mind of every American until the remembrance || shall be erased by ample expiation. Resolved, That the asser ion of the exclusive right to navigate any part of the high seas, set up by the officers of Spain, is as ridiculous as it is insotent, and if not abandoned ought to be resisted with the whole force of the nation for assassination. But thank God we were saved P. S. It would be well for our government to examine the validity of the right assumed by the Spanish King to the exclusive navigation of the Mex can Gulph. Their declarations show what they would do if they were backed by courage and force. Resolved, That should a recourse be had to arms procure satisfaction for these injuries and insults, we will cheerfully incur the risks and make the sacrifices incident to such a state of things, and hereby pledge ourselves to our government to support the measures they may think fit to adopt on that subject. Resolved, That the king of Spain, in demanding of the United States, through his minister, Don Onis, a cession of part of the territory of the state of Louisiana, evinced as well a disposition to find pretexts for hostility with the United States, as an utter disregard for the solemn obligation of treaties, and that we never will consent to the surren der of any portion of our fellow citizens to tue dominion of corruption, cruelty, and superstition. Resolved, That a committee be appointed to transmit these resolutions to the president of the United States, together with a respectful address, declaring our readiness to support him in such measures as he may adopt to obt: in satisfaction for the late violation of our flag; and Messrs. || Duncan, Grymes, and Davezac are appointed said committee. New Orleans, Sept. 18. Under a free and popular form of government like ours, it is the high privilege of the citizen to form and express his opinions in all trying emergencies; and the government itself is bound to regard the public sentiment, and in some measure to direct its operations in conformity to it. There is little doubt that, in consequence of an unexampled outrage upon the national flag and the measures of retaliation adopted by the naval commander on the New Orleans station, that our country is on the eve of a war. It is proposed Resolved, That it is our opinion that the comtherefore, that a meeting of the citizens of Newmanding naval officer on this station ought to proOrleans be held on Thursday at 12 o'clock, atceed to take immediate satisfaction for the insult Maspero's Coffee House, in order to express in offered to a vessel under his command, and to a respectful address to the executive of the Unit- the flag of his country; and that if he should ed States, our indignation at the outrage upon have taken steps to inflict a prompt and adequate our flag, and our readiness to support the govern- punishment upon the authors, we highly approve ment in such measures as it may take in order to the same, and feel the greatest confidence that obtain satisfaction for the same. his doing so will meet the approbation of his government and his countrymen in all parts of the union. [Louisiana Gaz. PETER K. WAGNER, appointed secretary. The objects for which the meeting was called having been briefly stated, the following resolutions were moved, and the sense of the meeting having been separately taken upon them, they were carried unanimously, with the exception of the last, which, however, was adopted by a very large majority. JOSHUA LEWIS, Chairman. PETER K. WAGNER, Secretary. VIEWS IN THE WEST. The following is an extract of a letter from Dr. William Henry Hening of this city, now regimen. tal surgeon to the detachment of troops cou.manded by col. Miller, of the 3d regiment, to his father, W. W. Hening, Esq. of this city-which contains some interesting information relative to the western interests of the United States-the observations are judicious--and we take much picasure in submitting them to our readers. The letter, too, encloses the speech of a chief of the Winebagoe tribe of Indians: marked with that peculiar vein of thought and expression, which disunguishes the long talk of the Indians. [Richmond Enquirer. Resolved, That the cowardly attack made by Camp on Fox River, Green Bay, the Spanish squadron upon a small vessel of war August 29, 1816. of the United States, on the high seas, excites our "In a letter which I addressed you previous to highest indignation: that the circumstances which my leaving Mackinaw, you were informed of the accompanied and followed this attack, are calcu-route which I probably would pursue, in returnlated to inflict a lasting wound on the honor of the nation, if suffered to go unrevenged. ing to Virginia. These anticipations seem thus for realized. In conformity to my expectations, Resolved, That the indignities and even stripes, carly in July, the detachment of Riflemen stationinflicted on our brave seamen, when, not expecting ed at Mackinaw, received orders to repair to any hostility, they had put themselves in the pow-Green Bay, and there establish a fort with all er of an over whelming force, must corrode the convenient expedition; to look down all expect SPEECH Of Nat-aw-pin-daw-qua, or Smoker, a