Page images
PDF
EPUB

Paris, of the 30th of May, 1814, relative to countries ceded by this treaty, shall equally apply to the different territories and districts ceded by this treaty.

ART. IX. The high contracting parties having taken into consideration the different claims arising from the non-execution of the 19th article of the treaty of May 30, 1814, as well as the additional articles to said treaty, signed between Great Britain and France; desiring to render more efficacious the dispositions contained in the said articles, and having for that purpose determined by two separate conventions, the measures to be executed by both powers, for the complete execution of the aforementioned articles, the two conventions, such as annexed to the present treaty, shall have the same force and validity as if the same were herein inserted verbatim.

Aur. X. All prisoners made during hostilities, as well as all hostages that have been given or detained, shall be restored with the shortest possible delay, together with all prisoners made anterior to the treaty of the 30th May, 1814, and which have not yet been restored.

We extract the following article from a very inter-
esting and ably conducted magazine, lately es-
tablished at Baltimore, called "The Portico." It
has no ostensible editors, bearing on its front
pages
the fictitious reference to "two gentle-
men of Padua," but is said to be, in fact, con-
ducted by two gentlemen, one residing in Phi-
ladelphia and the other in Baltimore. We are
at all times disposed, of course, cordially to as-
sist in the encouragement of whatever may im-
prove public taste and promote public infor-
mation.

MINERAL PASTE TEETH:

Also cursory remarks on the origin and progress of some of the most important arts. There are few subjects that afford a more ample and interesting field for observation and reflection, than that of the useful and elegant arts. Nor is there any, perhaps, from which a more real adART. XI. The treaty of Paris of the 30th of vantage may be derived, as it respects public utiliMay, 1814, and the last act of the congress of Vity as well as private interest, than from a series of enna, of the 9th of June, 1815, are confirmed and shall be maintained in all their parts, which have not been modified by the present treaty.

AUT. XII. The recent treaty, with the conventions hereunto annexed, shall be ratified in a single act, and the ratifications thereof exchanged within two months, or sooner if possible.

In faith whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and hereunto affixed the seal of their arms.

Done at Paris, the 20th of November, in the year of grace, one thousand eight hundred and fifteen.

(Signed)

RICHELIEU,
METTERNICH.
WESSENBERG.

ADDITIONAL ARTICLE.

select and appropriate essays on the arts severally and respectively; in which are pointed out, the origin, progress, improvement, and utility of each; together with crical and judicious remarks on their imperfections, and susceptibility of improvement, both in elegance and use.

True it is, indeed, that much has been said on all these points; but it is principally embodied in voluminous encyclopedias, or other expensive systematic works; deposited in some select private or public library, and often beyond the reach of those who are most likely, not only to be improved by it, but to become publicly and eminently useful.

It is by presenting the subject in such a form as your work presents, which, if extensively circulated, sooner or later falls within the reach of alThe high contracting powers, sincerely desirous most every capacity, that the inquisitive mind is of carrying into effect the measures which were insensibly drawn into a train of pleasing and edithe subject of their deliberations in the congress ||fying reflections, and often from hints the most of Vienna, relative to the complete and universal simple, the spark of genius is elicited which one abolition of the traffic of the negroes of Africa; day elevates the man and places him pre-eminentand having already in their several statutes inter-ly higher in the scale of beings. dicted their colonies and subjects from any part whatever therein, engage anew to unite their efforts in order to ensure the final success of the principles which they have proclaimed in the declaration of the 4th February, 1815, and to concert without loss of time, by their ministers at London and Paris, on the most efficacious measures, to procure the complete and definitive abolition of a commerce as odious as it is highly reprobated || by the laws of religion and of nature. The present To give an accurate view of the origin and proadditional article shall have the same force andgress of the several arts, and their subordinate validity as if it were inserted verbatim in the trea-branches, their importance, and utility, would rety of this day.

In faith whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed these presents, and have fiereunto fixed the seals of their arms.

Done at Paris, the 20th November, year of grace

1815.

(Signed, &c.)

