is a matter of desire, not of regret.-Strong, however, as that desire may be, reflection will hesi tate in giving an assent to the exercise of jurisdiction, in cases of this kind, to minor magistrates, in hastily sending emigrants from any country, under the protection of whose laws they seek re SIR-The application which has been made to me, for process against a British seaman, who is represented as having entered into articles of shipment in the port of Londonderry, for the performance of the voyage from thence to the United States, and back to the said port; and who, it is alleged, absented himself from on board the Bri-fuge. tish vessel in a port of the United States, has been attentively considered. My opinion is, that no alderman, or justice of the peace, has a right to compel the foreign British seaman, to render himself on board the vessel; or in other words, to compel his departure from the United States. The act of congress, which may be emphatically styled a part of our navigation system, bears no operation upon this subject. It refers to seamen employed in our own vessels, and under our own laws. It does not embrace the case of foreign seamen. The reasons for the refusal to grant the writ, are thus thrown hastily together. I may be wrong; but under present impressions, all process cases analogous to yours, will be refused. With sentiments of respect, I am, dear sir, yours, &c. Merchant. Cases have occurred, in which process of this nature have been issued; but as far as my research has gone, that process has been exclusively found-in ed upon the conventional law of nations; or in other terms, npon express stipulations by treaty. In examining the late treaty with Great Britain, (made at Gbent) no provision of the nature alluded to is to be found; and, of course, the general law of nations only can be applied.-Under our former treaty with France, an express provision was introduced; whether it has been since continued by later compact, I cannot ascertain, not having the public documents under my inspection. What then is the general law of nations? A recourse will not be had to quotations from Vattel, Grotius, Puffendy, or other eminent writers; but I will be satisfied with drawing your attention to the requisition made by Mr. Genet, the French minister here, in 1793, a compliance with which was refused by the government of the United States, during the administration of president Washington. The silence of Mr. Genet upon the receipt of Mr. Jefferson's answer, leads to the conclusion, that the former acquiesced in the position assum. ed by the latter. The following is the substance of Mr. Genet's letter: Galband, Tanguy, and others, had been on board some French vessels in the waters of the United States, and had been actors in a mutiny, and had escaped from on board the French ship Jupiter, in the state of New York; the application of Mr. Genet was, that the United States government would cause them to be arrested. To this application, Mr. Jefferson, who was then secretary of state, made reply-" The laws of this country take no notice of crimes committed out of their jurisdiction. The most atrocious offender coming within their pale, is received by them as an innocent man, and they have authorized no one to seize or|| deliver him." I am aware of the practices prevalent in some nations of Europe; and have no doubt but that án American seaman deserting in some of the foreign ports, would be ordered to return to his vessel for the performance of the voyage. But cases have occurred, even in England, where interference was refused. Different states have adopted different regulations. In some, redress must be sought for through the admiralty;-in others, the municipal regulations of the country, founded upon statuary provisions, may suffice. But in those nations where there are no established laws, the will of the magistrate operates as law, and this can form no rule, because the acts of one man are not binding on his successor. At last, however, it is resolved into what is termed the comity of nations. Its introduction among us To Mr. AGRICULTURAL. M. K. To the Editor of the New York Courier. from a very respectable member of the "Bath SIR, I lately received the subjoined account and West of England Agricultural Society."