responding to dextrin, and ultimately into grape sugar: other substances are produced, but only in small quantity.

GLYCOLIGNOSE, C30H46O21 (C60H46042). On exhausting the wood of the spruce fir, Abies excelsa, successively with dilute acetic acid, alcohol, and ether, a yellowish-white substance is left, which is the glycolignose free from cellulose. When boiled with hydrochloric acid it splits up into glucose and lignose, C18H26Ŏ11 (C36H26022). The latter is reddish yellow, insoluble in ordinary solvents, and only yields a small quantity of cellulose to ammoniacal cupric solution.

GLYCOLINIC ACID, CHO̟ (CHO), an acid said by Friedländer to be formed by the action of sodium amalgam on ethylic oxalate. Eghis, on repeating the experiment, obtained considerable quantities of glycollic acid, but no glycolinic acid. Debus has recently shown, by a careful and exhaustive research, that glycollic and tartaric acids are produced in this reaction, but no substance at all resembling Friedländer's glycolinic acid. (Friedländer, Jour. Pr. Chem. xciii. 65; Eghis, Deut. Chem. Ges. ber. iv. 580; Debus, Jour. Chem. Soc. xxv. 365.) GLYCOLLAMIDE. [E. C. vol. iv. 422, and GLYCOLLIC ACID, E. C. S.] GLYCOLLIC ACID, Oxacetic acid, CHO, LLIC Cuple (HO,C,H,O) [E. C. vol. iv. col. 421]. Besides the methods already mentioned, glycollic acid, which is the first of the normal series of lactic acids, is formed by the action of alkalis on glyoxal and glyoxylic acid. It is also found amongst the products of the action of nitric acid on acrolein and on glycerin, and may be obtained by treating oxalic acid with sulphuric acid

and zinc.

=

+ он.

HO,C,H,O,+ 2HO

Ethylic glycollate, when treated with ammonia, yields glycollamide, CH,NO, CO(NH,) (CH2ON). The same compound is also produced by the action of heat on ammonic tartronate with simultaneous evolution of carbonic anhydride and water. Ethoxacetic acid, or ethylglycollic acid, COHO CH,Eto

CHMeo

COHO

[ETHOXACETIC ACID, E. C. S.], and methoxacetic acid, are both closely related to glycollic acid, as will be readily seen by a comparison of their structural formula. Glycocinamide or glycocollamide, C2HN2O= {CONH (CHN), is formed, (NH2) CO(NH2) together with amidodiglycollodiamide, CH,N,O, (C.H,N,O,), and amidotriglycollotriamide, CH,,NO, (C,H,NO), by the action of an excess of alcoholic solution of ammonia on ethylic monochloracetate. With platinic tetrachloride it forms a fine double salt, which crystallizes readily in monoclinic prisms. An aqueous solution of glycollamide easily decomposes, yielding glycocine and ammonia. (Dessaigues, Compt. Rend. xxxviii. 47; Wurtz, do. xliv. 1306, and Ann. Chem. Pharm. cii. 366; Heintz, Ann. Chem. Pharm. cxlviii. 177, cl. 67; clii. 325.)

124

GLYCOLS, the generic name applied to the dihydric or diatomic alcohols of the fatty series. They may be regarded as derived from the saturated hydrocarbons by the replacement of two atoms of their hydrogen by two of hydroxyl, and are represented by the general formula CH2Ho2

Formulæ.

