amounting to $100,000, for which many unprotected natives were cast into prison and were unable to obtain a trial in order to prove the fraudulent character of the claims against them. A Jew money-lender named Reuben Tergeman, enjoying American protection, procured the imprisonment of nearly a score of persons in one province alone, some of whom were kept in chains for two years, although they had paid their debts two or three times over. Mr. Perdicaris, in attempting to right such wrongs, came into conflict with the American consul, and by the latter's order was himself committed to prison. He succeeded in bringing the matter to the attention of the United States Government, which recalled the consul and sent out Reed Lewis, who dismissed all the old employés of the consulate. The evidence that Mr. Perdicaris had collected condemned the system of consular protection so thoroughly in the eyes of Congress, that it passed an act in the early part of 1887 abolishing the extension of American protection for commercial purposes to natives in Morocco and in other countries. All persons incarcerated for debts due to American citizens and protégés were released by order of Mr. Lewis, and usurers suspected of having made false claims were arrested.

The present system of foreign protection has existed since 1767, when it was secured in a treaty of peace and commerce with France for persons in the service of consuls, secretaries of political agents, interpreters, and representatives of foreign commercial establishments. The Madrid Convention of 1880 contained provisions that were intended to restrict the number of protections, while it added to the privileges and immunities of those who were protected. The restrictions were evaded, and the traffic in protections, which were made more valuable by the convention, was conducted on a larger scale. Every wealthy Moor sought the protection of a foreign power. Even the Sheriff of Wazan became a French protégé, and by that act sacrificed a great part of his prestige, which was already impaired through his marriage to an English woman. The convention of Madrid limits the number of protected persons to the employés of the legations and consulates, simsars or commercial agents of foreign traders, two being allowed for each firm, and Moorish subjects who accept foreign allegiance. The powers claimed the right to protect the last-named class by right of custom, but agreed to limit the number to twelve for each of the thirteen signatory powers. The protection extends, however, to all the children and the numerous dependents of the protected persons. The representatives of the powers were desirous of securing as protégés the wealthiest and most powerful of the Sultan's subjects as a means of extending their own influence. The Moors whose wealth was sufficient to attract the cupidity of the Sultan or his officers sought foreign protection as a means of self

preservation, and were willing to pay high premiums for the appointment of simsar to a foreign commercial firm. Many of them established Europeans in some ostensible commercial business in Tangier, really paying them salaries for the privilege of acting as their pretended agents. The latter arrangement was more secure and permanent, since the immunities of the simsar terminate with the agency. M. Ferraud reduced the number of Moors claiming French protection from 800 to 60. There is, however, a large number of French subjects, born in Algeria, who practice usury and extortion under cover of their French protection, while the British Government is called upon to protect the misdeeds of many Barbary Jews whose birthplace was Gibraltar. Sultan is led to believe that the number of protected Moors is much greater than it really is, because often when he gives directions to confiscate the property of some person of whose wealth he hears, the kaid of the district is bribed by the man to report that he is under foreign protection.

The

The Submarine Cable.-The British Government has for twelve years past sought the permission of the Sultan to lay a cable from Tangier to connect with the European telegraph system at Gibralter. The French and Spanish governments objected to the concession being granted unless they too should have the privilege of laying cables. Sir William Kirby Green, who succeeded Sir John Drummond Hay as British minister at Tangier in 1886, wrote to the Sultan for his final consent. The British legation is the only one that communicates directly with the court by means of couriers, the other ministers being compelled to present their communications through the Moorish Foreign Minister in Tangier. When no answer came to the letter of the British representative, he wrote again, saying, that if the Sultan did not reply within a certain time he would take his consent for granted. This and a third letter remained unanswered, and at the time indicated the cable was put down, in February, 1887. Then the Sultan sent word that he would pay all expenses if it were taken up again. This the British Government refused to do, and when the Sultan, in a communication conveyed through the Foreign Minister to the diplomatic body at Tangier, formally protested against the cable, and demanded the suspension of its use until the matter was diplomatically regulated, no attention was paid to his remonstrances.

Rebellion of the Beni Zemour.-In 1887 the Beni Zemour, a powerful tribe dwelling between Marakish and Mequinez rebelled against the exactions of the Sultan, who was then at Marakish, where his presence was manifested as usual by wholesale pillage. Muley Hassan sent word that if they would submit themselves and bring tribute in token of subjection, he would pardon them and leave their territory in peace. The Beni Zemour complied at once, and more than 70,000 men and women carried baskets

of supplies on their heads to Marakish. The Sultan, after he had received their offerings, turned his soldiers loose on the tribe to plunder and murder as they pleased for two days, in order, he said, to teach the rebels to respect his authority. The Beni Zemour in retaliation poisoned all the wells, with the result that the Sultan's favorite wife and many members of his household died. He himself was taken very ill, it was supposed from the same cause.

