and Walter Besant's "Fifty Years Ago," gave a graphic picture of life and times at the date of the accession of Victoria. "Fifty Years of European History," by Edward A. Freeman, covers "Teutonic Conquests in Gaul." F. A. Gasquet wrote "Henry VIII and the English Monasteries," and the Rev. A. Jessopp "The Coming of the Friars and other Historic Essays." "The Last of the Valois and Accession of Henry of Navarre," by Catharine Charlotte (Lady Jackson), and "The Bastille," by Capt. D. Bingham, were studies in French history. From W. H. D. Adams we have "The Makers of British India"; from Col. G. B. Matheson, "Decisive Battles of India, 1746-1849"; and "Two Chapters of Irish History" were written by T. Dunbar Ingram. R. Hassencamp also published "The History of Ireland, from the Restoration to the Union." To history properly belong: "Hildebrand and his Times," by W. R. W. Stephens; "Simon de Montford and bis Cause," by the Rev. W. H. Hutton; "Strongbow's Conquest of Ireland," by F. P. Barnard; and, in the "Twelve English Statesmen Series," " William the Conqueror," by Edward A. Freeman; "Oliver Cromwell," by F. Harrison; "William III," by H. D. Traill; "Henry II," by Mrs. J. R. Green; and "Cardinal Wolsey," by M. Creighton. G. M. Theal wrote a History of South Africa, 1486–1691," and "The Story of the Nations Series" contains: "The Story of Turkey," by Stanley LanePoole, assisted by E. J. W. Gibb and Arthur Gilman (the latter an American); "The Story of Holland," by J. E. Thorold Rogers; "The Story of Medieval France," by G. Masson; "The Story of Media, Babylon, and Persia,' by Zénaïde A. Ragozin; "The Story of the Goths," by Henry Bradley; and "The Story of Ireland," by Hon. Emily Lawless. "Imperial Germany" was from the pen of Sidney Whitman, and "The Fall of New France" from that of G. E. Hart. To Epochs of Church History were added: "The English Church of the Middle Ages," by William Hunt; "The Popes and the Hohenstaufen," by Ugo Balzani; and "The History of the University of Cambridge," by J. Bass Mullinger. Vol. I of "A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles," edited by J. A. H. Murray, was completed by the issue of Part IV.

66

Essays. To this class strictly belong: "Essays in Criticism: Second Series," by Matthew Arnold; "Essays on some of the Modern Guides of English Thought in Matters of Faith," by Richard H. Hutton; “Essays Chiefly on Poetry," by A. DeVere; "Ignorant Essays," by R. Dowling; and fugitive essays of Prof. Dowden, collected under the title of "Transcripts and Studies." "Roman Mosaics were "Studies in Rome and its Neighborhood," by Hugh McMillan, D. D. Rev. Robert Burn wrote on 66 Roman Literature in Relation to Roman Art"; and "Society in Rome under the Caesars," by W. R. Inge, in its first essay form took the Hare prize at Cambridge Univer

sity in 1886. J. P. Mahaffy published "Greek Life and Thought, from Alexander to the Roman Conquest," and also "The Principles of the Art of Conversation"; and from Max Müller we have "Biographies of Words, and the Home of the Aryas." S. Kydd wrote "A Sketch of the Growth of Public Opinion," and Elliot Stock "How to write the History of a Family." J. M. Barrie told "Auld Licht Idylls," Lady Wilde "Ancient Legends of Ireland," and "Coaching Days and Coaching Ways" were commemorated by W. O. Tristram. From Mrs. Oliphant came "The Makers of Venice," a companion-piece to "The Makers of Florence." G. Maspero wrote on "Egyptian Archæology"; and from A. E. Waite we have "The Real History of the Rosicrucians" and "Lives of Alchemistical Philosophers." " ." "Studies of the Holy Grail," with reference to the hypothesis of their Celtic_origin, were made by Alfred Nutt. J. T. Davidson published "Sure to Succeed"; and Samuel Smiles, "Life and Labor," a book somewhat on the same lines. E. J. Hardy, late chaplain of Her Majesty's forces, and author of "How to be happy though married," produced "The Five Talents of Woman." The Book of Noodles," by W. H. Clouston, gave the history of "Fools and their Follies" in all times and lands.

