our knowledge of its effects, and developes some butes in a wonderful degree to render the earth new property or other to excite our wonder, and || productive of the most of those plants which subconvince us more and more of its importance to serve the uses of marl, it appears to be a natural the country bordering on the navigable waters of enemy to many species of noxious and troublesome the Delaware. The accounts given by the Jersey weeds, which so far from being quickened by its farmers of their three and four fold increase pro-fertilizing powers, in common with most other duced by a single top dressing of marle, not ex-|| plants,' invariably decline under its influence. ceeding ten or twelve loads to the acre, which is con- The immediate operation is probably this, that the sidered a sufficient quantity, have ceased to create marl being a manure peculiarly congenial to cloastonishment, since from late and well authenticat. ver and other grasses, they are enabled thereby ed experiments it is proved, that when pulverized to acquire an ascendency, and finally completely and sown on grass after the manner of plaster, at to root out their enemies. The sand bur for inthe rate of a few bushels to the acre, it has pro- stance, so inimical to sheep-farming in many parts duced results even surpassing the effects of plaster of West Jersey, which fire itself can scarcely itself. In one instance the writer himself had an eradicate, are said to be effectually destroyed by a opportunity of witnessing the comparative efficacy single dressing of marl; and the Indian grass of the two manures applied in this manner, on which generally takes possession of old and worn adjoining lands or stripes, in a field of white and out fields after an application of this wonder workred clover; the result was a difference in the pro-ing manure, is invariably succeeded in the followduce of at least one half in favor of the marle. ing season by a fine swarth of white clover. It was for some time a doubt in the minds of To the farmers of Pennsylvania and Delaware, many of the warm advocates for marle, whether it who reside near navigable waters, marl must soon would not prove to be a mere stimulant, and have become an object of great importance. As a gen the effect of exciting the energies of the soil (iferal fertilizer, plaster bears no comparison to it, the expression be orthodox) to an unnatural effort, either in point of efficiency or durability; and aland ultimately leave it exhausted and irreclaima- though it must be admitted that where both are bly poor: "for such," say many, "have been the to be brought from a distance, the plaster is in its effects of plaster." Every day's experience, how-first cost the cheaper, still the extra expense of ever, seems to be banishing those doubts and ap- the marl ought not to deter the farmers of Pennprehensions, and confirming all whose experiments sylvania near the Delaware, or any of its streams, have been at all matured in the conviction of its from its use. The Jersey farmer thinks himself being a durable, nay, almost a permanent manure ; well paid for the labour of halling his marl eight for if the question concerning its durability be and even ten miles; which including the cost at asked those farmers who have made the earliest || the pit, cannot be got under three dollars a ton; trials of this manure, they will generally reply, whereas it is delivered at the highest landings on "we have lands which were marled six, eight, or the creeks in Pennsylvania at a dollar to a dollar ten years ago, and we perceive its effects very and a half per ton, and with this additional advanlittle diminishing." Much as the plaster has done, tage, that in the repeated handlings which it thus thus much, I believe, cannot be said in favor of its undergoes, it becomes pulverized, and better predurability. pared for immediate use. A complete dressing of The marle, though a genéral manure, is found marl would therefore cost the Pennsylvania farmto be particularly operative on grass, potatoes, and ers from ten to fifteen dollars per acre, for which indian corn, for which last it is applied at the rate he would be fully compensated by the increase of of about a pint to the hill; and from some cause a single crop; whereas a complete dressing for not yet understood, but most probably from the each acre of ashes, lime or stable manure to be sulphur which forms one of its constituent parts, brought the same distance, could not be obtained it is found to be an infalliable preventative against at less cost than twenty-five or perhaps thirty dolthe insect, commonly called the louse, which in- lars; and even the ashes themselves, whether fests the root of this plant, and sometimes almost their immediate or permanent efficacy be considto the entire destruction of the crop. It is like-ered, are, in the estimation of this writer, very inwise a great