cers, seize upon the government, and change its || form, by electing one of their chiefs, on the same principle as that of Algiers. and never without reflection, and always to the purpose: he accustomed himself to read the looks of men with a keen scrutiny, which seldom if ever deceived him in his ideas of character; and this species of investigation had become so familiar to him, that he was accounted a physiognomist of the first order. One fact alone will serve to illustrate this: This plan, however, was defeated by the ra pacity of the Turks, who rushed into the city, seized the fortress of the Gaspa, and, without waiting until all the strong places had been secured, fell to plundering, breaking open shops and committing every species of excess and cruelty. This afforded time to the Bey, whose palace, strongly fortified, was a league from Tunis, to collect a sufficient force capable of manning the out batteries, which soon commenced a brisk cannonade on the Gaspa. The Turks, finding themselves briskly handled, and having no order or regularity, soon fled from the ramparts; many tried to escape, but were overtaken by the cavalry and destroyed; and the revolution terminated by the destruction of the greatest portion of the in-unknown to any but himself, he deliberated on surgents. Of A Bedouin had a horse which he valued highly, and which he was in danger of losing by sickness. In the fervour of his zeal, and conformable to the superstitious customs of the country, he vowed that if his horse recovered he would present his favourite saint with one hundred piastres. The horse was pronounced out of danger, and the Bedouin, on serious reflection, regretted the extravagant vow which he had made. Consoling himself, however, with the assurance that it was the best method of getting rid of the claim, and accordingly, after a long struggle between his conscience and his avarice, he decided to pay the saint fifty piastres, being the one half of the ori||ginal promise. Caitiff, said the Bey, do you think that any thing is concealed from me, who am myself a saint--Legone, bring the hundred piastres; and as a punishment for your sacrilege, you shall receive one hundred blows on the feet; which sentence was faithfully executed. The city of Tunis is said to contain near one hundred and twenty thousand inhabitants. these near thirty thousand are Jews: the rest, with the exception of about one thousand Greek, Armenian, and European Christians, are all Ma- The Bey is trustee for all sums offered to the hometans. The police of the city is extremely numerous saints in the kingdom, to whom he is well regulated; and every branch of trade, com accountable, and doubtless is prepared for settlemerce, or manufacture, has a chief, or Imon, to ment when called upon by them. The Bedouin whom all disputes are referred. Appeals from repaired to the palace with his fifty piastres, and their decisions are heard by the Bey, who attends told his story. The Bey, struck with the hesi daily in the Hall of Justice, to decide on such tating manner of the man, suspected that all was civil and criminal cases as may be brought before not right, and during the recapitulation of his him, and where his immediate interest is not con- story, he fixed his eyes upon him with remarkable cerned he decides justly. All places under go- keenness, and on his conclusion, he said to himvernment are bought, and the highest bidder, Wretch, tell me quickly, did you not promise the without a reference to talents or qualification, is saint one hundred piastres? The affrighted Be the successful candidate. There are no situa-douin fell on his knees, and confessed the fact. tions, however, so profitable to the Bey as the chiefs or governors of the several districts in the kingdom. These pay an exorbitant sum for the appointment, which they subsequently raise by extortions on their people. This system is continued until the Bedouins, who are amazingly fond of litigation, go in a body to complain of their governor to the Bey. The governor, aware of their intentions, is beforehand with them, and purchases a favourable decision, by a large sum of money. The Bey hears the complaint of the Arabs, receives their donation, and dismisses them, with assurances that he will cause their governor to treat them better in future. Thus receiving bribes from both parties, bribes to secure favourable decisions, income from commer cial duties, farms, piracies, and the sale and ransom of Christians, the revenue of Tunis may be computed at three millions of dollars annually;trives to secure from them occasional contribuand as the expenses are managed with great economy, most of this sum remains untouched in the treasury. From a habit of administering jus- Hamuda Pacha had a minister for many years tice for many years, Hamuda Pacha had accus- in his employ, known by the name of the Sapatapa tomed himself to a promptness and decision which or Seal Bearer. This man, who was a compound never admitted of quibble or delay-if a crime of cruelty, artifice, and fraud, was peculiarly anwas 'committed, the culprit was immediately noying to the Christian states. His long experi brought before him, the evidence adduced, the ence made him familiar with every kind of public defence heard, the sentence given, and the exe- business; and the Bey placed in his hands