-As it may not be amiss to give it a place in your pait will interest and surprise many of your readers, per. Yours, &c. A SUBSCRIBER. *MANGEL WURZEL. Account of a crop of this most valuable Root, grown in the year 1815, in the garden ground of || Bedford, the seat of John Heaton, Esq. near Romford, in Essex. The ground was in the first place dug over with the spade in the usual manner thoroughly cleared and well manured with rotten dung. The seed was sown on the 6th of May, scattered thinly, in small drills, made with a hoe, two feet apart, and lightly covered with earth by a garden rake. On the plot of ground, thirty-three feet in length, six rows were sown for the purpose of ascertaining what degree of injury the roots would receive by taking off the leaves in summer. The plants came up in the six rows equally well, and were thinned, leaving them a foot asunder in the rows. Upon three of these rows, occupying a space of twenty two yards, there were ninetyfive plants, the leaves of which (except those rising from the heart of the root) were, on the 27th July, carefully cut off with a knife, and they weighed 99 lbs. equal to 9 tons, 14 cwt. 52 lbs. per acre. Upon the three adjoining rows there were ninety-seven plants and these were left to the direction of nature, with the single exception of weeding them when young. The crop was taken up on the 6th of November, and weighed as follows: were taken in July, weighed The 1st tops, July 27th, 99 lbs. or The 95 roots, tons. cuts. lbs. 9 14 52 11 9 92 Tops and roots together, per acre, 71 land, for cattle, and is used both raw and boiled. The ninety-seven plants, the leaves of which were not touched till the crop was taken up, in November, weighed cwt. lbs. 12 63 3 4 Tops and roots together per acre, 75 4 72 The difference per acre, in favor of the crop of roots untouched, being 12 tons 12 cwt. 48 lbs. The leaves might have been taken off more than once, but the roots were so visibly injured || by the first cutting, that a second became unnecessary, to ascertain the fact, that taking off the leaves, does impede the growth of the root. TRANSPLANTED CROP. One hundred and thirty-four plants were drawn from the six rows, before mentioned, on the 15th of June, and carefully transplanted, on twentythree square yards of garden ground, in rows 18 inches one way, and 12 inches the other. When taken up, on the 2d November, 1815. The tops weighed 215 lbs. or It is necessary to pull the fruit two or three days before you begin the process; take care not to bruise the fruit, and to pull them before they are quite ripe. Spread them on a little clean straw to dry them. This is best done on a parlour floor; leaving the windows open, to admit fresh air, so that all the moisture on the skin of the fruit may be perfectly dried away. Pears and apples take three days; strawberries only twenty-four hours. The latter should be taken up on a silver threepronged fork, and the stalk cut off without toucliing them, as the least pressure will cause them to rot. Take only the largest and fairest fruit. This is the most tender and difficult fruit to preserve; but, if done with attention, will keep six months: there must not be more than a pound in cach jar. Choose a common earthen jar, with a stopper of the same, which will fit close; the pears and apples, when sorted as before, must be wrapped up separately in soft wrapping paper; twist it closely about the fruit; then lay clean straw on the bottom, and a layer of fruit; then a layer of straw; and so on, till your vessel be full; but 45 you must not put more than a dozen in a jar; if more, their weight will bruise those at the bot tons. cwt. lbs. Tops and roots together, per acre 93 11 40 Gardner and Planter to Bedford, January 1, 1816. SALEM, (MASS.) Sept. 7. tom. Peaches and apricots are best stored up, wrapped each in soft paper, and fine shred paper between the fruit, and also the layers. Grapes must be stored in the jar with fine shred paper, which will keep one from touching the other as much as possible. Five or six bunches are the most which should be put into one jar; if they be large, not so many; for it is to be understood, that whenever you open a jar, you must use that day all the fruit that is in it. paper, layer by layer. When the jar is full, put The dispute whether the Wheat or the Corn would grow this season, led us to observe with Strawberries, as well as peaches, should have more attention a contest which happened between fine shred paper under and between them, in the the seed of these useful plants. In an ear of corn place of straw, which is only to be used for ap of this season a seed of the wheat family happen-ples and pears. Put in the strawberries and the ed to find a place. At about the sixth course, the wheat got strength enough to shoot out, and form its grains, but having also passed through the centre of the ear, when the Indian Corn had gotten its true height, the Wheat had not, and set out by itself. It then began to shoot again, and form its grains. But the Corn which had fed its strength, after an inch of the stem had grown, asserted its right, and formed another cobb, with the wheat at both ends, but not having its first strength, it gave a regular cobb of half the length of the first. But the wheat had not gotten its true height, and began again to form a stem, and shoot its grains. The corn took hold again, and formed