promoter of the growth of trees, more ferior as a dressing for grass lands to marl, which especially of the peach tree, to which the greatest may, with great propriety, be termed the food of benefits have resulted from the application of marl grass. to its roots--in some instances, it is said, even to Marl is found along the navigable waters of the resuscitation and refructification of trees, most of the creeks of West Jersey; and on Timwhich, to all appearance, had run their short lived ber and Rancocas crecks it lies, in many places, in course, and very evidently declining. The various the very banks of the streams, capable of being species of vines, constituting what Jersey farmers thrown immediately from the pit into the vessel. call truck, are said to be astonishingly invigorated Some few shallop loads of these marls have been by the application of marl to the hill-and it may carried into Pennsylvania and Delaware, and their become a question worthy the attention of agri-effects, so far as the writer has been able to learn, culturalists, whether some of those marls in which sulphur appears to predominate, will not prove an efficient remedy against the grubs, flies, and other numerous foes to this valuable class of plants. Indeed, such marls cannot fail to prove noxious, or at any rate nauseous to every species of insects, whose destructive operations are confined to the soil. At the same time that marl contributes to free the soil from its animated pests, it is evidently not less efficacious in expelling such as are inanimate. And it is a remarkable fact that whilst it contri. have proved them no less valuable manures for the close tenacious clay soil of those states, than for the light sands and loams of New-Jersey. From the failure of gypsum in places bordering on, and proximate to water, and the great facility with which marl can be obtained in all such situations, it is hazarding but little to predict, the use of the former manure yet is, and deservedly so too, will ere long be entirely abandoned wherever the latter can be procured at any thing like a reasonable cost; and the time is probably not distant, when the exportation of the marl of West Jersey, to these states at least, will become a considerable and very || of the ridge dividing the waters of Flint and Chahucrative traffic. RUSTICUS. THE CREEK NATION. From the Georgia Journal, For the following interesting sketch of the Creek nation, embracing the tract of country acquired by Jackson's treaty, we are indebted to Col. Hawkins, agent for Indian affairs. In the present dearth of news, it will be a treat not only to our readers, but the public generally: The origin of the name of Creek is uncertain :|| the tradition is, that it was given by white people,|| from the number of creeks and water courses in the country. The Indian name is Muscogee.* tahouchee. Some of them margined with oak woods and cane, and all the branches for seventy miles below the falls have reeds; from thence down there are bay-galls, dwarf evergreens, and cypress ponds, with some live oak. Between these rivers there is good post and black oak land, strewed over with iron ore, and the ridge dividing their waters has a vein of it extending itself in the direction of the ridge. Within twenty-five miles of the confluence of the rivers the live oak is to be seen near all the ponds; here are limestone sinks; the land is good in veins, in the flats and on the margins of the rivers. The trees of every description small-the range a fine one for cattle. The extensive body of land between Flint River and O-ke-fau-no-cau, Altamaha and the eastern The Creeks came from the west. They have a boundary of the Creek claims, is pine land, with tradition among them, that there is in the fork of cypress ponds and bay-galls. The small streams Red River, west of the Mississippi, two mounds of are margined with dwarf evergreens; the uplands earth; that at this place the Cussethus, Cowetuhs have yellow pine, with dwarf saw, palmeto and and Chickasaws found themselves; that being dis-wire grass; the bluffs on St. Illas are some part tressed by wars with red people, they crossed the of them sandy pine barren; the remainder a comMississippi-directing their course eastward, they pact, stiff, yellowish sand or clay, with large crossed the falls of Tallapoosa above Tookaubat-swamps; the growth loblolly bay, gum and small chee, settled below the falls of Chatahouchee, and evergreens; the whole of those swamps are bogs. spread out from thence to Ocmulgee, Oconee, Sa- In the rainy season, which commences after midvannah, and down on the sea coast towards summer, the ponds fill, and then the country is, Charleston. Here they first saw white people, a great part of it, covered with water; and in the and from thence they have been compelled to re- dry season it is difficult to obtain water in any ditire back again to their