It is by such, if written with truth and candour, that we are enabled to form a correct judgment of the real importance and utility of an art, and also, of the merits of those who are engaged in its cultivation. It is, also, by widely disseminating such knowledge, and becoming familiar with it, that we are frequently enabled to detect the plagiary and pretender, both alike, fit subjects for public animadversion.

quire, perhaps, more than the ordinary age of man to accomplish. But, to give a brief, yet compreaf-hensive sketch of the subject, with suitable com ments, by occasional essays, through the channel of this or a similar medium, would not be trespassing on the time of many, who are possessed of the requisite taients and information; provided, they would employ, in this useful and rational pursuit, the many hours of relaxation which are always at their disposal, and which are mostly spent in the gratification of every idle caprice; or, what is still less excusable, in ignoble case.

On the same day, in the same place, and at the same moment, the same treaty, together with the conventions and article thereunto annexed, was signed between France and Great Britain, France and Prussia, France and Russia.

In the earlier periods of time, the arts were, doubtless, simple in their kind, and limited in their , number: but as population increased, and a taste for refinement and civilization began to be cultivated among the scattered tribes of the earth; the genius of man was awakened, and began to extend its powers for the improvement and amelioration of the condition of human society, and from the then rude, but all important art of husbandry, sprang three others; which, if not so necessary, were almost as essential to the prosperity and happiness of mankind, with one exception, as that of husbandry, viz. Civil, Naval, and Military Architecture.

The first of these had its origin, most probably from necessity, the second from convenience, and the third, (from the further use of which, Good Lord, deliver us!) from expedience.

Civil architecture, in its infancy, like most other arts at their commencement, was extremely rude and void of proportion, but, we are informed by almost every writer on its origin and progress, that through every succeeding generation it continued to advance, by slow gradation, towards the highest perfection.

that a deviation from its ancient proportions, impairs its unrivalled beauty.

True it is, that efforts were made by Palladio, Scamozzi, Viola, De Lorme, Serlio, Vignola, and others, to improve the proportions in some respect; and in which it is thought, by some, that Palladio succeeded; but, it is more generally believed that, only Greece and Rome could boast of perfection in the art, and that too, long before the christian æra.

I have observed that naval architecture had for its origin, the object of convenience; and that, probably in facilitating intercourse, and communication between tribes, or societies of people, situated on the different shores of rivers; by crossing them, or in navigating their streams, &c.

This, in its commencement, like civil architecture was, most probably, rude and misshapen; but from the suitableness of the first essays to the purposes for which they were intended, the genius of man was exercised, and gradually stimulated towards the extension and improvement of this convenience.

To what degree of perfection this art attained during the first ages of man, it is difficult to asIn proportion to its improvement and cultiva-certain; yet no doubt remains of its gradual imtion, it gave rise to numerous other arts; alike useful and necessary; and which are as easily conceived as enumerated.

fifty-six, before the christian æra, it received, like civil architecture, the sanction as well as the authority of the Most High, in the instructions that were given to Noah for building the ark.

provement through a long lapse of several centuries in the earlier periods of time; in which several other arts had their origin, and were cultivated To what degree of perfection this art was with some degree of success:-But the first and brought during the long period of more than almost the only knowledge we have of its existwenty-nine hundred years, it is, perhaps, impossi-tence is, that in the year seventeen hundred and ble to say; but from the year two thousand nine hundred and ninety, before Christ, it may, with almost as much propriety, perhaps, as that of the healing art, be called divine; for we are informed that it was, not only by the sanction, but by the This, perhaps, may be considered as the first express commands of the Most High, that Solomon successful attempt to construct and complete a reared that stupendous frabic, the temple, to the naval edifice, so large and so capable of withstandhonour of his God; which immortalized his name,ing the buffeting of a truly boundless ocean. and which served, not only as a place of worship, &c. but as a proud model for the exercise of the genius of man.

Here was a specimen of the art, combined with a degree of elegance which before, perhaps, was never equalled; and a profusion never yet surpassed. Here was order and symmetry in all its || parts; beauty and proportion in all its members, || which constituted in the whole a happy model for imitation, and far better suited for the temple of the Most High, than for an object, on which to glut the regal vengeance of a Nebuchadnezzar, or his famous captain.

From this period, and perhaps before, this art became an object not only of convenience but of Juxury, and almost of idolatry; for temples and monuments were erected on its principles, and ornamented with the beauty of its proportions, which were almost as much objects of adoration, as places of worship.