Winebago ed opposition, from the Indians residing in this to combat, keeps them quiet. The storm is mur. country. We sailed from Mackinaw on the 26th muring at a distance, which I am fearful will, of July last, with the schooners Washington, sooner or later, burst on us with all the accumu Wayne, Mink, and sloop Amelia-having on lated horrors of savage vengeance. To give you board col. Miller of the 3d regiment, col Cham-an idea of the present feelings of the Indians, I bers, of the rifle, major Gratiol, of the engineers, inclose a speech of Nat-aw-pin-daw-qua, or the a detachment of aruliery under captain Pierce, Smoker, a Winnebago chief, delivered before col and four companies of the 3d infantry, amounting Bowyer, the Indian agent." in the whole to 500 mcn. We entered the mouth of the river on the 7th of August-and, contrary to expectations, received from the French inhabitants and Indians, a very friendly and flattering reception. Whether these professions were sin cere, or proceeded from their fears, time will determine. After looking for some days for a pro-ion who are in the habit of telling lies, because per scite, the engineer has finally fixed on the position, where the old French Fort, (Le Bay) formerly stood. It will be a stockade with strong pickets, a bastion at each angle, with a piece of artillery on each, amply sufficient to beat off any Indian force that can be brought against it. The garrison will consis. of two companies of riflemen Father-When at Mackinaw, I there told you and two companies of infantry, all under the com- the general thought of the Indians, and that they mand of col. Chambers.-Some account of this were in dread of you. We were afraid that your very delightful country may prove not uninter-intention in coming here, to build forts, was with esting. a view to do us harm. other tribes give us that character-but all I am going to say now shall be the truth. Father-It is true that we have committed raults, but the white people are the cause of it. We red skins believe all that you say, and if your intentions are to attack us, we are not alone. may take us under your wings. Father-You know that the Master of Life governs us all. It is Him who placed us on the earth and is our Master. Should your intentions be to destroy us, I doubt if you could succeed, because He protects us as well as you. When the French first established themselves Father-On your arrival here we were much here, they found the contrast between it and troubled, because we were apprehensive you had Mackinaw very striking-for, on leaving the lat-come to injure the red skins, but we beg that you ter place, vegetation was scarcely apparent; whereas, on arriving at the Bay, they found the woods and fields clothed in the most luxuriant yerdure. At that time, the country was inhabited by two tribes of In 'ians, the Winnebagoes, (call. ed by the French "Puons," or stinking) and the Manomenies, (called "Faulsavoins," or eaters of Father-The words that are issuing from my wild rice.) The Winnebagoes, proving most mouth are the words of truth. I am always seektroublesome, the French and Manomenies turned ing good. When at Mackinaw, we told you the their arms against them, and having killed a num- opinions of the red skins. They are many words, ber, drove them to the Winnebago Lake and the my Father, that are repeated with a false meanRock river, where they have ever since resided. || ing: I beg you will not listen to those words. I The soil on both sides of the river, is very fine, am desirous that the children of the same Great and the fine wheat fields and gardens give it every Father should always be friends. Be charitable, appearance of a rich and fertile country. The ri- and listen to the words I am telling you. We ver abounds with fish, particularly a species of hope that our Father will conform to the promises sturgeon, which exceeds that of James river, in he has made us. the richness and delicacy of its flavor, and in the Father-Believe not, that if you should have spring and fall, myriads of water fowl, attracted any troubles with the red coats, that any of us by the wild rice, darken the air. This plant will mix in them. We first saw the French; they springs up in water six or seven feet deep, so were our first fathers: Next to them came the thick, as in many places to impede the progress red coats. Now, our determination is not to lis of boats and canoes. The Indians call it Mano-ten, and should you have any shock among you, men, and living almost entirely on it-they have we shall remain neutral. received from the French the appellation of Faul- Father-I tell you no lies-All the other nations savoins, or wild rice eaters. When the heads be- think as we do, and it is my reason for repeating come ripe, they pass through it with their cait now. You have doubts respecting your chil noes, and bending them over, strike them with dren the Red Skins. Why have you brought big small sticks, and in a very short time, nearly fill guns along with you? Certainly it must have been their canoes with the grain. This, when clean-with a view of using them against us. We hope ed, becomes an excellent article of diet, scarcely inferior to the