66

Biography. The leading work of this character produced during the year, and indeed one of the best that have appeared in some time, is a "Life of the Right Hon. W. E. Forster, by T. Wemyss Reid, which won earnest commendation from high authorities. From Archibald Forbes, the great war correspondent, we have a "Biography of the late William I of Germany," and from G. Barnett Smith "William I," while "Frederick, Crown Prince_and Emperor," was the subject of a sketch by Rennell Rodd. "What I remember" was told by T. A. Trollope, a brother of the novelist, and proved to be much delightful literary gossip, more of which was supplied by the "Further Reminiscences" of W. P. Frith. "The Early Life of Samuel Rogers," by P. W. Clayden, covers a rich period of England's social, political, and literary life, and contains valuable correspondence, and "John Francis and the Athenæum," by J. C. Francis, is an interesting record of a literary career of fifty years. "Princetoniana; Charles and A. A. Hodge,' by a Scottish Princetonian, Rev. C. A. Salmond, is of special interest to Americans as the first attempt at biography of the younger Hodge; and it is a striking fact that the "Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson," by Richard Garnett, in "The Great Writer Series," has been pronounced "the soundest biographical work on Emerson yet written." Other "Lives" in the same series, which is edited by Prof. Eric S. Robertson, are" Adam Smith" by R. B. Haldane, "Oliver Goldsmith" by Austin Dobson, "Robert Burns" by John Stuart Blackie, and "William Congreve" by Edmund Gosse. Vol. II of "English Writers," by Henry Morley,

แ

་་

covers the period "From Cædmon to the Conquest," and Vol. III "From the Conquest to Chaucer." J. Ross wrote "Three Generations of English Women," and in “The Famous Women Series" we have "Elizabeth Barrett Browning," by John H. Ingram, the first biography of the poetess, and "Hannah More," by Charlotte M. Yonge. Adelaide Ristori published "Studies and Memoirs, an Autobiography"; and "Reminiscences of J. L. Toole, the Comedian," were told by himself and chronicled by Joseph Hatton. The Life and Adventures of Edmund Kean were detailed by J. Fitzgerald Molloy. C. R. Markham wrote "The Fighting Veres: Lives of Sir Francis Vere and Sir Horace Vere," Stanley Lane-Poole "A Life of the Right Honorable Stratford Canning," and T. A. Nash a "Life of Richard, Lord Westbury, Lord High Chancellor of England." "The International Statesmen Series" contain: "Lord Beaconsfield" by T. E. Kebble, "Prince Metternich" by G. B. Malleson, and "Lord Palmerston" by Lloyd C. Sanders. Daniell O'Connell was written by J. A. Hamilton, and "The Correspondence of Daniel O'Connell, the Liberator," was edited by W. J. Fitzpatrick. W. Dillon was the author of a "Life of John Mitchell." Dean Burgon wrote "Lives of Twelve Good Men," who were influential though comparatively unknown; and "Christopher Wordsworth, Bishop of Lincoln" was the joint work of Canon Overton and Miss Elizabeth Wordsworth. The "Life of Bishop Colenso' was written by the Rev. Sir G. W. Cox, and "Richard Chenevix Trench, Archbishop," is the title of a volume of letters and memorials. The "Correspondence of Sir Henry Taylor" was edited by Edward Dowden, "The Letters from and to Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe " by A. Allardyce, and other valuable "Letters" were those of "General C. G. Gordon to his Sister," and from "Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple," the story of a seven years' courtship. Mrs. Oliphant wrote "The Life of Principal Tulloch"; W. Knight, "John Campbell Shairp and his Friends"; Robert Louis Stevenson, a "Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin," which accompanied "Papers Literary, Scientific, etc.," of that professor, edited by S. Colvin and J. A. Ewing; and Walter Besant, "The Eulogy of Richard Jefferies." "Monarchs I have met is the title of a book by W. Beatty Kingston, and "Life in the Confederate Army was described by W. Watson from experience. "Reminiscences of W. Rogers," by R. W. Hadden, appeared, as did the "Recollections" of Dr. Westland Marston. "Robert Southey, the Story of his Life written in his Letters was edited by John Dennis, and "The Letters of Charles Lamb" were newly arranged by Canon Ainger, with additions. "Emin Pasha in Central Africa: a Collection of his Letters and Journals," was translated from the German by Mrs. R. W. Felkin, and "The Correspondence between Liszt and Wagner, 1841-1861," by Dr.

