of our citizens, and experienced our hospitality. But our rapid progress in power and improvements only increased their malignity. They represented the inhabitants of the United States as a base and degenerated race of mortals, when compared with those of Europe. They represented us as destitute of patriotism, genius, enterprise, and political knowledge. And many of the worshippers of imperial and monarchial go THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC. The political privileges, the physical resources, and the local advantages of the confederated Statesvernments, the dupes of hereditary oppression, placed the fullest confidence in the productions of those vile calumniators of America; and con tinued tenacious of their belief until the thunder of the American cannon upon their own shores convinced them of their delusion, and taught them to admire the valour & intrepidity of the sous of the American republic. They believed us destitute of genius, until the inventions and discoveries of the Americans were introduced into every quarter of the globe, and admired for their utility. They believed us deficient in political knowledge and incapable of legislation and government, until the diffusion of politics from our republic caused the sceptres to tremble in the hands of the European monarchs, and convinced them that men can be subservient to the legal authorities of govern of North-America, may justly be said to give to of man. During a succession of years that form an eventful era in the history of mankind, the American republic has been looked upon with jealousy and suspicion by the oppressors of Europe; and with partiality and esteem by many of the oppressed. The former, dreading the diffusion of aerican politics among the latter, and jealous of our rising power, have held out the most liberal encouragement to those of their adherents who were willing to engage in the business of abusing and calumniating the American character. With talents for falsehood and aspersion, the hireling advocates of monarchy have exhausted their ingenuity in traducing every thing connected with the government, people, and country of the United States. Many of them have traversed our continent, explored our resources, beheld our rising power, witnessed the genius and enterprise The materials that form the great temple of American liberty are the productions of our own country, modelled by the hand of genius, and cemented by the patriotism of a people, who often differ in their sentiments respecting the policy of those who act in our legislative councils; but suf ficient proofs have been offered to the world of their unanimity in guarding and defending the From the love and devotedness to country, so conspicuous in the American people during their struggle for liberty and independence, when pow. erful fleets and armies were engaged in the works of carnage and devastation along their shores, and hosts of barbarians, with indiscriminate massacre, desolating their frontiers, we may naturally infer that they will continue to guard their political privileges from foreign powers and 'domestic usurpation. But events of a more recent date than those of the revolution, in which American patriotism shone every where with peculiar brilliancy, lead us to a belief that our political system will be guarded as a sacred monument, and that posterity will never disgrace the ashes of their ancestors, by yielding up their national inheritance to the intrigues of ambition. Notwithstanding the late derangement of things, from commercial restrictions and the commotions of war, our extensive country, under the auspices of the most judicious system of government ever instituted, now presensts the most animating prospects to the view of an American. In the eastern part of the Union we see arts, science, and literature diffusing their blessings through an industrious and enterprising people; while thousands of the inhabitants of that portion of our country, who were lately gathering the trophies of victory upon the ocean, are now accumulating wealth from the same element, and spreading their canvass over every sea. The river Wabash, and the White river, with its branches, are the most important streams within the State. The former has its sources within a few miles of the navigable waters of the river Miami of lake Erie, and discharges itself into the Ohio at the south-western extreme of the State. The White river has two branches, properly known by the "South and North branches." These unite 20 or 30 miles before they empty into the Wabash, 20 miles below Vincennes, and 80 from the mouth of the Wabash. The southern branch runs nearly parallel with the Ohio, at an In the middle division of the commonwealth, we see every improvement advancing with facility agriculture is profusely displaying the lux-average distance of 50 miles, and is navigable 100 uriant productions of the soil; and great cities, thronged with inhabitants, rapidly progressing in beauty, elegance, and commercial importance. miles for keel boats. The other branch is not quite so well adapted to navigation. The Wabash may be considered among the first rivers for navigation in western America, as well on account of its great length as on account of the gradual