rice of the south. Every thing at present bears a peaceable aspect, but how long Father-All that I am telling you is the truth. this state of things will continue, is very uncer- The French inhabitants residing in this country, tain. Without a great deal of circumspection on who are acquainted with us, and who assist us in the part of the Indian department, and a chain of our wants, were you to drive them away from the posts always properly garrisoned, I have little lands they occupy, as well as those at the Prairie hesitation in saying, that our frontiers once again, du Chien, you would, indeed, reduce us to cha will witness the horrors of savage warfare. Therity. We are desirous that our father would send Winnebagoes, it is manifest, are decidedly opposed to our making any establishment in this country, as are also a part of the Faulsavions. Nothing, I believe, but the strong force they have that you will have no use for them, but we do not like to see them in the country. these words to our great father (the president) and we should be happy in soon hearing from him. Father-Do not believe that I tell you any false words. When the French agent for Indian af fairs resided among us, we were comparatively ||glish helped us profusely at first, in order to make happy. He treated us with victuals and clothed If I tell lies the French inhabitants who are present can contradict me. us. Father-I conceive myself an object of pity, as are also the young men who accompany us. You American agents have always cheated us. I will not believe that you (col. Bowyer) will do the same. The English have also cheated us and led us wrong. We are not, as other tribes, in the habit of incommoding our father at every moment. All that you have promised our chiefs I hope you will perform, in order that they may inform their young men of the real character of their father. us foolish. But, for the 2 or 3 years past, they do not give us one third what they are indebted to us. What you have told us, proves true, and we hope you will not treat us as the English have done. Continued from page 91. SKETCHES OF THE BARBARY STATES, We have observed that the kingdom of Tunis is the most interesting among the regencies, in consequence of its high rank in antiquity. WithFather-The Master of Life is above us, and in nine miles of the city of Tunis, and on the who is our master? You see me almost naked, margin of the most noble bay in the world, are and because I am not as well dressed as you are, the remains of the once mighty Carthage-its you no doubt fancy me an object of pity. It is scite and ruins are yet perfect, and at this day Him who has willed it so. He has put something give a clear and comprehensive idea of its situain your heads to give you more ideas and intelli-tion and extent, and corresponds with the degence than we possess. But we wish to set off, scription given of it by the most accredited his& see what our father will for do us, that we may torians. show it to the other nations as we pass through These ruins seldom fail to excite the highest them. The Master of Life is present-he listens interest: the lapse of time since the foundation to us-You know, my father, that he is on earth, of Carthage, the various struggles and revolutions in the heavens; in fact, that he fills all matter. Iit has witnessed, the illustrious characters it has hope that we are not here for the purpose of tell- || produced, its wars, its tyrants, its triple walls ing each other lies. You, my father, can you, like and demolished towers, all combine to awaken us, bore your ears, and suspend bobs to them? Can recollections of history; to mark the progress of you put bands of silver on your arms, or bedaub time, sweeping indiscriminately in its course nayour faces as we do? No, you cannot; because tions, countries, and cities. The mind traces with the Master of Life would punish you were you to rapidity the great events connected with the do it. You see every day nations painted in dif-rise, decline, and fall of this great republic. Its ferent colors; he has ordered it so, to show the whites that we are objects of charity, and that they are to assist us. foundation by the exile Dido; the love of Eneas; terror to the Romans; Punic wars; field of Zama; Goths and Vandals, the light Moors and its preFather-You see that I tell no lies. It is true sent possessors, all appear as dreams: the events that I am a fool. Our fathers received counsel from of twenty-five centuries pass the eye with the the French, then from the English, and finally, rapidity and impression of a noble fiction. We from you Americans. We have abandoned the look in vain for those temples in which great red coats, because they cheated us, and our eyes spirits dwelled, those schools in which great geare now opened. We are to reside among you.nius presided, those walls which constancy and It is true that they (the red coats,) gave us fine guns and goods; but we do not like their guns as well as your rifles. We hope that our father will supply us soon, and, as you have promised, you will cause our hoes and hatchets to be mended, that our wives may cultivate their fields without difficulty. valour defended; all are