Naval Demonstration. The prospect of a change of rulers is regarded with consternation by all the inhabitants of Morocco, the foreigners doing business there not excepted. The death of Muley Hassan would be followed inevitably by a conflict among all the tribes, each of which would fight for the candidate for the throne with whom it is most nearly connected. A new Sultan is supposed to be selected by his predecessor, but he must be accepted by the majority of the people before he is permitted to take his seat under the Shereefian Umbrella. The present Sultan, in the beginning of his reign, killed off his two uncles and the most prominent member of the Drissian branch of the Shereefian family, and then banished all his male relatives to the oasis of Tafilet, where they have been kept in penury and solitude. His sons are so young that none of them is likely to be accepted as his successor. There are, however, several descendants of both the Aliweein and the Drissian dynasties who have powerful tribes at their back, ready to defend their claims to the succession. The jealous powers, whose mutual distrust has prevented the introduction of civilizing agencies, regard the situation with watchful anxiety. In September, 1887, when the news of the probably fatal sickness of Muley Hassan was brought to Madrid, the Spanish Government at once got its fleet ready and moved an army corps to the ports nearest the Moorish coast. On October 1 Señor Moret advised the governments of Germany, England, Austria, France, and Italy of Spain's intention to send troops to the Spanish fortresses on the coast of Morocco. Great Britain was prompted by the Spanish. armaments to dispatch a naval force to Morocco, and France and Italy were equally alert. These powers, in their replies to the Spanish dispatch, which was amplified on October 5 in a circular to all the signatories of the Madrid Convention, expressed approval of the steps taken by Spain, and declared their intention of sending ships to Tangier to protect the lives and property of their subjects. A few weeks later, powerful war-ships of the various nations anchored in the bay of Tangier, and remained to watch events until the recovery of the Sultan and the progress of diplomatic negotiations removed the cause of their presence there. Proposed Morocco Conference. - The Morocco crisis impelled the Spanish Cabinet to urge the elevation of the representatives of the great powers at Madrid to ambassadorial rank, in

the hope that Spain as a great power would be able to press her historical claims to Morocco with more weight. When the Madrid statesmen perceived that the right of their country to dispose of the fortunes of the Moorish empire was disputed by all the powers, they resorted to another method of placing Spain in the lead. On October 2 Señor Moret suggested the advisability of reassembling the conference of 1880. In the note of October 5 he dwelt upon the reasons for Spain's taking the initiative and uniting with the powers in demanding in Morocco the reforms demanded by civilization, declaring that the policy of Spain is opposed to any idea of territorial aggrandizement. The Spanish interest in the fate of Morocco was recognized in 1880 by the powers to the extent of an understanding that the views of Spain should be heard in the first instance on all questions affecting Morocco, The powers assented in principle to the proposed conference. France, however, in order to close the way to any further assertion of the pretensions of Spain, insisted that the business of the conference should be restricted to the revision of the Madrid Convention. This limitation, which was supported by Great Britain, Spain was finally forced to accept. The English Government made the suggestion that the powers should guarantee the integrity of the Sultan's dominions in return for concessions of facilities for commerce and of improved government. The various cabinets accepted the invitation to take part in the conference, which was to meet at Madrid before the end of January, 1888. The countries represented in the Madrid Conference of 1880 were Germany, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, the United States, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Sweden and Norway, and Morocco itself. The Spanish minister resident at Tangier, Señor Diosdado, was instructed to inform the Sultan of the circumstances that had occurred in consequence of his illness, and to urge upon him the necessity of granting the commercial rights demanded by the powers. Muley Hassan had himself requested the Spanish Government in August to reopen some of the questions that were discussed, but not finally settled, at the previous international conference. The Spanish minister at Paris sounded the French Government, and found it willing to consider the subject, whereas in 1880 it had categorically refused to acquiesce in a modification of the rights of protection. At the suggestion of M. Flourens, the Spanish Government directed its political representatives in Morocco to collect evidence regarding the inconveniences and abuses of the protection system. The Sultan had reason to suspect the French of aggressive designs on his western frontier, because they had very recently engaged in expeditions against the Figuig and Twat tribes, whose lands lie within the borders of Morocco, and had established military posts and fortifications close to the boundary, if they did not encroach

upon the Sultan's dominions. The Spanish Government was the only one whose dealings with the Sultan had been marked throughout with sincerity and justice. The conference at Madrid was rendered practically abortive by France's refusal to accede to the proposals on behalf of Morocco made by Spain, and then supported by Great Britain. The Spanish legation at Tangier is the only one that has kept itself entirely clean from the illegitimate use of the right of protection, and the Spanish Government has consistently urged the justice of the Sultan's demand that foreign protection should be done away with. England acknowledged the evils of the system, but refused to consider proposals for remedying them, except in return for substantial commercial concessions, and in this position was supported by several other powers. The Spanish minister to Morocco then endeavored to persuade Muley Hassan to concede the demands of the powers, the meeting of the proposed conference being postponed from time to time, but could not induce him to throw the country open to foreign capital and enterprise. A new rebellion of more formidable dimensions than that of 1887, followed by a recurrence of the Sultan's sickness, interrupted the negotiations, and caused the conference to be indefinitely postponed.