Salisbury, the seat of justice for the county of Wayne, is situated 60 miles north of the Ohio river & from Lawrenceburgh, and 30 from Brook In the southern part of the republic, opulence, hospitality, and social enjoyments appear conspicuous with the inhabitants, who exhibit an unu-rising and falling of its waters. sual spirit of enterprise in the improvement of their country, in opening their channels for navigation and commeree. In our western States and Territories, we be-ville. Wayne county is bounded on the east by hold a brave, hardy, and industrious people transforming a wilderness into gardens, orchards, and luxuriant fields. We there see towns and villages emerging from the forest, and temples, to be devoted to the Deity, rising upon the rude monuments of aboriginal antiquity. A tide of emigration is flowing into the wilderness; and new stars are rising from the western horizon, to give additional brilliancy to our political constellation. Frederick County, Md. 1816. GEOGRAPHICAL. CAROLUS. To the Editor of the National Register. SIR,-I send you an extract of a letter from the Governor of Indiana, giving a brief geographical sketch of the new State, with a belief that it will be acceptable to your readers. The letter is dated, near Charleston, Indiana, Sept. 27, 1816. B. the State of Ohio, on the south by the county of Franklin, on the west and north by Indian lands. The town is small, having been but a few years established; but the county is extensive, and contains fine lands, and has been settled ten or twelve years. Its products are, Indian corn, wheat, rye, and oats. Brookville, the county seat of Franklin, is situated south of Salisbury 30 miles, and north of the Ohio and Lawrenceburgh 30 miles. The county is bounded on the east by the State of Ohio, on the south by the county of Dearborne, on the west and north by Indiana lands. Brook, ville is flourishing. The county is much similar in soil and in its products to the county of Wayne, and was established at the same period. Lawrenceburgh, the county seat of Dearborne county, is situated on the bank of the Ohio, a few miles below the mouth of the Great Miami river. Dearborne is bounded by the State of Ohio on the east, Ohio river on the south, Switzerland county on the west, and Franklin county on the north. In this county there is an establishment for carding and spinning cotton. Lawrenceburgh has been established 10 or perhaps 13 years. The State of Indiana is bounded, on the east, by a line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami river; on the south, by the river Ohio; on the west, by the river Wabash, from its confluence with the Ohio to a point on the western bank of the former, where a line drawn Vevay, the county seat of Switzerland, is si due north from the town of Vincennes would last tuated on the Ohio river, 35 miles below Lawtouch the said Wabash river, and from thence by renceburgh, near which are extensive vineyards, a line to be drawn due north until it shall inter- from which a considerable quantity of wine is ansect a parallel of latitude which shall touch anually manufactured. Switzerland is bounded point ten miles north of the southern extreme of lake Michigan; and on the north, by the said parallel until it shall intersect the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami river. on the east by Dearborne county, on the south by the Ohio river, on the west by the county of Jef. ferson, and on the north in part by Indian lands. In Vevay there is a printing establishment. The county was inhabited 12 years since, but the on the east by Clark county, on the south by the town was established only in 1812 or 1813. Madison, the seat of justice for the county of Jefferson, is also situated on the bank of the Ohio river, 30 miles below Vevay. In Madison is established a banking institution, called "The Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank." Jefferson county is bounded on the east by Switzerland county, on the south by the river Ohio, on the west by the county of Clark, on the north by Indiana lands. The town has been established 7 or 8 years; the county not so long. county of Harrison, on the west by the county of Orange, and on the north by the county of Jackson. Established in 1813-14. Brownstown, the seat of justice for the county of Jackson, is situated 25 miles east of north from Salem. The county is bounded by Clark and Jefferson counties on the east, by Washington county on the south, by Orange county on the west, and Indian lands on the north. Established in 1815. In the county of Jackson extensive preparations are making for the manufac turing of iron. Paoli, the county seat of Orange, is situated 30 miles north of west from Salem. The county is bounded by the counties of Washington and Jackson on the east, by Harrison and Perry on the New Lexington, famous for having produced the pretended monied institution called "the Lexington Indiana Manufacturing Company," which has failed, and ended in the grossest swindling, is situated in Jefferson county, 16 miles nearly west of Madison, and has a printing establish-south, by the county of Knox on the west, and ment. Indian lands on the north. Established in 1815. Vincennes, the seat of justice for the county of Knox, and