No wonder then, that the genius of man should be exercised in contributing to its improvement, whil: kings and emperors were vieing with each other to see who should excel in the beauty and magnificence of their temples, and the costliness

of thei" materials and decorations,

[ocr errors]

Hence it is, that in a few hundred years, architecture, as it respects the proportion of the orders, has not only greatly improved, but, by the aid of the immortal Vitruvius and others, it was reduced || to a system, upon scientific principles, and carried to the highest pinnacle of perfection, as almost the ony art of many that has arrived to that degree

From this period, Noah, or some one of his sons, must be considered as the first naval architect; but what progress was made towards the improvement and perfection of the art during succeeding generations, but little is known: pretty certain it is, however, that, notwithstanding the destructive effects of the universal deluge of the world, the knowledge of the art was retained by Noah, or his sons, and was renewed, improved, and at length employed for commercial purposes; for, we are informed that in the year nine hundred and ninety-two, before the christian æra, Solomon "made a navy of ships which came to Ophir and fetched from thence gold."

What the size, form and construction of their vessels were, or the fleets that were engaged in the straights of Salamis, four hundred and eighty years before Christ, it is impossible to deterinine; most likely it is, however, that during the period of nearly seventeen hundred years the progress of this art towards perfection was inconceivably slow. That although the specimens of the art at different periods of time, answered all the purposes, in the pursuit of commerce, which has been, not only the principal source of refinement, civilization, and the wealth of nations; but also of innumerable arts, both elegant and useful, and which contribute so much, at the present time, to the comfort and happiness of man; yet it has remained for England, and, particularly, for America to bring this art as near perfection, perhaps, as it can be, or, at least, to a far greater degree than was ever known before; though it may be said, in truth, to have oc

cupied a period of eighteen hundred years longer than that of civil architecture.

immemorial, ever experienced more of the buffetings of opposite sects, and contending parties, than the science of medicine or the healing art.

In the days of Hippocrates, and others, his followwas cultivated with success, to a degree of perfection, perhaps, unknown before. But it was doomed, like all other arts and sciences, to a kind of oblivion, or almost total neglect.

I likewise observed that military architecture, though highly important in itself, yet dreadful to contemplate, probably owes its origin to expedi-ers, the science of medicine became popular, and ence; of this there can be but little doubt; but at what period of time it came into use, or began to be cultivated, I shall not, in the pesent instance, undertake to determine; but presume that, at its commencement, it was, like the two preceding arts, destitute of much regularity of form.

That garrisons were in use at an early period, we have reason to believe from the circumstance that is mentioned of David, having put garrisons in Syria, and that the Syrians became servants of David; this was ten hundred and forty years before the christian æra. It is likewise mentioned that Nebuchadnezzar built forts round about the city of Jerusalem, when he besieged it, about the year five hundred and ninety before Chirst.

On the revival of letters, when truth began to shed its rays to guide the votaries of science, medicine was again revived, and cultivated with no inconsiderable zeal for its perfection. Since the commencement of the sixteenth century, and perhaps before, so numerous were the diseases found to be, incident to man; so complicated and intricate in their nature, in many cases; and so difficult of treatment and cure, in others, that it became an object, to lessen the burden which devolved upon the professional character, particularPlaces may have been occupied by troops, or ly in large cities or populous countries, and which bodies of men, from expedience, as comfortable was daily increasing, at least with those whose shelter from storms, or invasion, or may have been skill and talents enabled them to combat, with constructed as places of safety in a retreat, &c. success, the long catalogue of complaints to which but it is to be presumed that the progress of the mankind are exposed, to divide the practice into art was slow and unimportant until the art of mak-two departments, viz. medical and surgical. ing gun powder was discovered. From this period, This expedient was attended with happy effects or from the invention of ordnance, it began to as to both departments of the science; not only by sume a new form, and by the aid of the genius of lessening the excessive fatigue and exercise of bo Vauban, in the latter part of the year sixteen hun- dy and mind, but, by placing the two departments dred, it was not only greatly improved, but, at more completely within their controul and comlength reduced to a regular system, and upon prin- prehension, by affording more time and leisure ciples purely scientific. Since that period it has to the study and examination of the various phebeen improved by new additions and modifications, nomina that were daily presenting themselves in until the present time, at which it may be consi-practice; it tended much, indeed to the promodered as having arrived as near the summit of per- tion and advancement of the general science. fection, perhaps, as the preceding art.

Independent of the four great and important arts which have been barely hinted at, there remains one to be taken notice of, equally, if not more essential to the welfare and happiness of man; the origin of which is, probably, coeval with that of husbandry, viz. the art of healing.