the cution immediately followed. The punishment power of concluding all treaties, and negotiating consists in strangling, beheading, or bastenadoing for their stipulations. Through this channel of on the soles of the feet, which is generally limit-villany and extortion, most of the treaties existing ed to one thousand blows; and this summary at present with the regency passed, and the Samode of trial is conducted with the utmost gra-patapa generally received a bribe equal in value vity and silence, and sentence is passed by a mere to the one given to the Bey. This system of corsign of the head. Hamuda Pacha spoke little, "ruption was encouraged by Hamuda Pacha, who The foreign relations existing with the regency of Tunis are managed with considerable skill and ingenuity. The policy of that government in their commercial treaties is to concede no point of essential importance, and secure to themselves, in addition to a tributary sum, such points as are intimately connected with that policy. Thus the treaties with all the Christian powers, excepting England, France, and America, bear a colourable, but no real reciprocity; and even these last mentioned powers are not wholly exempt from the avarice and rapacity of the Bey, who con tions, under the name and denomination of an nual, biennial, or consular presents. considered the wealth of his ministers as his pri'vate property, subject at all times to his orders; and thus for upwards of thirty years the civilized powers of Europe were compelled to continue their relations on such terms as they thought proper to allow. Hamuda Pacha died in the fall of 1813, and, it was suspected, by poison, although the proofs were not sufficient to justify the suspicion. lace, contrived to detain the princes until dawn, when a troop of Mamalukes arrived, stating, that Mahmoud was created Bey, and had issued orders to put Sidi Slla and his brother to death. These unfortunate young men broke loose and threw themselves into the canal, with an intention to drown themselves; their object, however, was defeated-they were taken out, their hands secured behind their backs with their silk sashescarried outside of the walls of the Goletta, and were there cut to pieces. Thus ended another revolution, which restored the regular succession, after an interregnum of thirty-two years. The Mahometan fast of the Ramadan consists of thirty days, and falls in the months of July and August; the most oppressive season of the year. This fast is most rigidly observed by all mussulmen; they neither eat, drink, nor smoke from The most prominent character in commencing sun-rise until sun-set, during that period. The these revolutions was Sidi Yusef, the Sapatapa or last day, just as the evening gun was about to be prime minister. This man originally was a Georfired, which concluded the fast of the Ramadan, gian and a Christian: having embraced the Maand ushered in the feast of Biram, the Bey, in hometan religion while a youth, he had continued tasting a cup of coffee, fell down and instantly in the service of Hamuda Pacha, and was considied. The utmost consternation prevailed: the dered a man of extraordinary talents. His avalong reign of Hamuda Pacha; the vigour of his rice and rapacity had made him one of the richadministration; his high character, and the sud- est men in the kingdom: but during the reign of denness of his death, all combined to produce Hamuda he was kept in constant check. The the greatest alarm and dismay in the palace great difference of character discerned in his sucDuring this confusion some of the ministers and cessors, Ottoman and Mahmoud, and the increased a few officers suddenly forced the brother of influence and importance of the Sapatapa induced Hamuda Pacha, Ottomon, who was lamenting his him to believe that it was feasible by another redeath, into the chair of state, and declared himvolution to set aside Mahmoud Bey and his family Bey. The oaths were immediately administered; and place himself in their stead. It is not known the flags were displayed, and the cannon fired that proofs existed of this conspiracy; yet as he from the ramparts-order and tranquility were was a dangerous character, Mahmoud Bey deterrestored when Ottoman and Ismael, the legiti-mined to take a favorable moment and dispatch mate heirs to the throne, entered the palace, and him and in carrying this plan into execution, the finding no disposition evinced to recognize their art and hypocrisy of the Turkish character, then claim, they paid their homage to the new sove- deep and cold blooded policy was more than reign, and silently departed. Ottoman Bey was || strikingly manifested. a man of uncommon mildness, and possessed many excellent qualities-he, however, had indulged in no expectations of being chosen Bey, and therefore had taken no part in the public councils. His eldest son, called Sidi Salla, was a great favourite with Hamuda Pacha, who having contemplated naming him as his successor, had taken great pains to accustom him to the routine of business. Sidi Salta became the most important and influential person on the accession of his father; and his conduct gave testimony of his worth and integrity. Mahmand, who considered his claim to the succession as the most undoubted and unequivocal, was in no manner satisfied with the termination of the election; and