another cobb, as regular as the former, but of half the size of the last, but completing all its work. In this operation it was discovered, and three ears, one above the other, excited curiosity, and the work was stopped by breaking off the car to discover the cause. The Wheat seems to have conquered, but the Corn lost no honour. From the London Commercial Magazine. H.R. From the American (Philad.) Centincl. MISREPRESENTATION OF OUR COUNTRY. The gross manner in which this country has been misrepresented in Europe particularly in Great Britain has been productive of benefits as well as disadvantages; and has occasioned the actions of our army, navy, and militia, during the late war, to be regarded with a degree of astonishment by the people of the old world that could not be accounted for in any other manner. Our "fir built ships" have dispelled the magic charm of invincibility that was thrown around the navy Method of Preserving Fruit, of different kinds, in of that nation, which looked down with contempt a fresh state for twelve months. TO THE EDITOR. SIR,-Accept the following receipt-having repeatedly tried it, I can vouch for its efficacy. upon our infant republic, and seemed to think that a degree of success which seldom has attended a country so steadily as herself, placed her above the reach of human power. The success of the British arms in Spain and France, seemed to have made that government believe, that it was the manufacture of the oil and various wines, &c. only necessary, to show a few of their red coats to that are to be found in the different nations, by a the raw and undisciplined army and militia of skilful selection from our different climate, may America, and victory was certain. So perfectly be transferred, established and domesticated in did this infatuated nation seem to have been de- America. This country is blessed by nature with ceived by the reports of her agents, whom cor- more extensive advantages than any other; and ruption of lavished treasure taught to falsify our the admirable system of her civil and political incountry, that she gave to the authors of the most stitutions is eminently calculated to insure happiwild and extravagant tales, the highest rewards; ness and comfort to all who reside within the and the troops and vessels of the United States had protection of her laws and the limits of the territhe advantage of finding a course of conduct ge- tories. To be known and understood are only nenerally exist among the British, founded on the cessary to insure to us the introduction of the most fatal error of despising their enemy; the pernici- extensive improvements from Europe, and an inous effects of which were exhibited by repeat- flux of valuable artizans and cultivators, who in ed defeats. The numerous and brilliant victories the course of a few years would add greatly to of the Americans seemed, towards the close of the wealth and already eminent advantages of the the war, to have made a deep impression on the country. When we shall be properly known and navy and army of Britain, particularly the former. duly estimated by the world, our prosperity and But, fortunately for us, the enemy passed in the peace will be little interrupted by unjust attacks usual manner from one extreme to another, and and unprovoked collisions. The nations of the they occasionally appeared to be vanquished by world, perceiving that the republic pursues an entheir terrors, before the engagement commenced. || lightened, liberal, and generous policy towards The termination of our glorious war in so honor-them will feel no disposition to interfere with her able a peace, may in some measure, be ascribed arrangements of business or government, and we to the above causes: which, no doubt, contribut-shall be permitted to live in friendship with other ed in no small degree to the depression of British countries, and happy and contented among ourcourage. selves. CAIUS. SOME ACCOUNT OF THE PONDONDES, river St. Peter and Missouri. hitherto not taken notice of by any historian. It has appeared to me sufficiently interesting to be more generally known, particularly as the relater is a man of undoubted veracity, who has seen and traded with the people described. Europe, which had seen the almost unparalleled success of British arms and British gold in the old world, looked with amazement at the splendid achievements of the Americans and the frequent A tribe of white men, or Indians, living between the décided and bloody victories over those troops and commanders, who seemed to have been born for In a conversation with an Indian trader, of convictory, and who spread devastation, terror, and || siderable knowledge and acute observation, I redestruction wherever they appeared among them.ceived the following account of a tribe of Indians, Respect for the infant nation, which they