navigation, and the resources for our maritime defence.

In conformity with the articles of the treaty of Ghent, relating to the Indians, as well as with a view to the tranquility of our western and northwestern frontiers, measures were taken to establish an immediate peace with the several tribes who had been engaged in hostili ties against the United States. Such of them as were invited to Detroit acceded readily to a renewal of the former treaties of friendship. Of|| the other tribes who were invited to a station || on the Mississippi, the greater number have also accepted the peace offered to them. The residue, consisting of the more distant tribes or parts of tribes, remain to be brought over by further explanations, or by such other means as may be adapted to the disposition they may finally disclose.

The Indian tribes within, and bordering on our southern frontier, whom a cruel war on their part had compelled us to chastise into peace, have latterly shewn a restlessness, which | has called for preparatory measures for repres sing it, and for protecting the commissioners engaged in carrying the terms of the peace into

execution.

case of those officers, whose names are not included in it, devolves, with the strongest interest, upon the legislative authority, for such provision as shall be deemed the best calculated to give support and solace to the veteran and invalid; to display the beneficence, as well as the justice of the government; and to inspire a martial zeal for the public service, upon every future emergency.

Although the embarrassments arising from the want of an uniform national currency have not been diminished, since the adjournment of congress, great satisfaction has been derived, in contemplating the revival of the public credit, and the efficiency of the public resources. The receipts into the Treasury, from the various branches of revenue, during the nine months ending on the 30th of September last, have been estimated at twelve millions and a half of dollars: the issues of Treasury Notes of every denomination, during the same period, amounted to the sum of fourteen millions of dollars: and there was also obtained upon loan, during the same period, a sum of nine millions of dollars: of which the sum of six millions of dollars was subscribed in cash, and the sum of three millions of dollars in Treasury Notes. The execution of the act for fixing the mili- With these means, added to the sum of one tary peace establishment, has been attended million and a half of dollars, being the balance with difficulties which even now can only be of money in the Treasury on the 1st of Januaovercome by legislative aid. The selection of ry, there has been paid, between the 1st of Janofficers; the payment and discharge of the uary and the 1st of October, on account of the troops enlisted for the war; the payment of the appropriations of the preceding and of the preretained troops, and their re union from de- sent year, (exclusively of the amount of the tached and distant stations; the collection and Treasury Notes subscribed to the loan, and the security of the public property, in the quarter- amount redeemned in the payment of duties and master, commissary, and ordnance depart- taxes) the aggregate sum of thirty-three millions ments; and the constant medical assistance re- and a half of dollars, leaving a balance then in quired in hospitals and garrisons, rendered a the Treasury estimated at the sum of three milcomplete execution of the act impracticable onlions of dollars. Independent, however, of the the first of May, the period more immediately arrearages due for military services and supcontemplated. As soon, however, as circum-plies, it is presumed, that a further sum of five stances would permit, and as far as it has been millions of dollars, including the interest on practicable, consistently with the public inter. the public debt payable on the 1st of January ests, the reduction of the army has been ac- next, will be demanded at the Treasury to complished; but the appropriations for its pay, || complete the expenditures of the present year, and for other branches of the military service, and for which the existing ways and means having proved inadequate, the earliest atten- will sufficiently provide. tion to that subject will be necessary; and the expediency of continuing upon the peace establishment, the staff officers who have hitherto been provisionally retained, is also recommended to the consideration of Congress.