although he was far advanced in life, and of a mild and peaceable nature, he felt it incumbent upon him to use his exertions to create a party in his favour; and in this attempt he was stimulated by the ambitious views of his two sons, Hassan and Mustapha, men of quick and apt parts, but of a ferocious and villanous character. The plans which they laid progressed rapidly; and although Ottoman Bey was advised of the steps which his cousins were pursuing, and cautioned to their effect, he neglected to confine them. The revolution which was approaching, at last took effect. Mahmaud entered at night into the chamber of Ottoman Bey, and put him to death-the attendants around him were destroyed. Sidi Salla and his brother fled, under cover of the night, and reached the Goletta, with a view of getting on board some of the vessels which lay in the Roads. The commander of the Goletta, who was also the minister of marine, suspecting that some revolution had taken place at the pa The Sapatapa bad apartments in the palace and his employments and influence rendered it neces Sary that he should always be near the person of the Bey. He was also accustomed to spend his evenings with the Bey or with his two sons. The evening upon which the Bey decided he should be killed, he spent with the family, and for a long time was earnestly engaged in playing a game of chess with the son Hassan Bey. After conversing on public affairs some time, he rose, ordered a small lamp to be lighted, for the purpose of crossing the court yard to his apartments, and bade the family good night. As he was about entering the door of his apartment one of the guard inform ed him that the Bey wished to speak to him, and on turning back to retrace his steps he had occasion to pass a large hall fronting the hall of justice; into this hall his guide conducted him, where, to his astonishment he saw several Mamelukes standing with drawn swords; on the floor was a long cord generally used for strangling, and several wax candles were ranged so as to throw a distinct light on what was passing. As he entered the Bach Mameluke or captain attempted to seize him, when instantly suspecting the design, he stepped back and drew from his belt a togana or small sword, with which he struck the captain across the cheek, and being then assailed by the Mamelukes he defended himself bravely, but being overpowered they seized him, held him down by the beard, and in this position cut his throat. After his death the Bey ordered him to be stript and carried into Tunis, and laid before a magnificent mosque which he had built at an exp nse of near a million of dollars. Such however, was the obnoxious character of the Sapatapa, that the mob cessor. From the Boston Chronicle. seized him, and tying a chain around his body, whose leading object, on the part of France, was dragged him around the walls and through the declared to be, the reduction of Britain's immense streets of Tunis, cut the flesh from his bones and, naval establishment within those limits, that with a characteristic ferocity, cruelly mangled ||should secure the maritime rights of Europe. the remains of a man of whom they had long stood Those who question this right contended for by in the utmost awe. The Bey seized upon his pro- || France, may remember the assertion of the liberperty, which was said to amount to near two mil-ty of the seas, was the express design of the northlions of dollars, and very cooly appointed a suc- ern confederacy under Catharine, and only relinquished on account of the disasters at Copenhagen. Let those, who acknowledge the rights of nations, examine the creed framed and maintained by the northern powers, and say, whether its establishment would not place commerce on the basis of justice and equality; or let them, who The late events in Europe have led to various think otherwise, show by what right derived from conjectures and anticipations in regard to the fu- the laws of nature and nations, an insular kingture condition of its inhabitants. Some have re- dom, whose maritime interests bear so small a progarded the conclusion of peace between the Allies, portion to those of the whole world, shall monoand he French people, as the termination of all polize commerce to itself, besides laying the little their woes, and the commencement of national that is left under imposts and blockades, that renfelicity. While humanity delights fondly to in-der it unworthy of enterprize. Those who would dulge the thought, still the mind, alive to the hap- || deduce conclusions upon this subject from revelapiness of mankind, would anxiously inquire the || tion, will find an appropriate phrase in Psalmsgrounds for believing, that the present condition "The sea is the Lord's, for he made it." of Europe promises an amelioration of the human race. OF THE STATE AND PROSPECTS OF EUROPE. The discussion of this subject must not be conducted upon opinions, drawn from the history of Europe, antecedent to the French Revolution; nor upon those principles derived from the study of political science; but its decision must be grounded upon premises, authorized by facts, colleeted by extensive political induction from the actual condition of European nations, and from causes operating within our own view, and producing their effects upon the present generation. For, to judge