mr. Lincoln, was appointed deputy marshal of the United States, and subsequently assistant United States attorney for the eastern district of Michigan, a position he held until 1868, when he was appointed judge of the State circuit court of Wayne County, to fill a vacancy; held this office but a few months, and then returned to active practice in partnership with John S. Newberry and Ashley Pond, of Detroit, which continued until 1875, when he was appointed by President Grant district judge for the eastern district of Michigan, to succeed Hon. John W. Longyear; on December 23, 1890, was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Justice Samuel F. Miller; was unanimously confirmed December 29, and took the oath of office January 5, 1891; received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Michigan in 1887 and from Yale University in 1891.

GEORGE SHIRAS, JR., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., January 26, 1832; was graduated from Yale College in 1853; attended the Yale Law School in 1854; was admitted to the bar of Pennsylvania in 1856; practiced law in Pennsylvania till his appointment to the Supreme Bench; received the degree of LL. D. from Yale University in 1883; was one of the Pennsylvania Presidential electors in 1888; in July, 1892, was appointed to succeed Justice Joseph P. Bradley; took the oath of office October 10, 1892.

EDWARD DOUGLASS WHITE, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born in the parish of Lafourche, La., in November, 1845; was educated at Mount St. Mary's, near Emmitsburg, Md., at the Jesuit College in New Orleans, and at Georgetown (D. C.) College; served in the Confederate army; was licensed to practice law by the supreme court of Louisiana in December, 1868; elected State senator in 1874; was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of Louisiana in 1878; was elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat, to succeed James B. Eustis, and took his seat March 4, 1891; while serving his term as Senator from Louisiana was appointed, February 19, 1894, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and took his seat March 12, 1894.

RUFUS W. PECKHAM, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born in the city of Albany and State of New York, November 8, 1838; his father was a native of Albany County, and had been district attorney of the county, justice of the supreme court of the State, and, at the time of his death in the shipwreck of the Ville de Havre, November 22, 1873, was one of the judges of the court of appeals of New York State. The son was educated at the Albany Academy and at one of the schools in Philadelphia; he studied law in the office of his father, who was then in partnership with Lyman Tremain, attorney-general of the State, practicing law under the firm name of Peckham & Tremain, in the city. of Albany; he was admitted to the bar of the State in December, 1859; his father was in that year elected to the bench of the supreme court, and the son formed a partnership with the former partner of his father, under the firm name of Tremain & Peckham, which continued until the death of Mr. Tremain in December, 1878. In 1866 Mr. Peckham was married to a daughter of D. H. Arnold, an old New York merchant and at that time president of the Mercantile Bank in New York City. In 1868 he was elected district attorney of Albany County; was subsequently corporation counsel of Albany City, and in 1883 was elected a justice of the supreme court of the State. While serving as such he was elected, in 1886, an associate judge of the court of appeals of New York State, and while occupying a seat on that bench he was, in December, 1895, appointed by President Cleveland an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

JOSEPH MCKENNA, of San Francisco, Cal., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., August 10, 1843; attended St. Joseph's College of his native city until 1855, when he removed with his parents to Benicia, Cal., where he continued his education at the public schools and the Collegiate Institute, at which he studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1865; was twice elected district attorney for Solano County, beginning in March, 1866; served in the lower house of the legislature in the sessions of 1875 and 1876; was elected to the Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, and Fifty-second Congresses; resigned from the last-named Congress to accept the position of United States circuit judge, to which he was appointed by President Harrison in 1893; resigned that office to accept the place of Attorney-General of the United States in the Cabinet of President McKinley; was appointed, December 16, 1897, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to succeed Justice Field, retired, and took his seat January 26, 1898.

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