In the performance of the executive duty upon this occasion, there has not been wanting a just sensibility to the merits of the American army, during the late war: but the obvious policy and design in fixing an efficient military peace establishment, did not afford an opportunity to distinguish the aged and infirm, on account of their past services; nor the wounded and disabled, on account of their present sufferings. The extent of the reduction indeed unavoidably involved the exclusion of many meritorious officers of every rank, from the service of their country; and so equal, as well as so numerons, were the claims to attention, that a decision by the standard of comparative merit, could seldom be attained. Judged, however, in candor, by a general standard of positive merit, the Army Register will, it is believcd, do honor to the establishment; while the

The national debt, as it was ascertained on the 1st of October last, amounted in the whole to the sum of one hundred and twenty millions of dollars, consisting of the unredeemed balance of the debt contracted before the late war. (thirty nine millions of dollars) the amount of the funded debt contracted in consequence of the war, (sixty four millions of dollars) and the amount of the unfunded and floating debt (including the various issues of Treasury Notes) seventeen millions of dollars, which is in a gradual course of payment. There will, probably, be some addition to the public debt, upon the liquidation of various claims, which are depending; and a conciliatory disposition on the part of Congress may lead honourably and advantageously to an equitable arrangement of the militia expences, incurred by the several states, without the previous sanction or authority of the government of the United States: But, when it is considered that the new, as well as the old, portion of the debt has been contracted in the assertion of the national rights and independence; and when it is recollected,

that the public expenditures, not being exclu- the safe-guard of a free state. If experience sively bestowed upon subjects of a transient na- has shewn in the late splended achievements of ture, will long be visible in the number and militia, the value of this resource for the public equipments of the American navy, in the mili-defence, it has shewn, also, the importance of tary works for the defence of our harbours and that skill in the use of arms, and that familiarour frontiers, and in the supplies of our arse-ity with the essential rules of discipline, which nals and magazines; the amount will bear a cannot be expected from the regulations now gratifying comparison with the objects which || in force. With this subject is intimately conhave been attained, as well as with the resour- nected the necessity of accommodating the ces of the country. laws, in every respect, to the great object of enabling the political authority of the union, to employ, promptly and effectually, the physi cal power of the union, in the cases designated by the constitution.

The signal services which have been render. ed by our navy, and the capacities it has developed for successful co-operation in the national defence, will give to that portion of the public force, its full value in the eyes of Congress, at an epoch which calls for the constant vigilance of all governments. To preserve the ships now in a sound state; to complete those already contemplated; to provide amply the unperishable materials for prompt augmentations, and to improve the existing arrangements into more advantageous establishments, for the construction, the repairs, and the security of vessels of war, is dictated by the soundest policy.

The arrangement of the finances, with a view to the receipts and expenditures of a permanent peace establishment, will necessarily enter into the deliberations of Congress during the present session. It is true that the improved condition of the public revenue will not only afford the means of maintaining the faith of the government with its creditors inviolate, and of prosecuting, successfully, the measures of the|| most liberal policy; but will, also, justify an immediate alleviation of the burthens imposed by the necessities of the war. It is, however, essential to every modification of the finances, that the benefits of an uniform national currency should be restored to the community. The absence of the precious metals will, it is believed, be a temporary evil; but, until they can be again rendered the general medium of exchange, it devolves on the wisdom of Congress, to provide a substitute, which shall equally engage the confidence, and accommodate the wants, of the citizens throughout the union. If the operation of the state banks cannot produce this result, the probable operation of a national bank will merit considera-individuals the application of their industry and tion; and, if neither of these expedients be deemed effectual, it may become necessary to ascertain the terms upon which the notes of the government, (no longer required as an instrument of credit) shall be issued, upon motives of general policy, as a common medium of

circulation.

Notwithstanding the security for future repose, which the United States ought to find in their love of peace, and their constant respect for the rights of other nations, the character of the times particularly inculcates the lesson, that, whether to prevent or repel danger, we ought not to be unprepared for it. This consideration will sufficiently recommend to Congress a liberal provision for the immediate extension, and gradual completion, of the works of defence, both fixed and floating, on our maritime frontier; and an adequate provision for guarding our inland frontier, against dangers to which certain portions of it may continue to be exposed.