of the present national arrangements made by the Sovereigns of Europe, it will not do to appeal to abstract qualities and theoretical excellence. We must see how they work in practice, in order to determine their influence on the happiness of mankind. It may not be improper to take a retrospect of the state of Europe by which its present condition was preceded. We saw a nation in the centre of Europe acquir ing knowledge and wealth with a progress superior to any since the reformation; but buried for ages in political and popish despotism, till under this pressure a re-action was produced, which repelling the superincumbent mass, that confined it, overwhelmed with violence and fury the oppres sors. Humanity will, doubtless, find many things to deplore in a popular commotion, where the innocent and guilty are doomed many times to suffer alike. After the rage of this terrible storm had subsided, and something like tranquillity had ensued, a popular government was erected, which, from the materials that composed it, must be sup. posed liable to disorders, that did not disturb conterminous nations. We saw every monarchy in Europe leagued in a tenfold combination, that threatened the very extermination of the republic; whose armies, though distracted by internal divi. sion, nobly faced the enemy, and, with a heroism and valor that astonished the present age, and that posterity will scarcely believe, beat and dispersed his massive columns, and punished an interference in their national affairs, which was as unjust, as it was unsuccessful. After a cessation of hostilities in 1801, war was recommenced with increased animosity and vigor, With whatever aversion the revolution is surveyed, it must be allowed to have produced a ferment in the social and political mass, from || which greater genius has been extricated, and intellectual excellence extracted, than at any other period since the creation. The stupendous structure, begun by Newton, has been consummated during this period, and the researches of Locke and Euler pushed further into the depths of sci ence. But as a demonstration of the tendency of the revolutionary system does not decide the present question, we shall pass on to the period succeeding it, in which "All crimes shall cease, and former fraud shall Returning justice lift aloft her scale : The first official act which ushered in this golden era, was the forcible transference of Norway to Sweden, as an equivalent for Pomerania. Amore flagrant aggression on national independence was never witnessed, than the alienation of a kingdom without the consent of the people, but manifestly most repugnant to their wishes; whose attachment to their civil and political institutions can only be equalled by the unconquerable fortitude with which they have defended them whenever assailed. They are transferred to a government, for which they have a hereditary and deep-rooted hatred ;-to whose laws and habits they can never be reconciled, and must be plundered, and always treated like rebels. It is a sufficient evidence of the injustice of the measure, that its authors have never ventured to defend it, either by arguments from expediency, or the best writers on the laws of nations; many of whom, though partial enough to monarchies, have reprobated the principle, that the people have no voice in the question, who shall rule them, and can be exchanged in barter like cattle. Yet we find England endeavoring to starve the Norwegians into a surrender of their national existence, though not obliged by the construction, nor implication of their treaties with the Allies. The next advance in the great work of restora- the general feelings of joy in the destruction of an tion, was, to despoil the Elector of Saxony of his engine, which, under color of extirpating heresy, dominions; and the erection of a new kingdom, eradicated the rights of conscience and inquiry. Belgium, at the expense of German Principalities. None certainly, importuned heaven more ferventThe discontent and sufferings of the people may ly for the downfall of the man of sin, than the Britbe inferred from the necessity Lord Wellington ish hierarchy before the revolution. But afterwas under to keep a constant military force, inwards their zeal seems strangely languid. Perhaps order to quell the insurrections of the new sub- because Napoleon wrested from him his sceptre. jects. The excuse, that has been offered for the Another consequence of their restitution is, to spoliation of the Saxon territory is, that the Elec-retard, if not prevent, the emancipation of Southtor took part with Napoleon. But surely, if such America: and thus prolong the reign of political a reason is to operate on every instance of leagu- and Popish despotism over that unhappy portion ing with Bonaparte, the legitimates must suffer by of the world. its general application. Alexander cannot have forgotten, that the Autocrat of all the Russias joined France, and backed her two years in the invassion of Austria. And the Emperor of Austria, remembering, that "one good turn deserves another," assisted Napoleon in the subjugation of Russia. After the occupation of the Peninsula by Bonaparte, the American provinces renounced allegi. ance to the crown. Provisional governments were formed at Buenos Ayres, and other places. The revolutionary spark was diffused