Outrages on Europeans.-Owing to the failure of the conference negotiations and the exhibition of discord among the Christian powers, or to the unsettled condition of the country resulting from rebellions and the precarious health of the Sultan, the Moors were more insolent toward Christians in 1888 than they had been for many years. British protégés were stripped of their possessions, imprisoned, and tortured by order of the kaids. An American protégé was arrested at Rabat, and the American Consul-General demanded his release, which the Moorish authorities refused to grant, on the ground that a suit was pending against him when the protection was issued. The matter was finally submitted to the decision of arbitrators. Numerous other outrages were reported.

Revolt of Berber Tribes.-The warlike mountaineers inhabiting the Beni M'Gilol hills on the northern slope of the Atlas, have never been subdued. They boast that eleven sultans have entered their territory, and that only two of them returned alive. The Sultan Muley Hassan, who had extended the boundaries of his dominions in some directions, and aims at a confederation of the Mohammedan states of the Western Soudan as far as Timbuctoo, resolved to conquer this troublesome tribe, which still clings to the Drissian dynasty, having in its midst a pretender, and became aggressive when the ferment pervaded Morocco that was caused by the Sultan's illness. Muley Hassan, who was at Mequinez, took the field with his army in the summer, and after two months of almost daily fighting, during which his army was twice nearly cut in two, he succeeded, as

he supposed, in putting down the revolt, visited cruel vengeance on the kabylas that were reduced to submission, placed governors over the conquered districts, and marched toward the seacoast with the intention of making a promised visit to Tangier, which he had never seen. Kaid Maclean, the English officer who instructs his troops and commands the cavalry, was left at Fez with a part of the army, in order to quell any fresh outbreak. In September the Sultan, who had reached the borders of the Zimouri and Beni Hassan country, received intelligence of a fresh rising of the tribes, and of the massacre of his cousin Muley Souro, who had been entrapped in an ambush and, with 300 of his followers, was put to the sword. Muley Hassan immediately set out upon an expedition to avenge his cousin's death. The tribes rose in the rear of the Sultan's army, exasperated by the taxes he had levied on them to maintain his army of 70,000 men, the troops, perishing of starvation, deserted in large numbers, the enemy attacked him in front, and at last Muley Hassan found himself far in the hills, with neither food nor ammunition. Kaid Maclean was shut up in Fez by the Beni M'Gilol tribe, who were joined by others in that region. The Sultan had excited general indignation by ordering all the members of a certain tribe to be beheaded, on the mistaken supposition that they were concerned in the massacre of his cousin's force. Messengers reached Tangier at last, and Sir William Kirby Green, the British minister, obtained from the Governor of Gibraltar 150 rounds of ammunition, which he sent to Fez. Kaid Maclean broke through the Beni M'Gilol tribe who besieged Fez, and reached the Sultan's camp with the ammunition. Muley Hassan then abandoned the expedition.

MORTON, LEVI PARSONS, Vice-President of the United States, born in Shoreham, Vt., May 16, 1824. His first ancestor was George Morton, who came in the ship "Ann" from England, and landed at Plymouth in 1623. The Morton family afterward settled at Middleborough, Mass. Mr. Morton's father, the Rev. Daniel Oliver Morton, was a Congregational minister, and his mother, Lucretia Parsons, was the daughter of the Rev. Justin Parsons, while her brother, for whom the Vice-President was named, was the first American missionary to Palestine. The Rev. Mr. Morton sent his eldest son to college, but even the marvelous economy of a New England minister's family could not make the few hundred dollars of salary stretch far enough to cover the second boy's expenses, and after partly preparing Levi for Middlebury College, the father reluctantly consented to let him go as clerk into a store at Enfield, Mass., where he remained for two years. He was then sixteen years old, and returning to his home, which had been removed to Bristol, N. H., he taught a district school for a while, and then, at the age of seventeen, entered the store of a Mr. Esterbrook, in Concord. His

York District. In accepting the nomination he wrote: "It is a distinction which I have not solicited, and I am not sure of my fitness for the place. I have never been a politician, have never sought or contemplated holding office, and am by training and tastes simply a man of business. If, however, in your judgment, I can serve the district and protect its interest in Congress, I shall feel constrained to regard your nomination as a plain call to public duty, which I have no right to shirk. I believe the Republic has a right to command the services of its humblest citizen, and in obedience to that conviction I accept the nomination." His opponent was Col. Benjamin A. Willis, a forcible speaker and able politician. Mr. Morton, although defeated, reduced Willis's majority from 2,500 to 400. In 1878 he was renominated, and defeated Col. Willis by 7,000 majority. In 1880 he was again successful against James W. Gerard, Jr. The New York "World," opposed to him in politics, said: "Against Mr. Morton's individual character and his fitness to represent his district in Congress, no one who knows him can have a word to say."