In adjusting the duties on imports, to the object of revenue, the influence of the tariff on manufactures, will necessarily present itself for consideration. However wise the theory may be, which leaves to the sagacity and interest of

resources, there are in this, as in other cases, exceptions to the general rule. Besides the condition which the theory itself implies, of a reciprocal adoption by other nations, experience teaches that so many circumstances must occur in introducing and maturing manufacturing establishments, especially of the more complicated kinds, that a country may remain long without them, although sufficiently advanced, and in some respects even peculiarly fitted for carrying them on with success. Under circumstances giving a powerful impulse to manufacturing industry, it has made among us a progress, and exhibited an efficiency, which justify the belief, that with a protection not more than is due to the enterprising citizens whose interests are now at stake, it will become, at an early day, not only safe against occasional competitions from abroad, but a source of domestic wealth, and even of external commerce. In selecting the branches more especially entitled to the public patronage, a preference is obviousAs an improvement on our military estably claimed by such as will relieve the United lishment, it will deserve the consideration of Congress, whether a corps of invalids might not be so organized and employed, as at once to aid in the support of meritorious individuals, excluded by age or infirmities, from the exist ing establishment, and to preserve to the pub lic, the benefit of their stationary services, and of their exemplary discipline. I recommend, also, an enlargement of the military academy, already established, and the establishment of others in other sections of the union. And I cannot press too much on the attention of Congress, such a classification and organization of the militia, as will most effectually render it

States from a dependence on foreign supplies, ever subject to casual failures, for articles necessary for the public defence, or connected with the primary wants of individuals. It will be an additional recommendation of particular manufactures, where the materials for them are extensively drawn from our agriculture, and consequently impart and ensure to that great fund of national prosperity and independence, an encouragement which cannot fail to be re warded.

Among the means of advancing the public interest, the occasion is a proper one for recallling the attention of congress to the great im

Under other aspects of our country, the strongest features of its flourishing condition are seen. in a population rapidly increasing, on a territory as productive as it is extensive; in a general industry, and fertile ingenuity, which find their ample rewards; and in an affluent revenue, which admits a reduction of the public burthens, without withdrawing the means of sustaining the public credit, of gradually discharg

saly defensive and precautionary establishments; and of patronizing in every authorised mode, undertakings conducive to the aggre. gate wealth and individual comfort of our citi

zens.

portance of establishing throughout our country the roads and canals which can best be executed, under the national authority. No ob jects within the circle of political economy so richly repay the expense bestowed on them; there are none, the utility of which is more universally ascertained and acknowledged; none that do more honor to the government, whose wise and enlarged patriotism duly appre ciates them. Nor is there any country whiching the public debt, of providing for the neces presents a field, where Nature invites more the art of man, to complete her own work for his accommodation and benefit. These considerations are strengthened, moreover, by the political effect of these facilities for intercommunication, in bringing and binding more close- It remains for the guardians of the public ly together the various parts of our extended welfare, to persevere in that justice and good confederacy. Whilst the states, individually, will towards other nations, which invite a rewith a laudable enterprize and emulation, avail turn of these sentiments towards the United themselves of their local advantages, by new States; to cherish institutions which guarantee roads, by navigable canals, and by improving their safety, and their liberties, civil and reli the streams susceptible of navigation, the ge- ||gious; and to combine with a liberal system of neral government is the more urged to similar foreign commerce, an improvement of the naundertakings, requiring a national jurisdiction, || tural advantages, and a protection and extenand national means, by the prospect of thus sion of the independent resources of our highly systematically completing so inestimable a favoured and happy country. work. And it is a happy reflection, that any In all measures having such objects, my defect of constitutional authority, which may faithful co-opperation will be afforded be encountered, can be supplied in a mode JAMES MADISON. which the constitution itself has providently pointed out.

Washington, Dec. 5, 1815.

TREATY WITH ALGIERS.