with the rapidity of lightning over that vast continent; burst the gloom of superstition, and with its vivifying shock, "Where Spanish indolence inactive lies, To proceed in the great work of reform-Po-electrified those minds, land merited the first attention in the great continental restitution. Her partition in 1772 was as unjust, as it was unprecedented; and, no doubt, has furnished an ample pretext for subsequent inva- Gen. Artegas, like Hannibal, passed the Cordilsions of national right. The measureless suffer- leras with a band of patriots, to whose standard ings, to which her numerous population has been thousands flocked. The fertile vales of Chili, and exposed, have no parallel in the catastrophe of the luxuriant fields of Peru, felt the quickening nations. Another partition in 1793 consummated influences which the genius of liberty inspired, her misery, and consigned her wretched subjects and received the deliverance he effected, like to proscriptions, confiscations, imprisonments and flushing verdure after the dreary winter of updeportations, that must fill every one with horror pression. But alas! the scene is reversed! The \ and indignation, and torture the sensibility of all, "legitimates" are restored; and the prospect of except Calmucks and Cossacks, whose hearts are civilization, and measureless improvement open. steeled against sympathy by natural ferocity, anding upon the colonies, is again closed.-Commogreediness for plunder. dore Hillyar's perfidy, joined with the exertions of the royalis's, have nearly disconcerted the movements of the patriots on the shores of the Pacific, while their blood has reddened those of the Atlantic. And thus the hopes of a commerce in the richest productions of the earth, are cut off on both oceans. It will, no doubt, be the policy of Spain, as it ever has been, to preclude intercourse with her American subjects, and keep them in political and superstitious bondage. But We cannot pass on, without remarking the distinction so clearly manifested between Poland and Holland, in the late European restoration. Its reason we shall not attempt to trace; unless it be the ultima ratio regum; and that Poland was dismembered by the Allies, the same month that Holland was conquered by France. But after the immense sacrifices Europe has been called upon to make, in order to restore the independence of na tions, why is Poland, whose claims to emancipation are acknowledged the greatest, retained in perpetual partition by those who style themselves the "Liberators of Europe?" Is the old heresy still to be inculcated in the face of an enlightened world, that the rights of kings are divin?—that the people are their lawful property, to be disposed of at pleasure? If all, that has taken place in the American and French revolutions, is not enough to convince their royal minds of this error, the increasing intelligence of the age, and the diffusion of political knowledge, will dis..buse them, though, perhaps, at a dear rate. Ferdinand and the Pope are restored to the plenitude of their power. Their first joint act, demonstrative of their gratitude to their benefactors, was to re-establish the Inquisition. Many religious sects amongst us, respectable for their numbers and virtue, instituted solemn thanksgivings to the Supreme Arbiter of the Universe, and sang triumphant pæans for We shall, lastly, speak of the indemnities Engits abolition; and because unfeeling superstition land has received She has obtained the Cape of and intolerance were stripped of their most potent Good Hope, and the island of Mauritius from Holterror, with which they had pursued piety and in- land and France, essential to their commerce, but nocence, not only on the theatre of public life, not hers. This acquisition has secured her the but hunted them into the retired walks of domes means of total monopoly in India, and of subjugattic obscurity, the last retreat of suffering virtue.ing what is left. The condition of the people unWe believe some Presbyterians participated in der their conquerors, may be understood from the Another effect of the Continental reform, is the revival of the slave trade. Poor Africa, after the insurrection at St. Domingo, and under Napoleon's anti-commercial policy, felt considerable alleviation of her sufferings, and at length, by the pious interposition of the friends of humanity, was within the expectation of total abolition. the Allies, in adjusting their treaties with France, have protracted this inhuman traffic to five years, without any security against a further prolongation. Since the renewal of this trade in human flesh, factories, established along 1500 miles coast, to carry on a peaceable and civilizing commerce with the natives, begin to be abandoned; and thus the most efficient means that could be devised to instruct the Africans in Christian morality and industry, are cut off, and they are once more consigned to barbarism and slavery. descriptions of Sheridan, and Sir Philip Francis. The former of whom has told us, in his memorable plea against Hastings, that the Ganges blushed for the honor of the British name. in their own times, and read the daily news from France. At all times men will be found to abhor every scene of cruelty, and will lament the government which is obliged to such measures for. And at all times men