ruins; the flames at the same time destroyed Carthage and Corinth-and the revolution of empires has consigned them to oblivion. The fall of states and calamities of nations have destroyed Utica and Carthage; a change of masters, or the adoption of a new political system, may place that country into hands less barbarous and while Rome is stripped of its splendour and power without a Regulus or a Scipio, Carthage, its fallen rival, may once more rear its head; and if the Barbary States become a province of a civilized power, Carthage, from its commanding position and great commercial advantages, will once more become the first city in Africa. Father-You see me now speaking, and were I to continue for the whole day, or, as it frequently happens in large councils, for three or four, you would still hear but the truth. Your arms (rifles) please us. They shoot well, and with them we should be certain of making good hunts. If our Father would furnish us with some of them, we should be able to obtain an easy subsistence for our wives and children, and a sufficiency of skins Dido landed on the coast of Africa 800 years to exchange with the traders for goods, and occa- before the Christian era, and, with a few followsionally bringing our Father a piece of fresh meat. ers, established a colony which even flourished Father-There are tribes of Indians who left prior to her death. As she had created no form this yesterday; you opened your breasts (barrels) of government, but simply administered laws to them, and gave them your milk (whiskey.)-which she herself had enacted, the people on her They had not gone far before they drank the whole.death, whose numbers had augmented greatly by I am fearful that those people, after having drank their father's milk in that way, may carry bad words to their villages. It is true, our father promised us some, and if we get it, will carry it to our villages, show it to our young men & old men, that they may have a taste of it, and, at the same time, hear the words of their Father. Under our French father, we lived well—afterwards the Eng emigration, assembled and adopted a government of a mixed nature, divided the power between the nobles and the plebeans; and, strange as it would appear, this form of government existed unimpaired for seven hundred years. Civil wars then commenced, and popular commotions changed the features of the republic, which were increased by entangling alliances. The Carthage THE NATIONAL REGISTER. No. 8. nians first commenced with the people of Boeti- the final destruction of Carthage, and ended the The battle of Zama is so renowned in history well as for the important changes it produced, for acts of heroism and extraordinary valour, as that we were at no little pains in endeavouring to ascertain precisely where the battle so called was fought. Polybius describes the field of Zama as being three days march from Carthage. When the heavy cavalry and elephants—it is reasonable we consider how numerous Hannibal's army was, of what discordant materials it was composedto conclude that the army on leaving Carthage could not have marched more than fifteen miles which lays south east of Carthage across the bay; a day. Scipio left Sicily and landed at Cape Bon, the distance between the two capes, in a direct line, is not more than twelve miles, yet in a circuitous march from Cape Bon to Cape Carthage, the distance cannot be less than forty miles. Sup which includes the head of that spacious bay, posing that the army of Scipio took up its line of The Romans, on receiving the intelligence, re-genian forces began to move, they must have met march from Cape Bon at the moment the Cartha. cruited their forces, and were in their turn successful. The first Panic war continued for twenty-powers from marching on the borders of the bay; about half ways; the heavy sand prevented both four years. The Romans were no longer the advocates of moderation, the "piping times of peace" had passed, and ambition received new impulse and direction. The capture of Sardinia and the infraction of the treaty with the Carthagenians laid the foundation of the second Punic Regulus, one of the most illustrious captains of the age, defeated the Carthagenians in several contests, and at length got possession of Tunis, which even at that period was a town of some note: the Carthagenians, finding him so near to their city, and with a victorious army, attempted to effect a peace. return to Rome and superintend his little farm, Regulus, although anxious to still proposed terms so harsh and inadmissible, that the Carthagenians, relying on the justice of their cause and the strength of their city, refused to accede to the terms proposed. This was the first error of Regulus; it fed to his destruction, and laid the foundation of a long and bloody war. Contrary to the general expectation, the Cartuagenians resumed the contest, and with successpart of their forces, commanded by a Lacedemonian called Xantippus, defeated the Romans and took Regulus prisoner. war. the mountains of Mamelif, and must have enthe army of Scipio passed in the interior, behind called at this day Zawan; it is here where I have countered the forces of Hannibal near