F. Hueffer. In the philosophical classics appeared "Francis Bacon," by John Nichol, and "Spinoza," by John Caird; the latter, however, is rather a discussion of the "Ethics" of that author than a life. "Elizabeth Gilbert and her Work for the Blind" was told by F. Martin, and "The Fatal Illness of Frederick the Noble," by Sir Morell Mackenzie, was the reply to the report of the German doctors. Vol. XVII of the "Dictionary of National Biography," edited by Leslie Stephen, was reached.

Poetry. Robert Browning made no contribution to the poetry of 1888, but a popular edition of his works was begun, showing the increasing interest that his genius has steadily excited. The "Complete Poetical Works" of William Wordsworth, including a hitherto unpublished poem entitled "The Recluse," which was also published separately, were edited with an introduction by John Morley, and "Glen Desseray, and other Poems, Lyric and Elegiac," of the late Principal Shairp, by his successor in the Oxford chair of Poetry, Prof. Palgrave. "The Marriage of Shadows and other Poems," by Margaret Veley, were also posthumously published and warmly received. Edwin Arnold wrote "With Sa'di in the Garden," in part a translation from the Persian poet, and thoroughly Oriental, and "Lotus and Jewel." From Robert Buchanan we have "The City of Dream, an Epic." Andrew Lang wrote "The Gold of Fairnilee" and "Grass of Parnassus"; W. E. Henley, "A Book of Verses," all of which possessed merit, and other authors who attained some prominence were May Kendall in "Dreams to sell," E. Nesbit in "Leaves of Life,” and R. St. John Tyrwhitt in "Free-Field Lyrics." Miss A. M. F. Robinson wrote Songs, Ballads, and a Garden Play," and Rennell Rodd, "The Unknown Madonna and other Poems." The chief collections of merit are: "More Lyrics from the Song-Books of the Elizabethan Age," by A. H. Bullen; "The Music of the Waters," a collection of sailor songs, by Laura Smith; and "In Praise of Ale," a specimen of curious research by W. T. Marchant. Plays of the old English dramatists were edited in "The Mermaid Series."

66

Fiction. Mrs. Humphry Ward (a granddaughter of Dr. Arnold, of Rugby) has the credit of producing in "Robert Elsmere" the most widely read and variously discussed novel of recent years, the circulation of which in America has reached nearly 150,000 copies. "A Counsel of Perfection," by Lucas Malet (Mrs. Harrison), ranks perhaps next in power. The work done by familiar authors was of the usual average. William Black wrote "In Far Lochaber" and "The Strange Adventures of a House-boat"; Walter Besant, "Herr Paulus" and "The Inner House," both occult; and George MacDonald, "The Elect Lady." W. E. Norris wrote "Chris" and "The Rogue"; J. H. Shorthouse, "The Countess Eve" and "A Teacher of the Violin and other Tales"; and Thomas Hardy, "Wessex Tales." From Grant

Allen we have "This Mortal Coil" and "The Devil's Die"; from Frank Barrett, "A Recoiling Vengeance" and "The Admirable Lady Biddy Fane"; and from G. Mannville Fenn, "One Maid's Mischief," "The Story of Anthony Grace," and "Dick o' the Fens." H. Rider Haggard's three stories, "Mr. Meeson's Will," "Maiwa's Revenge," and "Colonel Quaritch, V. C.,” achieved nothing of the popularity enjoyed by "She," but were nevertheless widely read. Mrs. Oliphant produced "The Second Son" and "Joyce"; Mrs. Louisa Parr, "Loyalty George"; and Jessie Fothergill, "The Lasses of Leverhouse" and "From Moor Isles." James Payn wrote "The Eavesdropper" and "The Mystery of Mirbridge"; Mrs. Alexander, "A Life Interest" and "Mona's Choice"; Rosa N. Carey, "Only a Governess" and "Aunt Diana"; and Miss Braddon, "The Fatal Three." Two anonymous works of unusual interest were 66 Fraternity " and "Nobody knows," and three of The Duchess were received by her admirers," Marvel,' ," "Undercurrents," and "The Hon. Mrs. Vereker.” "The Happy Prince and other Tales," by Oscar Wilde, were handsomely illustrated.