JAMES MADISON,

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

To all and singular to whom these presents shall come, greeting:

WHEREAS a Treaty of Peace and Amity, between the United States of America and His Highness Omar Bashaw, Dey of Algiers, was concluded at Algiers, on the thirtieth day of June last, by Ste

The present is a favourable season also for bringing again into view the establishment of a national seminary of learning within the District of Columbia, and with means drawn from the property therein subject to the author ity of the general government. Such an institution claims the patronage of Congress, as a monument of their solicitude for the advancement of knowledge, without which the blessings of liberty cannot be fully enjoyed, or long preserved; as a model instructive in the formation of other seminaries; as a nursery of enlightened preceptors; as a central resort of youth and genius from every part of their country, diffusing on their return examples of those national feelings, those liberal sentiments, and those congenial manners, which contri-phen Decatur and William Shaler, Citibute cement to our union and strength to the zens of the United States, on the part of great political fabric, of which that is the foun- the United States, and the said Omar Badation. shaw, Dey of Algiers, and was duly signIn closing this communication, I ought noted and sealed by the said Parties, which to repress a sensibility, in which you will unite, to the happy lot of our country, and to the Treaty is in the words following, to wit: goodness of a superintending Providence to which we are indebted for it. Whilst other portions of mankind are laboring under the distresses of war, or struggling with adversity in other forms, the United States are in the tranquil enjoyment of prosperous and honore. ble peace. In reviewing the scenes through which it has been attained, we can rejoice in the proofs given, that our political institutions, founded in human rights, and framed for their preservation, are equal to the severest trials of war, as well as adapted to the ordinary periods of repose. As fruits of this experience, and of the reputation acquired by the American arms, on the land and on the water, the nations finds itself possessed of a growing respect abroad, and of a just confidence in itself, which are among the best pledges for its peaceful career.

Treaty of Peace and Amity concluded be-
tween the United States of America, and
His Highness Omar Bashaw, Dey of
Algiers.

ARTICLE I.

There shall be, from the conclusion of this treaty, affirm inviolable and universal peace and friendship between the President and the citizens of the United States of America, on the one part, and the Dey and subjects of the Regency of Algiers in Barbary on the other, made by the free consent of both parties, on the terms of the most favored nations: and if either party shall hereafter grant to any other nation any parti cular favor or privilege in navigation or conmerce, it shall immediately become common to the other party, freely, when it is freely

granted to such other nations; but when the grant is conditional, it shall be at the option of the contracting parties to accept, alter, or reject such conditions, in such manner as shall be most conductive to their respective interests.

ARTICLE II.

besides the rowers; these only shall be permit ted to go on board without first obtaining leave from the commander of said vessel, who shall compare the passport, and immediately permit said vessel to proceed on her voyage; and should any of the subjects of Algiers insult or It is distinctly understood between the con- molest the commander or any other person on tracting parties, that no tribute, either as bien-board a vessel so visited, or plunder any of the nial presents, or under any other form of name whatever, shall ever be required by the Dey and Regency of Algiers from the United States of America, on any pretext whatever

ARTICLE III.,

The Dey of Algiers shall cause to be imme diately delivered up to the American Squadron, now off Algiers, all the American Citizens, now in his possession, amounting to ten more or less, and all the subjects of the Dey of Algiers, now in possession of the United States, amounting to 500 more or less, shall be delivered up to him, the United States, according to the usages of civilized nations, requiring no ran som for the excess of prisoners in their favor.

ARTICLE IV.

A just and full compensation shall be made by the Dey of Algiers, to such citizens of the United States, as have been captured and detained by Algerine Cruizers, or who have been forced to abandon their property in Algiers in violation of the twenty-second article of the treaty of peace and amity, concluded between the United States and the Dey of Algiers, on the 5th of September, 1795

And it is agreed between the contracting parties, that in lieu of the above, the Dey of Algiers, shall cause to be delivered forthwith into the hands of the American Consul, residing at Algiers, the whole of a quantity of bales of cotton, left by the late consul general of the United States, in the public Magazines in Algiers, and that he shall pay into the hands of the said Consul the sum of 10,000 Spanish dollars.