a place fought. Zawan was celebrated for a spring of every reason to believe the battle of Zama was It is impossible to look at the ruins of Carthage || means of a noble aqueduct of forty miles in exwater so copious that it supplied Carthage by without thinking of Hannibal--this association of tent, the ruins of which exist at present. The ideas will never be separated-every broken co-advantages of this water, connected with a plain lonade or mouldering tower reminds us of this|| of considerable magnitude, affording room for the greatest hero of antiquity. We have often the operations of the cavalry, and well known to been led to compare Bonaparte with Hannibal. both parties, must have been the spot where both Their characters and operations diffused in equal generals endeavoured to fix upon. ratio with their times. One surmounted, with inexhaustible strength of character and fertility of demanded an interview of Scipio for the purpose Hannibal was anxious to avoid this battle, and invention, the difficulties arising from circum- of concluding a peace. His eloquence, however. scribed resources-the other, with an improved system of warfare, a gallant army, and a treasury with his accustomed vigour and ability, and was without effect, and he made his dispositions adequate to all its wants, unappailed by danger, though surrounded with the most discouraging undismayed by numbers, and supported by un- difficulties, he did not forget that he had con conquerable ambition, gained victory after vic-quered on the banks of Tacinus, at Trebis, tory, with a rapidity which had no parallel in instory. Hannibal crossed the sea in his little bark, passed trackless mountains, barren plains, and conquered barbarians with barbarians. The invention of gunpowder alone has created the greatest distinction and distance between their operations. Hannibal, however, had not the ge nius of Cæsar, nor the fearless-dashing spirit of Alexander-Bonaparte has both. Hannibal could destroy, but could not organize empires-Bonaparte did both with equal facility. Hannibal was cold and unfeeling, without the least spirit of magnanimity-Bonaparte was equally repulsive, but by no means destitute of a liberal disposition. Both crossed the Alps and were victorious on the plains below-both committed an error which laid the foundation of their ruin-Hannibal in not marching to the gates of Rome after the battle of Cannea, and Bonaparte in marching to Moscow; and from the two last causes alone can any such comparison be drawn. The last great struggle made by Hannibal was on the plains of Zama, against Scipio, surnamed Africanus, a gallant and amiable general; the result of this battle led to and hard contested battle. Thrasymene, and Cannea. who to commend most, avers that the action was This was a decisive gained more by the steady valour of the Romans Polybius, at a loss than by any peculiar merit of Scipio, and seems to think that Hannibal's plans displayed the most drawn up in three divisions; the first was com skill and judgment. The forces of Hannibal were posed of mercenaries, Gauls, Mauritanians, Ligurians, and natives of the Balearic Islands; the sewhich his whole reliance was placed; the third cond division were Carthagenians, a body on division was the reserve, and the worst part of the army called the Bruttii; the whole front was covered by eighty elephants. Scipio reviewing attentively these arrangements of Hannibal, made corresponding dispositions; the army which he brought with him from Sicily did not exceed thirty-five thousand men, but they were picked troops, and on his arrival the African prince, Massanissa, joined him with a heavy body of ca valry, so that both armies might have consisted of fifty thousand men on each side. placed great dependence on his elephants. Since Hannibal # Regulus had defeated the Carthagenians, owing that a doubt could not have existed,. and that as to their confining the operations and movements our settlements in the Mediterranean have renof these animals in a small space, they had beendered that sea in a great part a British channel, particularly careful to select a spacious plain for so it was incumbent equally upon our commercial their battles; and these plains are numerous in interests, as upon our national dignity, to clear the north of Africa, where there are but few trees. that sea of its pirates. To a commercial nation Scipio formed his infantry into a phalanx similar like England, the oceans, seas, and navigable to the Macedonian, and gave sufficient room to rivers are the highways of the world; and it each soldier to wield his sword and shield, and would appear, therefore, our manifest interest to if necessary, to close their ranks, and allow suffi-clear them of robbers and murderers. In all tradcient space for the elephants to pass through ing nations, the security of the roads has been without doing much damage: this plan rendered regarded as their first interest. But the sea, as their operations weak and inefficient. Hannibal we have said, is not the high road of a mere nahad no very distinguished generals under him.tion, but the highway of the world, the means of The right wing of Scipio's army was commanded