formerly the seat of government for the Territory, is situated 100 miles from Charleston, the county seat for the county of Clark, is situated 32 miles south of west from Madison, 2 miles from the Ohio river, and 14 from the Grand Rapids of the Ohio. Clark county || Charleston, 70 miles from Salem, and 100 from is bounded on the east by the county of Jefferson, on the south by the river Ohio, on the west by the counties of Harrison and Washington, on the north by the county of Jackson and Indian lands. The county has been inhabited nearly 20 years, but the town has not been established longer than 7 or 8 years. In Charleston there is one carding machine, one court house, one jail, and a market house. In the county there are five houses for public worship, three of which belong to the Methodists. the mouth of the Wabash river. In Vincennes there is a printing establishment, an academy for the instruction of pupils in the ancient languages, mathematics, &c. There is also, besides the usual county buildings, a bank, styled "the Bank o Vincennes," whose paper has already attained extensive circulation, and which, together with the Farmers' and Mechanics' at Madison, will be incorporated as state banks. Here also is established, by the United States, an office for the disposition of the public lands. Vincennes and its immediate vicinage has been inhabited nearly one hundred years, though chiefly by French from Canada. Knox county is bounded by the county of Orange on the east, by the county of Gibson on the south, by the Wabash river on the west, and a late purchase of Indian lands on the north. Princeton, the county seat of Gibson county, is situated 35 miles nearly south from Vincennes. The county is bounded by the counties of Orange and Warrick on the east, the county of Posey on on the south, the Wabash river on the west, and the county of Knox on the north. Established in 1810-11. Corydon, the seat of justice for the county of Harrison, is situated 25 miles nearly west from Jeffersonville, and 10 miles from the Ohio river, and is the temporary seat of government for the State. They were established in 1808-9. Harrison county is bounded on the east by Clark county, on the south by the Ohio river, on the west by the county of Perry, and on the north by the couuty of Washington. In Corydon there is ablishment for the manufacturing of wool, belongprinting establishment. Salem, the county seat of Washington county, is situated 35 miles north of Corydon and 30 west of Charleston. Washington county is bounded The county of Posey is situated south of Gibson, bounded on the east by the county of Warrick, on the south and west by the Ohio and Wabash river. In this county is an extensive esta ing to a German association under the direction af a gentleman whose name is Rapp. Established in 1814-15. The county of Warrick is situated east of the county of Posey, bounded on the east by the county of Perry, on the south by the Ohio river, on the west by the county of Posey, and on the north by the counties of Orange and Knox. tablished in 1811-12. We should study and weigh the elementary principles of the masters of the science; we should even doubt whether we have apprehended them; they should long be the subject of solitary mediEs-tation; we should confer upon them with minds attached to the same studies, and it would not be The county of Perry is situated west of Harri-sions to writing, and to endeavour at once to test an unnecessary labour to reduce our apprehen son county, on the Ohio river on the south, east of Warrick county, and south of Orange and Washington counties. Established in 1814-15. Indiana has no mountains, although some small part of the State is hilly. The Silver Hills run from the Ohio river, 10 miles below the Grand rapids, in a direction east of north, and disappear before they reach the White River. In progressing west they present quite a m untain in many parts; but in coming from the west, the traveller perceives nothing but a small ascent, until he re..ches the summit, and beholds a mountain to descend. From the Southern Patriot. POLITICAL ECONOMY. and impress them by familiar illustrations. It should be long before we should venture from this safe shore, if, indeed, any but the greatest genius can expect to make discoveries beyond the present bounds of the science. Nor, when the nature of it is considered, can any well regulated mind object to this restraint. It is a practical subject, connected with the interests of our country. Its the most active mind. Unless its principles have frequent application will furnish employment for been completely mastered, we shall be liable to be misled by the doubtful complection of the cases that are constantly occuring. The political economist will also find that a large share of his inquiry must be devoted to the ascertainment of the facts to which his science is to be applied.These are often complicated and involved; their causes remote, obscure, and mixed up with other prominent facts-and, therefore, deceptive though perhaps they hardly touch upon the effects sub The improvement, the security and the glorymitted to our inspection. However sound may be of n. tions depend so intimately upon their resour the knowledge of the philosopher or the