18

18

Boiling Point. Ethylic glycol or ethylenic alcohol C2H.O, (CH.0) 197° 5 Propylic glycol or propylenic alcohol CHO (CHO) 1880-189° Butylic glycol or butylenic alcohol CHO(CH) 183°-184° Amylic glycol or amylenic alcohol CHO(CH1204)177° Caproylic glycol or hexylenic alcohol CHO(CHO) 207° Caprylic glycol or octylenic alcohol CHO(CHO) 255°-240°. In this list, which comprises the glycols at present known, it will be observed that the boiling points of the first four glycols exhibit the singular anomaly of becoming lower as the molecular weight increases. This probably arises from the difference in their constitution; the ethylic glycol is a normal glycol, SCH2Ho whereas propylic glycol appears to be a secondary }CH,Ho alcohol of the formula CH,Ho CMeHHo since it yields lactic acid SCMeHHo by oxidation. [ETHEREAL SALTS AND ETHERS,

COHO

E. C. S. col. 908, and GLYCOL, E. C. vol. iv. col. 415.]

GLYCOLURIC ACID, C,N2H2O, (HO,C,N,HO), and GLYCOLURIL, CNHO, (CNHO,). Glycoluril is produced when a solution of allantoin, acidified with sulphuric acid, is heated with sodium amalgam. It forms colourless octahedral crystals which, when boiled with baryta water, split up into urea and glycoluric acid. The latter may be obtained in colourless transparent crystals. (Rheineck, Ann. Chem. Pharm. cxxxiv. 219.)

GLYCYRRETIN, CH26O? (C36H2808). On boiling glycyrrhizin [E. C. vol. iv. col. 419] with dilute acids, it splits up into glucose and glycyrretin. The latter is a yellowish brittle resin, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and in dilute alkaline solutions. (Gorup-Besanez, Ann. Chem. Pharm. cxviii. 236.) SCHHO2 (HO,C,H,O,) COHO [E. C. vol. iv. col. 419]. This acid is formed, amongst other products, by the action of nitric acid on alcohol, glycol, glyoxal, and glycerin, and along with glycollic acid, by the action of nascent hydrogen on oxalic acid. It is a viscid transparent salts with the metals. Its aqueous solution, dissolvstalline without evolution of hydrogen, zincic gycollate being formed. GLYPHS (Greek, yupo, to hollow out), the perpendicular flutings, or grooves, in friezes of the Doric order. In the Parthenon, and in entablatures of Grecian architecture generally, two grooves are channelled on slightly projecting tablets, with tablets, which are arranged at equal intervals along the frieze, a half-groove champering off each of the outer edges. are called Triglyphs, the spaces between them Metopes. [GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE, E. C. vol. iv. col. 530; COLUMN, E. C. vol. iii. col. 44, the Greek triglyph being figured in the latter article at col. 51, the Roman at col. 47.]

zinc

These

GLYPTIC, or GLYPHIC, ART (from yλupw, to engrave), the art of engraving precious stones [ENGRAVED STONES, E. C. S.] GLYPTOTHECA (French, Glyptothèque), a collection of engraved stones.

GLYSTER. The glyster, clyster, or enema, is the liquid, smoke, or gas thrown into the rectum, or lower bowel, to relieve constipation or expel flatus; also to afford nourishment to the system, or introduce active medicines chiefly in cases where the passage by the gullet is obstructed by spasm or organic disease, or the stomach from any cause rejects the matters taken into it. Glysters should consist of warm liquids, and their quantity, for an adult, should be from half a pint to a pint. When the object is simply to relieve constipation, warm water may be employed; but, as a rule, some thin mucilaginous or glutinous fluid is to be preferred, such as thin gruel, linseed tea, barley water, rice water, or decoction of marsh mallow, which form a suitable vehicle for active medicines. In such works as Cooley's Cyclopædia of Practical Receipts,' a large number of formula will be found, classed under the heads of Aperient, Cathartic or Vermifuge, Sedative, Anodyne or Narcotic, Demulcent or Emollient, Nutrient, Antispasmodic, and Antiseptic. Among the more active medicines introduced into the system in this way may be mentioned the infusion or smoke of tobacco, chiefly used in cases of hernia to produce a fainting state and relieve spasm.