regarded as almost surpassing the bounds of human prowess, was the natural consequence; a respect, which, in candor, the American citizen must admit, is excessive; although his heart swells with pride, and glows with feeling at the brilliancy that surrounds the character of his country. The plexion, and short curled hair, of a light brown The Pondondes are of short stature, fair com. transition from one extreme to another, is by no colour. They live in excavations made in the means difficult; indeed it seems natural to per-sides of the banks of rivers and lakes, from a dread sons who are fond of extremes, to pass from one to the other with the same facility that a pendu-They dress altogether in blue, use no paint, and of their enemies, the Sioux and Chippeways.— lum, after arriving at one extremity of an oscillation, vibrates to the other. The general diffusion of a correct and honorable account of these United States, appears of great importance to the happiness and prosperity, quiet and peace of our republic, and wonld, no doubt, contribute greatly to the satisfaction of Europe and to the interest of many of her redundant manufacturers and farUnder these impressions, it is a matter of sincere self-gratulation for us to understand, that some gentlemen from France, of the greatest eru. dition and talents, are about to establish a press, to be edited in the French & English languages, one of the great objects of which is to diffuse correct information respecting this country, thro' the dif ferent nations of Europe. The evident tendency of such a work will be to raise the American character; to attract to our shores distinguished and useful citizens in the sciences, arts, manufactures and agriculture of Europe. The widest field for European enterprise is upon the United States.From Maine to New Orleans, almost every climate is offered for the introduction of every article of cultivation known in the different nations of the old world. The cultivation of the vine, the olive, and all the different articles of agriculture, and mers. dashes, or leggings, as they are usually termed, place of their residence; but he thinks it is be The French call them Pawnees, (slaves;) but this ought not to be considered their proper name, as it is applied to all prisoners or captives. The Sioux and themselves agree in calling their name Pondondes, the signification of which word I have not been able to learn. to New-Grenada, and in Carthagena was appointed president of a council of war and inspector general. After which he was appointed commander of an expedition to liberate the river Magdalena, which he effected, and took possession of Cucesta The river St. Peter is called by the Sioux, Wa--For these services he was promoted by the geterbanminishote-the river with troubled waters.neral government of New Grenada to the rank of FOREIGN BIOGRAPHY. {Portico. From the New-York Columbian. GENERAL BOLIVAR, Jamaica, Sept. 24, 1815. a brigadier general, which since conferred on him the rank of major general, for having liberated Venezuela; and he was since advanced by the same government to the command of the army, with the rank of captain general, with the additional title of Libertador, and invested with full power as a dictator. Venezuela was a second time subdued, though he had been so fortunate as to be successful in combating its enemies in more than a hundred different actions. DEAR SIR,-In compliance with the request He then went a second time to New Grenada, contained in your note of yesterday's date, I will and the general government gave him the comendeavour to answer Mr. C's inquiries concern-mand of its army, and ordered him to reduce the ing Gen. Bolivar, in as satisfactory a manner as province of Cundenamarca to perfect submission, I am capable of, from the information I have ob- which he effected by taking possession of its tained concerning him, and also from my per-capital, Santa Fe, now the seat of the general sonal knowledge of him. government, which city proclaimed him its pacificator. Castillo, who commanded the province of Carthagena succeeded in exciting the inhabitants against the army and authority of Gen. Bolivar. The place of the general's birth is the city of Caraccas, capital of the province of the same Charged to take the command of Carthagena, name, and one of the United Provinces of Vene- and to liberate Santa Martha and Veneuzela, the zuela. His forefathers were among the most re-intrigues and disobedience of brigadier general spectable and wealthy in that country, and among the first settlers from Europe. His education commenced in his native city, in which there has always been an excellent university, from whence he went to Madrid to complete his education. He afterwards travelled much in France, and returned to Madrid, where he married in one of the principal families, after