statesces, that there is no inquiry in the whole range of man, if he is unacquainted with the nature of the politics that has attached to itself so much digni- evil, he may, with the ignorant, bring even his ty and importance, as that concerning public principles into disrepute. Those who have carewealth Upon this modern science, for it has at- fully observed the principles on the subject of fi tained to that eminence, the most profound and nance and the preference of employment, which discriminating minds have been engaged; the have been countenanced by some high authorities lives of a QUESNAI and a SMITH were devoted to in this country, must admit that the science of po its investigation; and yet the most opposite theo- litical economy has not here met with that at rics have been supported with equal ardor, and tention which its dignity and usefulness would the greatest errors have obtained the sanction of justly claim for it. In a country where wealth is the greatest names.-Though this imperfection is an almost universal pursuit, one would suppose in a great measure to be ascribed to its infant that the principles of wealth would be diligently state; it must be admitted that there are peculiar studied. Yet the ignorance among us, of its first difficulties attending the subject. It is at once a principles, on the most important occasions bas most abstract and a most practical doctrine. It been attended with serious inconvenience to the admits in its investigation of the subtlest meta- people of these states. Errors long since defeatphysics; but the conclusions of this mode of rea-ed, are maintained with the greatest confidence; soning must be submited to the test of experi- the lessons of experience are never counted, and ence; and new facts and unexpected observations it has been supposed, more than once, that our offen overturn the most deliberate and nicest ori-country was under circumstances which would ginal inquiry. The light of insulated and unex- authorize a departure from principles, whose nepected occurrences sometimes flashes on the me- glect would be fatal to any other state. taphysical inquirer, in the midst of the deepest Though the revolution had practically confirm darkness. A happy illustration or diligent ob-ed the established doctrines on taxation and pa servation enables the practical economist to ex- per credit; though, on this last subject, great pose the fallacy of the most elaborate and consist-light had been shed in France and England since ent theory. The difficulties of the Bank of England which led to the restriction of specie payments, furnished, it is admitted on all hands, the most satisfactory elucidation of the theory of paper credit. In a science where there is so much disputed ground, there are, however, many principles to which all economists assent; and yet Our financial difficulties, the condition of the these are of so delicate a nature, that he may con- paper of the United States, the disappearance of sider himself to have made some advances in this specie, the embarrassment of the banks in the seintricate learning, who can even state with clear-veral states, the course of exchange between difness their foundations and limitations. The emi-ferent sections of the Union, all furnish an inva nent failure and almost disgrace which have at-luable stock of materials for the application of the tended the inquiries of some very acute minds upon political economy; the glaring errors of a WATSON and a LAUDERDALE should tech a lesson to novices, of the utmost modesty and caution. the American war--our government proceeded as if these objects were entirely new; as if they were to pilot us by charts and a course of their own invention; as if they were topics of ordinary rank, to be settled by the unassisted good sense of a patriotic intention. sound principles of the science of public econo my. It is to be hoped that the evperience which they supply, will be treasured up for future ne cessities. No greater service could be rendered · to our beloved country, than an able comment ther powers by this convention, we are constrainupon these instructive facts, by theoretical ored to consider as USURPATION. To proceed to practical statesmen. If our late distinguished re- form a constitution,' is, in our view, at once a viopresentative could find leisure from his profession-lation of express law, and an invasion of the rights al avocations, to present his country with an illus- of our constituents. tration from our recent history, of the sound maxims of a favourite science, it would allay the regret which is felt at the removal of his great mind from the public councils. C. We protest against a separation of Maine from the present government, by any means whatever, without the consent of the people. No such consent has been given. Their last vote was with a full understanding that a majority of five to four was necessary to a separation. This conclusion was by the competent authority rightfully adoptWednesday, Oct. 9.