From the obvious good effects resulting from this mode of pursuing the profession, another branch was soon thrown off from the general trunk, important in itself, and unavoidably linked in the science both in theory and practice, viz. midwifery.

This branch, so highly essential to the welfare After our first parents received the sentence of and happiness of millions, has been cultivated with condemnation, and were doomed, with their de- such happy success, by the genius of a Smellie and scendants, to suffer privations, misery, affliction, his more fortunate successors, that parturition, and pain; we may reasonably conclude that the with its attendant diseases, may be said to have principles of humanity inherent in man, were of-lost much of its formidable aspect; and the painten roused into action, with a view to lessen the ful anxiety too often indulged from an apprehenaccumulated woes of a suffering fellow-creature, sion of its consequences, easily and quickly disby offering something, however unsuitable or in-pelled, when committed to the care and attention effectual it may have been, to alleviate his misery of a skilful accoucheur.

and pain. As the light of science continued to diffuse itFrom hence, we may infer that the art of medi-self more generally, and men became more and cine, or of healing, as it was otherwise called, originated from pure benevolence and sympathy; the finest feelings that adorn the human heart.

By whom, or at what period these arts were first performed, it is impossible to say; but it is most probable that as the numbers of inhabitants of the earth increased, and disease in varied forms began to exercise its sway, the skill and talents of those who were most successful in allaying its pangs, were the first to be resorted to for relief. Hence it at length in a certain degree became professional.

better acquainted with the physiology of the human system, and the liability of all its parts to particular diseases, two other branches became subjects of particular attention and study, and of treatment peculiar to each, viz. the diseases of the eyes, and of the mouth and teeth. Those constituted the profession of the Oculist, and the Dentist.

Although the latter of these, viz. the diseases of the mouth and teeth, had attracted and received the attention of physicians, in general practice, ever since the days of Hippocrates; yet it was not until the beginning of the seventeenth centu It is not my intention to attempt even a superry that it became a separate "branch of medical ficial sketch of the progress of this art, or even to take notice of the merits of those most eminent, who, through a lapse of ages, have been engaged in its cultivation; but I will venture to assert, that however indispensably necessary and useful it may be, no art, no science, nor subject, has, from time"

science," and was treated methodically.

During the time that has since elapsed, much information has been derived, and many improvements made, by various authors, who have been zealous labourers in the profession, and who have written on the subject; so that we may safely say,

that this part of medical or surgical knowledge has fully kept pace with the other relative branches.

I shall not attempt, in the present instance, to trace in regular gradation, the discoveries and improvements that have been made in this profession for a century past, but beg leave to take notice of some circumstances of considerable notoriety in the history of the profession. The first is the transplantation of teeth from the jaw of one person to that of another.

human teeth to decay, and the anxious desire of those who were so unfortunate as to lose them, to have them replaced, and in such a manner, and of such materials as were most likely to look best, last best, and give the most satisfaction; and since it was found, that no substance partaking of the nature of bone, ivory, &c. and not even natural or human teeth, could, when used as a substitute, withstand the operations of heat, and the secretions of the mouth, without changing colour, and This was indeed considered as an important even, for very obvious reasons, mouldering away, discovery; ingenious in itself, and one that re-in time, it became an object of real importance to quired much skill and judgment in the operation discover, if possible, some material or substance and subsequent treatment. It was calculated to which would answer the purpose, and at the same flatter the hopes and expectations of the young, time obviate all the inconveniences abovemen-middle aged, and even old people, who were tioned. Various and unceasing were the efforts likely to become destitute of teeth, from prema- to accomplish the object which would, in all proture decay; for they had only to beg, borrow, orbability amply reward the inventor, and yield an buy a tooth or more from some person, and have important benefit to thousands in society. it stuck fresh with its blood into their own jaws, and all would be well.

At length, by the ingenuity of M. Duchateau, an apothecary at St. Germain-en-laye, an expe. It was a discovery that excited much, and gene-dient was resorted to, which bid fair to become ral attention, and much credit was given, and many compliments bestowed on Dr. John Hunter of London, as the discoverer of this important fact and further it is generally believed at the present day that the credit of it is exclusively due to him.

the great desideratum so much sought for. He conceived the idea of having a full set of teeth like those he was in the habit of wearing, made of porcelain.

and which was executed some time about the year 1762 or 3. This was the first set of teeth, it is believed, ever known to be made of porcelain. This was proved by the register of the porcelain manufactory, and by a certificate delivered by Mdm. Dyll to M. Duchateau, when he was compelled to establish the priority of claim to the invention in a court of justice.