present settlement. rection for many miles. || The country lying between Coosa, Tallapoosa, The bees abound in the Okefaunocau and other and Chatahouchee, above their falls, is broken-swamps eastward of Flint river; the wortleberry the soil stiff, with coarse gravel, and in some places stone. The trees post oak, white and black oak, pine, hickory and chesnut-all of them small-the whole well watered, and the rivers and creeks have rocky beds, clad in many places with moss, greatly relished by cattle, horses and deer, and are margined with cane and reeds, and narrow strips or coves of rich flats. On the Coosa, sixty || miles above its junction with Tallapoosa, there is limestone, and it is to be found in several places || from thence to E-tow-woh and its western branches. is to be found in the swamps and on the poorest land bordering on the cypress ponds, when the woods are not burnt for a year or more; the latter are on dwarf bushes, grow large, and in great abundance. The dwarf saw-palmeto, when the woods are not burnt, in like manner, bears a cluster of berries on a single stone, which are eaten by bear, deer, turkeys and Indians. The berries are half an inch in diameter, covered with a black skin, and have a hard seed: they are agreeable to the taste, sweet accompanied with bitter, and when fully ripe they burst, and the bees extract much honey from them. The china briar is in the flat rich sandy margin of streams. The Indians dig the roots, pound them in a mortar, and suspend them in coarse cloth, pour water on them, and wash them: the sediment which passes through with the water is left to subside; the waThe land is generally rich, well watered, and ter is then poured off, and the sediment is baked lies well, as a waving country, for cultivation; the into cakes, or made into gruel sweetened with hogrowth of timber, oak, hickory, and the short leaf ney. This briar is called Coonte, and the bread pine, pea vine on the hill sides and in the bottoms, made of it Coontetucaliga, and is an important and a late (or autumnal) broad leaf grass on the article of food among the hunters. In the old Fichest land-the whole a very desirable country.beaver ponds, and in thick boggy places, they Below the falls of these two rivers the land is have the bog potatoe, a small root used as food in broken or waving, the streams are some of them years of scarcity. margined with oak woods, and all of them with cane or reed. The uplands of Ocmulgee are pine forest; the swamp wide and rich; the whole fine for stock. On its right bank, below the old Uchee path, there is some light pine barren, with some Fight Palmeo grass. The country above the falls of Ocmulgee and Flint rivers is low and broken, as that of the other rivers. These have their sources above each || other, on the left side of Chatahouchee, in open fiat land, the soil stiff, the trees post and black oak, and small. The Okefaunocau is the source of St. Mary's and Little St. Johns, called by the Indians Sau-wau-he. It is sometimes called Ecunfinocau, from Ecunau earth, and finocau quivering; the first is the most common among the Creeks-it is from Ocka, a Chactau word for water and fire; Ocau, quivering. This is a very extensive swamp, and much of it a bog; so much so, that a little motion will make the mud and water quiver to a great distance- Fant River has also below its falls some rich swamp for not more than 20 miles: its left bank is then poor, with pine flats and ponds, down within fifteen miles of its confluence with Chata-hence the name is given. houchee. These fifteen miles are waving, with some good oak land in small veins. On its right bank there are several large creeks which rise out g is always hard in Creek. Ho-eth-le-poie Tus-tun-ug-go Thlucco, an Indian who resided in it many years, says, "that Little St. John's may be ascended far into the swamp, but that it is not practicable to go far up the St. Mary's, as it loses itself in the swamp; The land bordering on the swamps, and for a that there is one ridge on the west side of St. mile back, is a poor stiff clay, the growth pine John's, and three on the east; the growth pine, and under-brush; back of this, broken pine barlive and white oak the soil good; the lakes ren, the cypress ponds, and veins of reeds in the abound in fish and alligators; on the ridges, and branches-the range said to be a fine one for catin the swamps, there were a great many bear, tle. The settlement of Tensau borders on the deer, and tigers-he lived on the ridge west of St. Mobile and Alabama of the left side-on the same John's, and was, with his family, very healthy. side of Alabama, 50 miles above its confluence Being unwilling to take part in the revolutionary with Tombigbee, the high broken lands comwar between the United States and Great Britain,mence and extend for sixty or seventy miles uphe moved there out of the way of it; was well wards, and