-The hon. John Stebbinsed and became a law. It is a conclusion distinct moved for leave to have entered on the journals the following MAINE CONVENTION. PROTEST: In Convention of Delegates, at Brunswick, ber 9, 1816. Should the late vote in favour of the separation of Maine be made the foundation of its erection into a state, the government would be founded in force, not in right. The vote was given on a condition which has not happened. and obvious. It was distinct in the legislature, where it passed against but a small majority, who magnanimously submitted to it, and constantly Octo-support it. It was, as we understand, and have never heard denied, sanctioned by the vote of eveBeing convened in the first assembly called inry member of the legislature present from Maine, Maine, to deliberate on the momentous subject of who was in favour of the separation. It has been forming the District into a separate State, a sub-distinct in the mind of every voter and every ciject in which all the members of the convention tizen. How the people would have decided on a hape like rights, duties, and interests; we, whose different question, had a different question been names are underwritten, Delegates in the conven- submitted to them, we have neither the knowledge tion, feel deep regret that such diversity of opinion nor the right to decree. The principles of amendshould prevail as to render it necessary for a mi- ment variously inserted in the constitutions of the nority to declare their dissent from the measures of || states and of the union, countenance the opinion the majority. It would be in the highest degree entertained by many, that five-ninths is a smaller gratifying to us, if discussion had produced a re-proportion of votes than ought to dissolve the sult, in which we could have united. But we hold, || important relations of civil society. In the prethat all power emanates from the people; that no sent case, the proportion of five-ninths was fixed bodies of men, acting in virtue of delegated pow-by a large majority, and binding on the whole. ers, have a right to designate not only to whom they will delegate power, but what power they will delegate; that, according to our civil compact, by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the We protest against a reference of this subject common good," the citizens, besides their natural to the General Court for the purpose expressed rights, possess, as members of the body politic, in the resolution, because for the reasons already the rights secured by this covenant; that as this mentioned, it is in our estimation a request to that compact between the commonwealth and its citi-honorable body to enact that which cannot be rezens is mutual, it cannot, as respects any portion of its citizens be annulled without mutual consent; and without power delegated from them, no man, or body of them, can establish a new government over them, or abolish that which they have legitimately established for themselves. Considering these principles as true and unquestionable, we PROTEST against the report of the committee on the subject of the returns of votes, and the resolutions thereto subjoined; and against the vote We protest against the report on which the reof this convention yesterday passed, for accepting solutions are predicated, as indecorous, as not exthe same; because we consider the said report pressed in terms suitable to the respect which and resolves, as, in their general tenor and spirit, this convention owes itself, nor to the honour due inconsistent with these principles, and with pro- to the Legislature; because, to our apprehenpriety; and, as instances, we adduce the follow-sion, it intimates in terms too plain to be misundering: || conciled with constitutional principles nor actual fact. We protest against the proposed application to Congress, because it is unreasonable, and presents not even a hopeful prospect of utility. And we protest against addressing either Congress or the General Court on behalf of our fellow-citizens, because such address implies a right to bind them by the result; a right which they have not given us. Istood, that, that august body may fail to do what By the said report it appears that apart from justice requires; and, though it purports to rethe votes of the town of Lyman, which were in quest advice and discretion, holds forth, in lanour opinion improperly rejected, of which a ma- guage of superiority and menace, a signification, jority of 173 were against separation, there are that if the general court should not do what we returned 11,969 votes in favour of separation, and consider to be proper, we shall contemn and dis 10,847 against it; the former being less than a || regard their opinion; and advice, as far as indicatmajority of five to four of the votes returned. ed in the report, to be sought of the Legislature, Nothing therefore remains to be done by the con- respects a case so free from doubt, that a regard vention. The only duty, in this event, assigned to our own understanding, and that of the Legisto them by the Legislature and their constituents, lature, forbids us to admit, even by implication, here terminates. An adjournment of this conven- that advice is necessary. tion to a future day must throw upon our constituents, an expense, without possible advantage, and without their consent. The exercise of fur Impressed with the presence of Him who knows our motives, and will judge them, we declare that we offer this protest, not from a wish to discoun |