ARTICLE V.

If any goods belonging to any nation with which either of the parties are at war, should be loaded on board vessels belonging to the other party, they shall pass free and unmolested, and no attempts shall be made to take or detain them.

ARTICLE VI.

property contained in her, on complaint being made by the consul of the United States residing in Algiers, and on his producing sufficient proof to substantiate the fact, the commander or Rais of said Algerine ship or vessel of war, as well as the offenders, shall be punished in the most exemplary manner.

All vessels of war, belonging to the United States of America, on meeting a cruizer belonging to the regency of Algiers, on having seen her passports and certificates from the consul of the United States, residing in Algiers, shall permit her to proceed on her cruize unmolested, and without detention. No passports shall be granted by either party to any vessels, but such as are absolutely the property of citizens or subjects of the said contracting parties, on any pretence whatever.

ARTICLE VIII.

A citizen or subject of either of the contracting parties, having bought a prize vessel condemned by the other party, or by any other nation, the certificates of condemnation and bill of sale shall be a sufficient passport for such vessel for six months, which, considering the distance between the two countries, is no more than a reasonable time for her to procure proper passports.

ARTICLE X.

Vessels of either of the contracting parties, putting into the ports of the other, and having need of provisions or other supplies, shall be furnished at the market price, and if any vessel should so put in from a distance at sea, and have occasion to repair, she shall be at li berty to land, and re-embark her cargo, without paying any customs or duties whatever, but in no case shall she be compelled to land her cargo.

ARTICLE X.

Should a vessel of either of the contracting parties be cast on shore within the territories of the other, all proper assistance shall be given to her crew; no pillage shall be allowed. The property shall remain at the disposal of the owners; and if re-shipped on board of any vessel for exportation, no customs or duties whatever shall be required to be paid thereon, and the crew shall be protected and succoured, until they can be sent to their own country.

If any citizen or subjects with their effects belonging to either party shall be found on board a prize vessel taken from an enemy by the other party, such citizens or subjects shall be liberated immediately, and in no case, on any other pretence whatever, shall any American citizen be kept in captivity or confinement, or the property of any American citi zens, found on board of any vessel belonging to any other nation with which Algiers may If a vessel of either of the contracting parties be at war, be detained from its lawful owners shall be attacked by an enemy within connon after the exhibition of sufficient proofs of Amer-shot of the forts of the other, she shall be proican citizenship and of American property by the Consul of the U. States, residing at Agiers

ARTICLE VII,

Proper passports shall immediately be given to the vessels of both the contracting parties, on condition that the vessels of war, belonging to the regency of Algiers, on meeting with merchant vessels belonging to the citizens of the United States of America, shall not be permit ted to visit them with more than two persons

ARTICLE XI.

tected as much as is possible. If she be in port, she shall not be seized or attacked, when it is in the power of the other party to protect her; and, when she proceeds to sea, no enemy shall be permitted to pursue her from the same port, within twenty-four hours after her departure.

ARTICLE XII.

The commerce between the United States of America and the Regency of Algiers, the protections to be given to merchants, masters of vessels.

and seamen, the reciprocal rights of establishing consuls in each country, and the privileges, immunities and jurisdictions to be enjoyed by such consuls are declared to be on the same footing in every respect with the most favoured nations respectively.

ARTICLE XIII.

ARTICLE XIV.

||

rank for rank; and it is agreed that prisoners shall be exchanged in twelve months after their capture, and the exchange may be effected by any private individual, legally authorised by either of the parties.

ARTICLE XVIII.

If any of the Barbary States or other powers The consul of the United States of America at war with the United States, shall capture any shall not be responsible for the debts contracted || American vessel and send into any port of the by citizens of his own nation, unless he previous- Regency of Algiers, they shall not be permitted ly gives written obligations so to do. to sell her, but shall be forced to depart the port, on procuring the requisite supply of provisions; but the vessels of war of the United States, with any prizes they may capture from their enemies, shall have liberty to frequent the ports of Algiers, for refreshment of any kinds, and to sell such prizes, in the said ports, without any other customs, or duties, than such as are customary on ordinary commercial importations.