abound in places with large cedar. pleased with his situation, and should have continued to reside there, but for the beasts of prey, which destroyed his cattle and horses-he could walk round the swamp in five days." The land between Alabama and Ko-en-e-cuh below the plains, is broken or waving, the soil stiff, very red in places and gravelly for 30 miles, then stiff pine barren. Limestone, a creek which The land between Chatahouchee and Alabama enters the Alabama, has some good broken land, bordering on the southern boundary of the United with limestone, which gives name to the creek. States, is better than that on the east side of Flint | At its source, there is a fine body of land, called River. The Ko-en-e-cuh rises between these two the "Dog Wood," the growth, oak, chesnut, rivers, and makes the bay Escambia at Pensacola. poplar, pine and dogwood. This vein of land is Between Ko-en-e-cuh and Chatahouchee the land twenty miles in length and eight broad-the dogis broken or waving; the ridge dividing their wa-wood is very thick set, some of them large, ten ters has high flats of light land, well set with wil- inches diameter the whole finely watered. low-leafed hickory, and iron ore in places: all the streams have reed or cane on their margins. This country has the appearance of being a healthy one, and a fine range for cattle, hogs and horses. The pine flats have the wire grass, and in some places the saw palmeto. The soil of the waving, foam of stiff and red, with stone on the ridges-the pine land, stiff generally and pretty good for corn. Talapocsa from its falls near Tookabatchee to its confluence with Coosa, about thirty miles, has some good flat land. The broken land terminates on its right bank, and the good land spreads out on its left. There are several fine creeks on this side, which have their source in the ridge dividing these waters from Ko-en-e-cuh-the land bordering on them is rich, the timber large, and cane abundant. This good land extends to the || Alabama, and down it for thirty miles, including the plains. These are seventeen miles through, going parallel to Alabama S. 20 W. They are waving, hill and dale, and appear divided into fields. In the fields the grass is short, no brush; the soil in places is a lead color, yellow underneath within the abode of the ants, and very stiff. In the wooded parts, the growth is generally Postoak, and very large, without any under-brush, beautifully set in clumps. Here the soil is dark clay, covered with long grass and weeds, which indicate a rich soil, an observation that applies to the fields. In the centre, the land is poorest, the grass shortest, and it rises gradually to the wooded margins where it is tall, and the land apparently good.-Four large creeks meander through the plains to Alabama. They all have broad margins of stiff level rich land, well wooded and abounding with cane. There is, notwithstanding these creeks, a scarcity of water in the dry season; all the creeks were dry in 1799, and not a spring of water to be found. Coosa has its source high up in the Cherokee county-E-tow-woh and Oos-ten-au-leh, are its main branches. The land on these rivers is rich, and abounds with limestone. Sixty miles above the confluence of Coosa with Tallapoosa, there is a high waving limestone country, settled by the Indians of Coosa, Au-be-con-che, Nau-che and Eufau-lau-hat-che. The settlements are generally on rich flats of oak, hickory, poplar, walnut and Mulberry-the springs are fine; cane on the creeks, and reed on branches; the surrounding country broken and gravelly. The land fit for culture is generally the margins of the creeks, or the waving slopes from the high broken land. Throughout the whole of this country, there is but little fruit of any kind; in some of the rich flats, there are sour grapes and muscadines. The small cluster grape of the hills is destroyed by fire, and the persimmon, haw and chesnut, by the hatchet; a few blackberries in the old fields, haws on the poor sand hills, and strawberries thinly seattered; but not a goosberry, raspberry, or currant, in the land. The traveller in passing through a country as extensive and wild as this, and as much in a state of nature, expects to see game in abundance. The whole ofthe Creek claims, the Seminoles inclusive, cover three hundred miles square, and it is difficult for a good hunter in passing through it in any direction, to obtain enough for his support. NATURAL WONDERS. It is very surprizing that two of the greatest natural curiosities in the world, are within the United States, and yet scarcely known to the best informed of our geographers and naturalists. The one is a beautiful water fall, in Franklin county, Ceorgia; the other a stupendous precipice in Pendleton district, South-Carolina. They are both faintly mentioned in the late edition of Morse's geography, but not as they merit. The Tuccoa fall