which he returned to || Caraccas with his lady, where she died shortly after her arrival. In a work written on this event, the general exposes the perfidy of brigadier general Castillo, and shows the moderation which characterized his own conduct at that unfortunate period. No other motive induced the general to leave Carthagena and retire to Jamaica, but that of not wishing to be the cause, though innocent, of a civil war with brigadier general Castillo. It is difficult to define the private character of Gen. Bolivar-it is difficult to do it justice in every particular. Among his countrymen he is without an equal, and still less has he a competi tor. He was so afflicted by the loss of his amiable wife, that he abandoned his native country, and all his agricultural pursuits, and determined on travelling in Europe, both to dissipate the melancholy gloom of his mind, and in order to cultivate his understanding. He was present at the coronation of Bonaparte, both in Paris and Milan. Few men possess a nicer sense of honour and He travelled through the whole of Italy. At || delicacy. His generosity and disinterestedness three different periods he visited France. He has are unbounded; his goodness of heart is visible likewise visited South-Carolina, Vera Cruz, Mexi-on every occasion which presents itself, where co, and the islands of Trinidad, Antigua, Curra-sympathy can be excited. His greatest pleasure, coa, and St. Thomas. when possessed of the very ample fortune which He has been engaged in warfare in the princi- he inherited, was to relieve unfortunate objects pal parts of New Grenada, and throughout every deserving of compassion. Their distress he did province of Venezuela. He was sent by the first not fail to alleviate, and in the most delicate and independent government established in Caraccas private manner. He never rambles, and in this on the 19th April, 1810, as a commissioner to particular is a most singular exception. He is caLondon, which important mission he fulfilled pable of undergoing fatigues and supporting primuch to the satisfaction of the then existing go-vations with any man. Few possess more con vernment. As his father had raised a battalion of militia in the valley of Araqua, he was appointed at an early age colonel of that battalion; and at nine years of age the general had been appointed a cadet in his father's regiment, and obtained the rank of captain, by regular gradation, in the royal service of Spain. Shortly after the revolution of Venezuela the government conferred on him the rank of colonel, in which he continued to serve during the first era of the republic. After the first overthrow of Venezuela, he went stancy either in danger or adversity-his perseverance has no limits-Both the qualities in his character have been most fully proved, by events within my knowledge. It cannot be decided whether he best speaks or writes, he excels in both. He understands the French language well, and can also translate the English. He has read much, and has an excellent memory. When Mr. C. has perused the copious letter which the general addressed to Mr. C. on the state of South-America, he will be convinced of the truth of these observations, so hastily drawn up, and which do not convey an adequate idea of the character herein attempted to be | Algiers has only five frigates of 34 to 20 guns, pourtrayed. Yours, truly, To W. M. Esq. I. R. three xebecks of 20 to 10, four half gallies, and three galliots; with which contemptible force it has defied the united powers of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Malta. In 1784, Spain, outraged by insults of these The following account of Algiers is extracted from Barbarians, showed a moment of energy, and atthe Hydrography of the Naval Chronicle. tempted to destroy Algiers by bombardment; but ALGIERS. This bay is eight leagues wide be- after expending 20,000 quintals of powder, and tween Cape Coxines on the W. and Cape Matifoo burning two or three hundred wooden houses, her on the E. Off the latter is a ledge of rocks, and fleet retired. The following year she returned several inlets. The bay has good anchorage to the attack, joined by the naval forces of the throughout in 20 to 30 fathoms, and receives the powers above mentioned, which altogether comriver Haratch. The city of Algiers is in a cove posed a fleet of thirty sail. The Algerine marine, on the west side of the bay; it contains 15,000 however, foiled them; and Spain, finding it imhouses, and about 100,000 inhabitants; and is possible to subdue them while they were supplied built in an amphitheatre on the side of a hill. It || with_naval stores by the French from Marseilles, is the richest town of Barbary, as well from the purchased a temporary suspension of their depreprizes made by its corsairs, as from its commerce. dations for 700,000 piasters. Tunis has three or It has a port, formed by a pier, 500 paces long, four large barks of 20 guns and 120 men each, which joins a small island unto the main. It is some xebecks of 10 to 14 guns, a few feluccas well fortified, and resisted the attacks of the Spa- and gun-boats; the whole belonging to the goniards by land & sea, with 50,000 men in 1775; & vernment not exceeding 15 to 20 vessels, besides by sea in 1783-4. It is surrounded by handsome about 20 armed privateers.