intercourse of nation with nation, and man with by Laelius, and the left by Massanissa, the centre man. It will be acknowledged, we presume, that was headed by Scipio in person. The attack was this representation makes out a strong case, and commenced by the Romans; and on the very on- that to counterweigh it, a stronger must be made set, the elephants on which Hannibal placed great out on the opposite side. But the only contrary reliance were driven back by the light infantry, argument which we have met with, is the alleged and threw the right wing of Hannibal's army into difficulty of victualing Gibraltar and Malta, unless confusion: before they had time to rally and re- by the Barbary states. But this argument is cover their position, they were furiously attacked grounded upon a supposition, that the object of by Massanissa, at the head of the cavalry, and the expedition is to destroy not only the pirates, driven off the field. The battle then became but the states themselves; not only their city and general: the Carthagenians fought with great forts, but their cultivated fields. But this, we valour, but were poorly supported by the mer- presume, is not the object of the expedition. We cenaries. Laelius had routed the Carthagenian should hope that the purpose is to root out the cavalry on the left; Hannibal saw the confusion, pirates, and replace them by Christian garrisons. but could apply no remedy; he placed himself at We retain Gibraltar in the very teeth of Spain; the head of the third line, and charged the Ro- why not Algiers in despite of Morocco? If the mans with pikes; this created a temporary de-expedition proposes less than this, the argument rangement of Scipio's troops, who fell back in the rear. Scipio then changed the order of the battle, and formed his army into one entire line, with which he made a desperaie effort; and while valiantly engaged on both sides, Lealius with his horse came on the rear of the Carthagenians. Hannibal finding himself attacked in front by Scipio, and on his rear and flanks by Massanissa and Lealius, sustained for a long time a horrible carnage, and finally was compelled to fly with a few horse. Thus finished the great contest in which the Carthagenians lost forty thousand men in killed, wounded, and prisoners-and thus ended the second Punic war. Hannibal left Africa, and Carthage obtained a peace on such conditions as led to her ruin. FOREIGN. EXPEDITION TO ALGIERS. || in objection to it is not without some grounds. If it proposes this, it will establish in permanency the security which it proposes to restore. Another argument has been used against, not only its expediency, but our right. It is urged, that the late massacre was that of a mob, who, rising in rebellion against their own government, and acting in despite and defiance of them, should not be confounded with the government itself; that all we can require as satisfaction for such an outrage is, that the government should disavow, and in so far as its powers go, should punish them. But this is already done; be it so. But has not the existing Algerine government actually taken up arms to defend the resolution of the new Dey and Divan to annul the former treaty? Does not the spirit in which the late massacre arose prove the folly of all such treaties with such powers? And is not their system one of piracy and robbery; and with respect to the alleged passes, English crews, &c. is it not notorious, (we are now speaking from the actual knowledge of a friend of our own) is it not, we say, notorious, that the Algerine pirates, in order to get rid of any English crew, compel them to walk overboard immediately when they take the vessel, and carry the vessel into port, as the ship of another From Bell's London Messenger of August 18. As the general armament of Europe, and in. deed of America, are now on their way to the attack of this fortress of piracy, and as accounts may shortly be expected of their operations, the public mind, always anxious for the glory of the country, is naturally directed with a strong in-nation. terest towards the probable issue of this expedition. And as it usually happens, where the scene of action is so remote from general knowledge, the apprehensions on the one part, and the sanguine hopes upon the other, are so totally beyond all reasonableness, that it becomes the duty of As to the probable issue of this expedition, we such of the public journals as profess impartial- should hope that there can be no doubt of a terity, to afford a correct view of the actual state mination suited to the present glory of the Engof the enterprize, of its expediency and the pro-lish arms. It is perfectly true that Algiers is not bable issue. Upon the first question, the duty and expediency of this expedition, we should have thought This custom is so much a matter of course, that the pirates execute it with as much coolness as cruelty. They lay an inclined plank from the vessel's side, and compel the crew, one by one, (as many of them only as are English) to walk into the sea. in so deplorable a state of weakness as has been represented in some of our papers, and the two sail of the line will certainly not be sufficient to |