are to be found Finally, her accessions in the East and West-its support. Indies have consolidated and extended her mari-who will flock around the scaffold and place of extime power, the previous preponderance of which, ecution, and exult in the work of destruction. was justly regarded by all commercial nations as fatal to their rights and liberties on the ocean. We ask every one to survey for himself, the late arrangements of Europe, and examine the numerous infractions committed by it on the rights of nations; and then decide for himself, whether an amelioration of the human race can be expectcd. CARNOT. THE FINE ARTS. attention been given to the subject; yet, there is nothing to which time and money can be more profitably applied, and past supineness ought to double present exertions. I hope the establishment of schools will follow, than which a more certam means of forwarding public improvement generally, cannot be devised. With fifty years more of negligent indifference to education, it is to be feared, we shall fall as far behind our northern brethren in intellectual improvement, as at present we do in churches, roads and other pub lic works. Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Leghorn, to his friend in Richmond, dated May 18, 1816. "It has given me much pleasure to learn from the last papers, that there is, as well in the General as in the State Governments, an earnest disposition to promote such works as promise public and lasting utility. The state of Virginia seems, From the Salem Register. too, to have been at length awakened to a sense of We have melancholy tales from France of exethe importance of such objects. I hope their cutions. We shall give a specimen of just such zeal may not be permitted to cool, till the face of work as the restoration of Charles the II. of Eng the country may be held up in proud comparison land, in which a minister of this town of Salem with the most improved Northern State. These suffered. We offer it in the words of Ludlow. "An order being made, that the Chief Justice objects are, to be sure, not to be attained without money and time They have been so long neglectCoke, and Mr. Peters should die on the same day, ed, that perhaps more of both may be now requir they were carried in two sleds to the place aped than would have been necessary, had an earlier pointed for the execution of the sentence that had been pronounced against them; the head of Major-General Harrison being placed on that which carried the Chief Justice, with the face uncovered, and directed towards him, which was so far from producing the designed effect, that he not only seemed to be animated with courage from the reflections he might make upon that object, but the people every where expressed their detestation of such usage. At the place of execution, among other things, he declared that he had used the utmost of his endeavors that the practice of the law might be regulated, and that public justice might be administered with as much expedition and as little expense as possible: and that he had suffered a more than ordinary persecution from those of his own profession on that account. He said he understood not the meaning of the court, when they affirmed that if the Lords and Commons had brought the king to the bar, it had been treason in them; and as to the part he had in the action with which he was charged, he was so far from repenting what he had done, that he was almost ready to seal it with his blood. Here the sheriff rudely interrupting him, he replied, that it had not been the custom in the most barbarous nations, much less in England, to insult over ady ing man; adding, that he thought he was the first who had ever suffered death for demanding justice. When this victim was cut down and brought to be quartered, one colonel Turner called to the sheriff's men to bring Mr. Peters to see what was doing; which being done the executioner came to him, and rubbing his bloody hands together, asked him, how he liked that work? He told him, he was not at all terrified, and that he might do his worst. And when upon the ladder, he said to the sheriff, sir, you have butchered one of the servants of God before my eyes, and have forced me to see it in order to terrify and discourage me, but God has permitted it for my support and encour agement." After this scene, the work went on and other sufferers took their turn. They who do not regard the tales which instructed our fathers, and forget or have never heard how much Mr. Peters did for Salem, and how much the people loved him, may find the same work of destruction "I have lately had a cast of the famous Venus de Medicis made, and shall ship it by the first vessel for Baltimore. I intend to offer it to the city of Richmond, and hope it may induce them to form a collection of such models of the best statues, ancient and modern. They may be easily procured, and would, if placed in a house proper for their reception and preservation, certainly be a source of permanent gratification, if not of improvement to public taste. The expense, so far at least as relates to the first cost of the casts, is so very inconsiderable, that I would most cheerfully AGRICULTURAL. ON MAKING CIDER, AND PRESERVING POMACE AS A The enemies which threatened the destruction of our apple trees, have been principally destroy |