He accordingly addressed a letter to M. Guerhard, who was principal in a porcelain manufacWhere, or from what, Mr. Hunter first con-tory, and eminent for the beauty of his producceived the idea, I am unable to tell; but certain tions, requesting him to make a set agreeably to it is that the operation was recommended by Am-instructions and models, which were supplied, brose Prare, who wrote in 1685; and it was actually practised, I believe, before Mr. Hunter was born; for in 1715 the operation was performed upon M. Romalet, Captain of the second Batalion de Bourbonnois, at Paris. It was likewise practised by M. Carmaline, dentist, about the same time. It was also practised by Geraudly, dentist to the Duke of Orleans, about the year 1720, and mentioned in his work published 1737. It was also practised about the year 1740. And further, the correctness of the principles were established at Montpellier by Denis Pomaret, surgeon in the twelfth century-so much for the pretensions of Dr. Hunter.

I will in the next place endeavour to show what has been the result of this discovery, which in reality appeared to be an important acquisition.

Without going into an explanation why the operation is ineffectual, will not answer the purpose, and ought not to be practised, I shall only submit the following opinions.

Mr. Hunter admits the operation to be "difficult, uncertain, and often unsuccessful." Mr. Laforgue observes, on the transplanting of teeth, "this operation has become rare in Paris, because the experienced and well informed dentists know that the inconveniences attending it are infinitely more numerous than the advantages."

His success in the attempt awakened his ambi||tion, and encouraged him to offer his services to a number of persons of distinction. But, either through a want of confidence, or default in the mechanism, he failed in the enterprise.

In the year 1776 he nevertheless communicated his invention to the royal Academy of surgery, who were pleased to present to the author their thanks, and to award to him the honors of their sitting. Twelve years after the invention Charla. tans began to covet the secret, and they treated with M. Duchateau to obtain from him the principles. From what they obtained surreptitiously, and what they invented among themselves, they announced a new and important secret. But before presenting it as new to a number of learned societies, and to public confidence, they, under a disguise, qualified it by the name of "incorrupti||ble mineral paste.”

In the year 1778 the commissioners of the acaMr. Fox (a late English author) says, "the ill demy of surgery, who were appointed to examine success and unfortunate consequences that some-it, reported to that society that the mineral paste times occurred have caused the practice to be for teeth was nothing more nor less than china or abandoned for many years past." Mr. Fuller, porcelain, and the same as invented by M. Duchadentist, (a late author) says, "in many instances teau. it did not succeed at all, and when it did, the transplanted tooth, in general, remained only a few years: from such circumstances, it gradually sunk into disuse, and is now, we hope, consigned to its merited oblivion."

Mr. Gariot, in his valuable book, does not, I believe, condescend to notice the operation, it being so entirely out of use.

From the seemingly increasing disposition of the

[ocr errors]

This gave occasion for M. Duchateau to resort to a court of justice to establish his priority of claim to the invention.

During a part of the revolution in France the true secret was lost, or seemed to lie dormant; but was at length, through dint of perseverance, revived by M. Dubois Foucou, ancient member of the college and academy of surgery at Paris, ci devant dentist to the king and royal family,

actual member of the society of medicine, &c. and (lately) surgeon dentist to their royal and imperial majesties.

In the year 1794 or 1795 he probably secured to himself the exclusive right by patent; for in the year 1808, 14 years after, the whole art and secret of making and setting mineral paste teeth was published at large by M. Dubois himself, for the benefit of his confreres in the profession, and the public at large.

causes. The first is, that even the natural teeth, however sound, are subject to a slight motion: the artificial teeth, whether porcelain, china, or otherwise, are likewise subject to a motion; par. ticularly in eating; this being the case, and artifi. cial teeth joined to the natural for support or retention, and almost constantly undergoing a slight attrition, the hardest (viz: the porcelain or mineral paste, which is the same thing) will inevitably wear the natural teeth in holes: hence their deSoon after M. Dubois secured to himself the cay and loss. It is possible that this fatal objec privilege of making and setting those teeth; histion may be obviated; but thus the matter stands brother, likewise in practice, went over to Lon-at present. don, and obtained a patent to the exclusive exereise of this art for the whole of Great Britain: and the specification of which was published in the repertory of arts, but which was (we venture to say) a spurious specification.