is much higher than the falls of Niaga ra. Alabama is margined with cane swamps; and those, in places, with flats of good land, or pine flats. The swamps at the confluence with Tombigbee, and below on the Mobile are low, and The column of water is propelled beautifully subject to be overflowed every spring. Above, over a perpendicular rock, and when the stream is it is of great width, intersected with lakes slashes || full, it passes down the steep without being broand crooked drains, and much infested with mis-ken. All the prismatic effect seen at Niagara, ilquetoes. The people who cultivate this swamp || lustrates the spray of Tuccoa. never attempt to fence it, as the annual freshes The Table-mountain in Pendleton district, always in the spring rise from 3 to 10 feet over it. Il South-Carolina, is an awful precipice of 900 feet. VOL. L.] 111 To which is to be added the interest and charges Surplus of grants, Customs and excise war taxes, Bank allowance, Many persons reside within five, seven, or ten 1816, How strange is it that the Tuccoa fall and Table mountain are not more familiar to Americans? Either of them would distinguish any state or empire in Europe!-Philud. True Amer. 1,548,000 6,214,000 6,017,000 14,265,000 14,382,000 1,079,000 1,100,000 By treaty of subsidy of 28th August, 1815, between his majesty the king of Great Britain and the government of Hanover, the former agrees to pay the latter 1. 11 2 0 sterling each for 26,000 men. POPULATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. From late London Papers. The following statistical facts we have copied from the, London Monthly Magazine, for March, 1816. They are taken from official papers and are very interesting. From the note at the foot During the war of 1756, it was disputed between it will be found that the custom of the German princes, selling their subjects, is not yet abolish- Brackenridge and Foster, whether the people had ed. The king of Great Britain contracts with increased or diminished, and what was their ahimself, as elector of Hanover, to furnish for the mount? but without any decision. During the colonial war, Dr. Price reviewed the same quesarmy of Great Britain, 26,000 Hanoverians, at Frederick the great has tion, but was more successfully opposed; he insisti. 11 20 per head. the opponents truly said that when "monarchs play for provin-ed, that there could not be more than 5,000,000 of inhabitants in England and Wales; ces, men are but counters." showed from very sufficient documents, that there were in England and Wales, upwards of 8,447,000 1. 9,300,000 souls. These contrarieties of opinion were at 680,000 length settled by the parliamentary enumeration 258,000 of 1891, which, in opposition to the doctrine of Dr. 2,000,000 Price, found in England and Wales 9,340,000 souls; but, did the population continue to in7. 12,238,000 crease during the subsequent war? Yes; as the 7,000,000 people had continued to multiply during the wars 2,000,000 of 1756, and 1775, so did they multiply during the 2.500,000 war of 1803; for the parlamentary enumeration 1,000,000 of 1811, found in England and Wales 10,150,615. The state of the inhabitants of Scotland, at successive periods, gives the same results; in 1801 the enumeration found 1,618,303 souls in that country; the enumeration in 1811 found 1,805,000.The same observation equally applies to Irelandthe population of Ireland when the union was formed, in 1801, was supposed to be 4,000,000; 4,660,000 by the late imperfect enumeration in 1814, it appeared that Ireland contained nearly 6,000,000 of 7. 29,398,000 people. It is a fact then, that the people of the 2,910,354 united kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland have increased, during the late long wars, to 17,208,918 1. 26,487,646 souls, and continue to increase and multiply. PUBLIC OPINION. The Abbe de Pradt, ex-archbishop of Mechlin, has published a new work at Paris, which he entitles, Du Congres de Vienna. The following are some extracts from this production: to the name of David the following titles: Friend "It was not the coalition that dethroned me-it wus liberal ideas, said Napoleon, on setting off for the Isle of Elba. Princes, nations, listen! your respective destinies are alike involved in these words, because they are those of a man unequalled perhaps in sagacity, because they are those of Naval Anecdote.