-The rules observed country-houses on the neighboring hills, which are by the corsairs in determining whether a strange covered with olives, lemon, and bananna trees. vessel is to be attacked, deserves mention. The The French are the only Europeans that have any captain first examines her with his glass, then the thing like an organized trade with Algiers; and second in command, and so downwards to the this is extremely fluctuating. The objects of ex- lowest seamen; when the opinion is asked, a sinport are wheat, barley, pulse, olive oil, wax, ho- gle affirmative voice is obligatory on the whole ney, bullocks hides, goat skins, wild beast skins, crew, although contrary to the opinion of every wool, oxen, sheep. The export of any kind of other person who opposes it. provisions, is prohibited from Algiers or its dependencies, except that by treaty with England, it is permitted to send cattle from Oran to GibralA DAY IN LONDON. tar. The articles of import that find a ready sale at Algiers are, coffee, spices, allum, sugar, rum, [From a work just published in New-York.] cutlery, piglead, small shot, copperas, logwood, In the following description of some of the mored wood, tin, superfine woollens, fine Irish linen,ral features of London, we may see more to gracalico. tify curiosity than excite either envy or admira The late maritime wars created a great change tion. in the commercial navigation of the Mediterrane- "In the morning all is calm-not a mouse stiran, and more particularly in that of the Turkish ||ring before ten o'clock; the shops then begin to dominions, throwing the greater part of the coast-open. Milk women, with their pails perfectly ing trade into the hands of the Greeks of the Ar-neat, suspended at the two extremities of a yoke, chipelago. This revolution commenced in 1796, carefully shaped to fit the shoulders, and surroundwhen a great scarcity of corn prevailing in France, ed with small tin measures of cream, ring at every and the French, Italian and Spanish flags, not dar- door with reiterated pulls, to hasten the house ing to show themselves, a few Greeks were induc- servants, who come half asleep to receive a meaed for the first time, to venture across the Medi- sure as big as an egg, being the allowance of a faterranean with cargoes of wheat; which produc-mily; for it is necessary to explain, that milk is ed so great a profit, that more extensive specula- not here either food or drink, but a tincture-an tions were entered into by the Greeks of several elixir exhibited in drops, five or six at most in a islands, and so rapid was the progress, that in cup of tea, morning and evening. It would be 1800 they counted 800 vessels carrying on the difficult to say what taste or what quality these trade of the Mediterranean. Of these, there be-drops may impart; but so it is, and nobody thinks longed to the single barren isle of Hydria 200 square-rigged; of between 100 and 400 tons, some of them mounting 30 guns with 70 men, for defence against the Barbary corsairs. NAVAL FORCE.-Independent of the natural indolence of the Moors, the want of good ports and of most of the materials for naval construction, would prevent them from having any naval force, were they not supplied with materials, and even Occasionally with ships ready equipped, by the European governments. Perhaps there is no greater political phenomenon in the present time, than the conduct of the maritime powers towards these barbarians, who are permitted to carry on their piracies with a kind of impunity, against all nations who do not pay them for forbearance. of questioning the propriety of the custom. Not a single carriage, not a cart are seen passing. The first considerable stir is the drum and military music of the guards, marching from their barracks to Hyde Park, having at their heads three or four negro giants, striking high, gracefully and strong, the resounding cymbal. About three or four o'clock, the fashionable world gives some signs of life, issuing forth to pay visits, or rather leave cards at the doors of friends, never seen but in the crowd of assemblies; to go to the shops, see sights or lounge in Bond-street-an ugly, inconvenient street; the attractions of which it is difficult to understand. At five or six they return home to dress for dinner. The streets are then lighted from one end to the other, or rather edg |