It remains to take a cursory view of the advantages resulting from this new and important discovery.

Mr. Laforgue observes, among many other well grounded objections, which are too long to translate or transcribe in this instance, that "the pres sure of these (porcelain) teeth against the natural ones, wears and softens the latter, and causes them to decay sooner than any other substance: it is as if we rubbed the teeth with sand."

like the action of the teeth on a fine hard stone.

The contact of the natural teeth against the The persons who were entitled to the exclusive porcelain teeth is very disagreeable. In fact the privilege of fabricating and setting the real porce-comparison that is made by several, is that it is lain or "mineral paste" teeth, rendered a very great and essential good to many persons; and those in particular who required a full and complete set of teeth for both jaws. This substance was found to answer a most excellent purpose in this case; but it is agreed on all hands, for reasons hereafter, that insuperable objections attended them in all others where from one to eight, ten, or twelve teeth were wanting.

Mr. Gariot, who was instructed in this then secret, and had a patent right, says, in 1805, "at this day we employ almost altogether the human teeth, the teeth of the sea-horse, and the mineral paste, &c."

It may suffice for the present to take notice of one more remark. It was required by the acade my of surgery at Paris of their commissioners, to examine and report on the merits of the mineral paste used in the fabrication of artificial teeth.

But to counterbalance the good which the genuine and real ones were calculated to afford, a spurious kind were invented and made use of: and One of the commissioners was M. Sue, sen'r. which were composed of a kind of vitrious frit, professor of anatomy to the college of surgery, and enameled like the common wares, with metal-and to the academy of St. Luke, &c. &c. lic substances, and, when set in the human mouths, liable to decomposition and producing an insupporta

ble taste in the mouth.

The report runs thus: "our conclusion hence was, that the porcelain appeared to us to be unsuitable or improper to be employed for the fabrica-In order to avoid any suspicions of being preju- tion of teeth partially, (that is, from one to several diced against what I do not hestitate to declare a in a set) but that they may serve with advantage most ingenious, and in many cases, useful discove-for dentiers complets, (full and entire sets of teeth.) ry, I shall suspend mostly any further comment for the present, and submit for consideration the opinions of those by whom the subject has been

ably treated.

I have been led into the above remarks from a cursory view of the origin of some of the arts, important to society, and their gradual improvements for centuries past, up to the present time. Should it be in my power hereafter to contribute any thing to your entertainment, on the like subjects, I am perfectly at your service, With respect and esteem, I remain your obedient, L. B. ALBERTI.

Mr. Fox, whose modesty probably deterred him from giving his sentiments fully on the subject, observes, "This gentleman's (M. Dubois') invention merits much commendation, &c. But considerable latitude must be given when we peruse the partial statements of an author possessing much rivacity and disposed to regard his own invention To the Editors of the Portico, as meriting a decided preference."

Audibran-Chambly (surgeon dentist) observes, that "if the teeth of porcelain have obtained some success in their origin, it is because they were announced with great eclat."

AGRICULTURAL.

From the United States Gazette.

It will be natural to suppose that a substance That singular species of earth generally termed partaking of the nature of porcelain, and having marle, which has hitherto been discovered only In undergone a degree of heat sufficient to fuse it, West-Jersey, has become too well known to remust be very hard, and gritty by attrition. Hence quire a particular description. The sterile soil of M. Chambly observes, "their continual rubbing that district which was considered almost incapaon the corresponding teeth, occasions an irritation ble of producing grass, has through its agency, of the nerves, particularly to persons who are been rendered, in many places, astonishingly pronervous and susceptible. Injured thus by the ductive; and it would seem as if nature had demetallic teeth, they (the natural teeth) become signed it as a compensation for the great deficiensoft and diseased, and hence, their loss is inevita-cy in her work, which is so manifest in the general ble" This is an incontrovertible fact, and which surface of that country. every person ought to be made acquainted with, when they are going to have them set.

دو

This serious inconvenience arises from two

Though the character of this earth as a general fertilizer, is established beyond the possibility to a doubt, yet every day contributes something of

« PreviousContinue »