In 1881 President Garfield appointed Mr. Morton minister to France, and he remained such under President Arthur. In 1871 Mrs. Morton had died in their country home, Fairlawn, Newport, R. I. She was noted for her benevolent nature, and, carrying out her feeling, as well as his own, Mr. Morton gave a park of twelve acres to the people of Newport, and built in her memory in Fourth Avenue, New York, contiguous to Grace Church, the beautiful building known as Grace Memorial Chapel. Among his other benefactions was the first contribution of one quarter of the cargo for the ship "Constellation," which was sent by our Government to the sufferers from the Irish famine. In 1878 Mr. Morton was honorary commissioner to the Paris Exposition, and he was American commissioner-general to the Paris Electrical Exposition, and representative of the United States at the Submarine-Cable Convention. He publicly received, in the name of the people of the United States, the Bartholdi statue of Liberty enlightening the World." In 1882 and 1887 he was candidate for a United States Senatorship, from New York. Middlebury College, where he has recently founded a professorship, and Dartmouth, conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He married Miss Street, of Poughkeepsie, whose accomplishments and amiability did much to render his foreign mission successful and his home memorable for its hospitality. They have five children, and a few years ago selected as their summer home a beautiful place called Ellerslie, at Rhinebeck, on the Hudson.

In July, 1888, Mr. Morton was unanimously nominated for Vice-President by the Republican National Convention, on the ticket with Gen. Harrison, which was successful, and he was inaugurated March 4, 1889.

MUSIC, PROGRESS OF, IN 1888. To the novel productions brought out on the operatic stage in 1887 are to be added: "Faust," a musical drama, in a prelude and four acts, by Heinrich Zöllner (Cologne, Stadttheater, December 14, succès d'estime; the third act found the most favor. "Die Camisarden" (formerly “Jean Cavalier "), by Anton Langert, entirely rewritten (Coburg, Hoftheater, December 151 conducted by the composer, and received with great applause. "Per Svinaherde " (Peter, the Swineherd), in three acts, by Ivar Hallstrom; libretto by Christiernson (Stockholm, De cember 29); with success, repeated to ful houses eleven times. The music is graceful, at times characteristic, the libretto contains several striking scenes, and the mise-en-scène was magnificent. "Don Pedro dei Medina,” an operetta by Lanzini, libretto by Ovidi (Rome, Teatro Costanzi, October), with great success, in which the libretto has no small share, being one of the happiest conceptions of its kind.

During 1888 the dramatic-musical movement did not rise above the average. No great accomplishment is to be recorded, no event of significant augury fell to its share. The number of new grand operas produced in France, Belgium, and Germany was scant; England furnished only one; and even Italy was more reserved than usual. Nor was the field of comic opera worked very extensively. On the other hand, the production of new operettas was fairly overwhelming. In the following we record the facts in chronological order, grouped according to their national origin:

Operas.-"La Dame de Monsoreau," in five acts, by Gaston Salvayre, libretto by Auguste Maquet, Paris, Opéra. January 30, was a complete failure, in spite of the gorgeous mise-enscène, and the creditable performance on the part of the artists; the displeasure of the public was aroused as much by the libretto as by the music. "Jocelyn," in four acts, by Benjamin Godard, libretto by Armand Silvestre and Victor Capoul (Brussels, Théâtre de la Monnaie, February 25), obtained a brilliant success on this occasion, but it remains to be seen how much of it was due to the influence of the friends of the composer and the librettists, who had flocked over from Paris; to the impartial, the weaknesses of both the musical score and the libretto are evident; the representation, including the mise-en-scène, was excellent. The opera was subsequently given in Paris, at the Théâtre Lyrique du Château-d'Eau, October 13, with no particular effect; the representation was insufficient, and the mise-enscène paltry. "Le Roi d'Ys," in three acts. by Edouard Lalo, libretto by Eduard Bisu (Paris, Opéra-Comique, May 7), was given with decided success; singers, orchestra, and stagemanagers deserved great credit. "Le Roi Lear," in four acts, by Armand Raynaud, text by Henri Lapierre (Toulouse, Théâtre du Capi