-On board of Decatur's ship was a little boy, about nine years old. He was not a man, who, having never been equalled in self love, would never have made such an acknow-considered one of the regular crew; but he sharledgment but from the conviction of the irremedied the mess of a generous sailor, who had two years before taken him from his widowed mother. able consequences of his errors. I have sinned against liberal ideas, and I die. Such was the The spirit of his father who had also been a seatestament, the amende honorable of the greatest and little ones on the shoals of poverty. man had long since gone aloft, and left his wife warrior, the most powerful monarch that ever appeared on the earth; he overthrew with impunity every thing, kings and nations; he quarrelled with liberal ideas, and he died. Recognise after this force of civilization, the tendency of your age, the spirit which impels and regulates every thing, you who, under whatever title, govern or teach men; for the question relates to power, whether in the hands of princes or professors. Look narrowly to what you do as well as to what you say; for now-a-days there can be no blunder without important consequences. "A new power has started up in every country, which is called public opinion, from the empire of which no person can withdraw himself, and to whose tribunal governments themselves instantly appeal; for there is not one of their acts that is not a petition, or rather an appeal to that power, which bears gently along those who go with the stream, but which engulphs, as in a torrent, all those who make head against it. It is this power which has introduced into Europe a change that, by consolidating all those changes which had been already effected, will give an opening to many others. It is evidently its work. . "In future it will be as impossible to establish an error amongst nations as to their true interests as to maintain an error in geometry. The people have acquired the knowledge of a fact so sure and so delicate, that should governments place their foot on a wrong reed, the people will instantly draw back, and make of retreat and of silence their language and their lesson. It is a great error to suppose that people consent because they are silent; wait an instant, and you will see that it is then their reclamations are loudest. hands were clearing ship for action, the little felWhen the Macedonian hove in sight and all low stepped up to Com. Decatur-" and it please down on the roll." And what for my lad? inquiryou captain, said he, I wish my name to be put ed the commodore. "So that I can draw a share of the prize money sir," answered he. Pleased with the spirit and confident courage of the little hero, his name was ordered on the list; but the moment was too important to say more. After the prize was taken Decatur thought of Bill, said he, we have taken her, and your share the little sailor boy, and called him up.-"Well of the prize money, if we get her safe in, may be about two hundred dollars; what will you do with it?" "I'll send one half to my mother, sir, and the other half shall send me to school." That's noble," cried the commodore, delighted with the spirit of the lad, took him under his immediate protection, and obtained for him the birth of a midshipman. Every attention has been paid to his education, and he gives great promise of making an accomplished officer. THE AMPHICTYONS OF GREECE. The famous national council of the Amphyctions or Diet of Greece, was first assembled in Thessaly, near the streights of Thermopyla, and from the place was called Pylæa, and the members Pylagore. But Acrisius, king of Argos, afterwards either removed this, or constituted a new one at Delphi in Phocis; which lying in the middle of Greece, the delegates of the twelve cities, which composed this assembly, were more easily convened upon any emergent occasion. Their usual times of meeting were every spring their business was to decide the quarrels and difand autumn, or oftener if necessity required; and ferences that happened between any of their cior commonwealths. Their authority was very great, and their determinations held so inviolable, that those who rejected them were proceeded against as the common enemies of Greece. ties "It is equally certain that nations are not be come more difficult to govern by being more enlightened; they will merely insist on being governed in a different way. Do not propose the same thing to the learned and the unlearned: do not put the same bridle on the wild colt that you would on the courser, which has been taught to measure all his steps. In order to govern nations which have enlightened ideas, you inust govern them by enlightened ideas-if you do not, theyhis was looked upon as a very necessary instituwill be refractory." TITLES. tion among a people made up of so many different states, and jarring interests, and the best, if not the only expedient to cultivate a good understanding among themselves, and to proceed with vigor and resolution against their enemies. The The Indian prince, who lately arrived at War-constitution of the United States, which may truly saw, and who has proved himself to be the son and successor of the emperor of Aracan, goes under the name of Solomon Justini Balsamin. His father adds be stiled imperium in imperio, bears a nearer resemblance to the Amphictionic council than to any compact recorded in history. |