Voyages and Travels.-Much of the work in this class was excellent. "The Early Adventures of Sir Henry Layard in Persia" were given to the world for the first time, and proved exciting and full of interest. Henry Drummond wrote on "Tropical Africa"; and "Incwadi Yami" was the record of twenty years' experience of Dr. J. W. Matthews in the southern part of that continent. "India, Pictorial and Descriptive," was anonymous. H. E. M. James described "The Long White Mountain, or a Journey in Manchuria"; C. M. Doughty, "Travels in Arabia Deserta "; and W. R. Carles, "Life in Corea." Picturesque New Guinea" was from the pen of J. W. Lindt, Capt. J. Strachan published "Explorations and Adventures in New Guinea," and the Rev. S. MacFarlane "Among the Cannibals of New Guinea." W. B. Churchward was the author of " Blackbirding in the South Pacific," and James Inglis of "Tent-Life in Tiger Land." A most fascinating book is that of Mrs. Emily de Laszowska Gerard, "The Land beyond the Forest" (Transylvania). W. S. Caine wrote "A Trip Around the World in 1887-'8," and James A. Froude, "The English in the West Indies," mingling the discussion of political questions with much pleasant reading. "The Land of the Pink Pearl" is the title bestowed by L. D. Powles on the Bahama Islands, which were also visited, as well as numerous other places, by J. J. Aubertin in "A Fight with Distances." Count Gleichen went "With the Camel Corps up the Nile," and Isaac Taylor published "Leaves from an Egyptian Note-Book." A. J. C. Hare wrote "Walks in Paris" and "Days in and near Paris." Harold Brydges gave his impressions of "Uncle Sam at Home." J. C. Firth was "A NewZealander in America," and D. J. Bannatyne

66

studied "Republican Institutions in the United States" for the benefit of his countrymen. "B. C. 1887, a Ramble in British Columbia," was made by J. A. Lees and W. J. Clutterbuck; and studies nearer home include: "Irish Pictures," by R. Lovett; "A Season in Sutherland," by J. E. Edwards Moss; "Old Chelsea," by B. Ellis Martin; and "De Omnibus Rebus," by the author of "Flemish Interiors." "Historic Towns," edited by Edward A. Freeman and the Rev. W. Hunt, reached "Colchester" in the sixth series; and "The Brontë Country" was made the object of special study by J. A. E. Stuart. England as she seems, being Selections from the Notes of an Arab Hadji," though constructed on an old and somewhat trite idea, was a clever sketch by Edwin L. Arnold, son of the poet, of his native country under a disguise.

Physical, Moral, and Intellectual Science. - Of the scientific works issued during the year, to physical science belong: "The Story of Creation," by Edward Clodd; "The Building of the British Isles, a Study in Geographical Evolution," by A. J. Jukes; and an "Introduction to a Historical Geography of the British Colonies," by C. B. Lucas. In the "International Scientific Series " Sir John Lubbock wrote "On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals"; Sir J. W. Dawson, “A Geographical History of Plants"; the Rev. George Henslow, "The Origin of Floral Structures through Insects and other Agencies"; and the Hon. Ralph Abercrombie, "The Weather." Part XVI of the "Coleoptera of the British Isles," by Canon Fowler, was reached; and W. Swaysland, "Familiar Wild Birds"; "The Severn Tunnel, its Construction and Difficulties, 18721887," was described by T. A. Walker; and "Marvels under our Feet," by G. Hartwig. "The Economic Interpretation of History was considered by J. E. Thorold Rogers, in a series of lectures; and "A History of Political Economy," J. K. Ingram, was reprinted in book-form, having been first published in the

66

66

Encyclopædia Britannica"; W. J. Ashley wrote an "Introduction to Economic History and Theory "; Wilfrid Richmond, "Christian Economics"; and L. L. F. R. Price, "Industrial Peace." Guilds, their Origin, Constitution, Objects, and Later History," were treated by the late Cornelius Walford; and "London Government under the Local Government Act, 1888," by J. F. B. Firth and E. R. Simpson. A "Handbook to the Land-Charters and other Saxonic Documents' was drawn up by J. Earle; and W. Easterly wrote a "History of the Law of Tithes." Tariffs and Trade of the British Empire were discussed by Sir R. Rawson; "Capital and Wages," by F. Minton; and a "History and Criticism of Wages" was furnished by W. D. McDonnell. J. H. de Ricci wrote on "The Fisheries Dispute." "The Morality of Nations," by H. Taylor, was a "A Study on the Evolution of Ethics." "Tempted London: Young Men," was the