On a vessel or vessels of war, belonging to the United States, anchoring before the city of Algiers, the consul is to inform the Dey of her arrival, when she shall receive the salutes which are by treaty or custom given to the ships of war of|| the most favoured nations, on similar occasions, and which shall be returned gun for gun; and if after such arrival, so announced, any christians whatsoever, captives in Algiers, make their escape and take refuge on board any of the ships of war, they shall not be required back again, nor shall the consul of the United States, or commander of said ships, be required to pay any thing for the said christians.

ARTICLE XV.

As the government of the United States of America has itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility of any nation, and as the said states have never entered into any voluntary war or act of hostility, except in defence of their just rights on the high seas, it is declared by the contracting parties, that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two nations; and the consuls and agents of both nations shall have liberty to celebrate the rites of their respective religions in their own houses.

The consuls respectively shall have liberty and personal security given them to travel within the territories of each other, both by land and sea, and shall not be prevented from going on board any vessels they may think proper to visit; they shall likewise have the liberty to appoint their own drogoman and broker.

ARTICLE XVI.

In case of any dispute arising from the violation of any of the articles of this treaty, no appeal shall be made to arms, nor shall war be declared on any pretext whatever; but if the consul residing at the place where the dispute shall happen, shall not be able to settle the same, the government of that country shall state their grievance in writing, and transmit the same to the government of the other, and the period of three months shall be allowed for answers to be returned, during which time no act of hostility shall be permitted by either party; and in case the grievances are not redressed, and a war should be the event, the consuls and citizens and subjects of both parties respectively, shall be permitted to embark with their effects unmolested, on board of what vessel or vessels they shall think proper, reasonable time being allowed for that purpose.

ARTICLE XVII.

ARTICLE XIX.

If any of the citizens of the United States, or any persons under their protection, shall have any disputes with each other, the consul shall decide between the parties, and whenever the consul shall require any aid or assistance from the government of Algiers to enforce his decisions, it shall be immediately granted to him; and if any disputes shall arise between any citizens of the United States and the citizens or subjects of any other nation having a consul or agent in Algiers, such disputes shall be settled by the consuls or agents of the respective nations; and any disputes or suits at law that may take place between any citizens of the United States and the subjects of the Regency of Algiers, shall be decided by the Dey in person, and no other.

ARTICLE XX.

If a citizen of the United States should kill, wound, or strike a subject of Algiers, or, on the contrary, a subject of Algiers should kill, wound or strike a citizen of the United States, the law of the country shall take place, and equal justice shall be rendered, the consul assisting at the trial; but the sentence of punishment against an American citizen shall not be greater or more severe, than it would be against a Turk in the same predicament; and if any delinquent should make his escape, the consul shall not be responsible for him in any manner whatever.

ARTICLE XXI.

The consul of the United States of America shall not be required to pay any customs or duties whatever on any thing he imports from a foreign country for the use of his house and family.

ARTICLE XXII.

Should any of the citizens of the United States of America die within the limits of the Regency of Algiers, the Dey and his subjects shall not interfere with the property of the deceased, but it shall be under the immediate direction of the consul, unless otherwise disposed of by will. Should there be no consul, the effects shall be deposited in the hands of some person worthy of trust until the party shall appear who has a right to demand them, when they shall render an account of the property, neither shall the Dey or his subjects give hindrance in the execution of any will that may appear.

If in the course of events, a war should break out between the two nations, the prisoners captured by either party shall not be made slaves, Now, therefore, be it known, that I, they shall not be forced to hard labour, or other confinement than such as may be necessary to seJAMES MADISON, President of the United cure their safe keeping, and shall be exchanged "States of America, having seen and consi