title of a collected series of papers, which, first published in the "British Weekly," excited universal comment from the pulpits of the United Kingdom. "Savage London: Lights and Shadows of Riverside Characters," was from the pen of H. King. "The Fleet, its River, Prison, and Marriages," was the subject of a similar study by John Ashton; and "The Chronicles of Bow-Street Police Court" were opened by Percy Fitzgerald. The "Circuit Journeys," of Lord Cockburn, also belong to this class. G. Dawson wrote on "German Socialism"; and the last socialistic effort of William Morris was entitled "A Dream of John Bull and a King's Lesson," with a frontispiece by E. Burne-Jones. On the subject of Ireland we have "Gladstone and the Great Irish Struggle," by T. P. O'Conner and Robert McWade; "Ireland's Cause in England's Parliament," by Justin McCarthy, for Americans; "Ireland, the Causes of its Present Condition,” by Earl Grey; "Ireland, Part II," by C. S. Ward; and a "Truthful Historie of the Settlement of Ireland by Cromwell," by Ethne. "Facts about Ireland" were told by A. B. Macdowall; and "Irish Union, before and after" was written by A. K. Connell. Sir Charles Dilke reviewed "The British Army" in an unsatisfactory mood; and Col. Maurice replied in "The Balance of Military Power in Europe." W. T. Stead advanced "The Truth about Russia"; and Stepniak treated "The Russian Peasantry, their Agrarian Condition, Social Life, and Religion." "Educational Ends, or the Idea of Personal Development," were dwelt upon by Sophie Brydges, and Laurence Oliphant, who died last year, wrote on "Scientific Religion, or Higher Possibilities of Life and Practice through the Operation of Natural Forces." "The Religion of Humanity was the subject of an address by A. J. Balfour before the Church Congress at Manchester, and Karl Pearson discussed "The Ethics of Free Thought." The Hibbert Lectures for 1888, delivered by John Rhys, were on "The Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom," and Dr. J. W. Taylor wrote on "Scotland's Strength in the Past and Scotland's Hope in the Future." James Martineau made "A Study of Religion," and A. Jukes of "The Names of God in Holy Scriptures." From E. M. Goulburn we have "Three Counsels of the Divine Master." Canon Farrar, with others, wrote on "NonBiblical Systems of Religion," and, alone, published sermons on "Every-Day Christian Life." Dr. G. Matheson, with others, discoursed on "Christianity and Evolution," and the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon gave us "The Check-Book of the Bank of Faith." Six volumes of the "Expositor's Bible" appeared, Vol. I of the "Sermon Bible," and three additional volumes of the "People's Bible," by Joseph Parker, D. D. Spence, Exell, and Neil's Thirty Thousand Thoughts were completed in the sixth vol"Kant's Critical Philosophy," Vol. III, by John P. Mahaffy, was issued, and in the

ume.

"International Education Series we have "Memory," by David Kay. "The Secret Doctrine," by Madame Blavatsky, was set forth in two volumes.

During the year the "Encyclopædia Britannica," of which the first volume appeared in 1875, was completed, as was also "Cassell's Encyclopædic Dictionary "; and a revised and enlarged edition of "Chambers's Encyclopadia" was begun, of which Vols. I and II were issued. "Cassell's Miniature Cyclopædia," convenient for very brief reference, was compiled by W. Laird Clowes.

The summary of British books issued during the year is as follows:

LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL, IN 1888. On the whole, notwithstanding various disturbing causes, continental literature about held its own during the year. Authors and publishers have found occupation and profit in their voca tions, and have not been disappointed with the results. Following our usual plan, we give the record in the alphabetical order of countries on the Continent of Europe.

Belgium.-Historical research has been prose cuted with spirit and industry. M. Namèche, of the University of Louvain, has published three new volumes (nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first) of his "Cours d'Histoire Nationale," comprising the last years of the reign of Philip II in the Netherlands, and the opening years of Albert and Isabella. The learned Bollandists are steadily working on the "Acta Sanctorum," which serves as an offset to M. Vander Haeghen's "Protestant Martyrology during the Sixteenth Century" (noted last year). M. Daris has supplied a History of the Prin cipality and Diocese of Liège to the Fifteenth Century," and M. H. Lonchay has dealt with a portion of the same subject in a volume that was crowned by the Royal Academy of Brussels. M. A. Wauters furnishes another volume of his "Ancient and Modern Belgium." Collections of important documents have been brought out, for the period between 1570 and 1750, by Baron de Lettenhove, M. Ch. Piot, and M. de Marneffe. The great work of M. Ch. Moeller, of the University of Louvain, "Traité

66