Enemata are usually introduced by a syringe, bladder, or hollow elastic ball, to which a short pipe with smooth rounded end is attached. The brass syringe with elastic tube is one of the most elegant forms, and the elastic ball and pipe one of the most convenient. A simple tube with funnelled-mouth and rectum-pipe is also in use. It acts on the simple principle of liquids finding their own level, and is therefore efficient in proportion to its length. Tobacco-smoke or other gaseous matter may be injected by means of a double bellows supplied with air from a small funnel under which the smoke or gas is being formed, or a small gasometer may be connected with the rectum tube.

GOBELINS TAPESTRY. [TAPESTRY, E. C. vol. viii. col. 21.] GOBLIN, a sort of demon, called in the French gobelin, and in medieval Latin gobelinus, which appears to have had a character for silliness rather than malice. This form of spirit is, by some, considered to be the later representative of the faunus of the older myths. Ordericus Vitalis (v. 556) states still lurked about the site of its former abode, and by the merits that the demon which was expelled from a temple of Diana, of St. Taurinus was forbidden from doing injury to any one. Cassianus, in the same way, speaking of unclean spirits, commonly called fauns, which he says are evidently enticers and sportively inclined, describes how they sit about the ways and take pleasure not so much in tormenting as in deceiving and

the action of mercury is intensified, and made applicable to an increased variety of ores, by a small addition of sodium.

For the Chemistry of Gold, see GOLD, E. C. vol. iv. col. 424; and for its Physical Properties, GOLD, E. C. S., Nat. Hist. Div. col. 456.

GOLD, RELATIONS OF, TO LIGHT. [GOLD, E. C. S., Nat. Hist. Div. col. 457.]

GOLDEN BULL. [BULLA, E. C. S., col. 392; CHARLES IV., E. C., Biog. Div., vol. ii. col. 175.]

GOLDEN FLEECE, ORDER OF THE, was founded by Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, on occasion of his marriage, January 10th, 1429, with Isabelle, daughter of John I. of Portugal, the title being given with reference, perhaps, to the golden fleece of Colchis, but especially to do honour to the staple industry of the Duke's Netherland subjects. The statutes of the order were promulgated in 1431. The number of knights was at first limited to 24, but was afterwards extended. By the death of Charles le Téméraire, and the marriage of his daughter Mary with Maximilian of Austria, the order was held by the emperors, and became virtually Austrian. It was, however, afterwards claimed by the Spanish branch of the Hispano-Austrian line, and the dispute was at length compromised by the sovereigns of Austria and Spain each creating knights and exercising the other privileges of the order in his own dominion. In both countries the decoration of the order is a golden fleece, in the case of the grand master, suspended from a rich collar of steels and flints emitting sparks, of ordinary knights from a red ribbon. GOLDEN LEGEND. [LEGENDA AUREA, E. C. S.] GOLDEN ROSE, an ornament peculiar to the Church of Rome, representing not merely a single flower, but an entire rose tree about a foot in height, most delicately wrought in fine lamina of gold. The flower which crowns the stem is perforated so as to hold a composition of balsam of Peru and powder of musk; the gold, the balsam, and the musk being, according to a homily of Innocent III., in allusion to the triple nature of our Lord, viz.: His divinity, body, and soul. It also typifies the joys of spring and the holy season of Easter by its sweetness, beauty, and pleasant savour; and the second advent in the seventh age of the world on account of its consecration by the Pope on the fourth Sunday in Lent, the seventh after Septuagesima. The benediction of the golden rose was substituted for that of a pair of gold and silver keys and pieces filed from the chains which are said to have bound the hands of St. Peter, which are still preserved in Rome, and the first positive record concerning it has been ascribed to the pontificate of Leo IX. [1049–53], by Calmet, who gives the following account of its origin. He says that the Pope, in the first year of his pontificate, granted certain privileges to the monastery of Wolfenheim, near Colmar, in consequence of the abbey there having been founded by his father, Hugh, Count of Egesheim, and his wife, Heilioilgdis, and that he himself gave his papal benediction to the then Abbess Kuentza, and conferred upon the convent the right of ever after choosing their own superior, and claiming for her the benediction of his successors for ever. That, in recognition of these high honours, the abbess was to send to Rome every year a golden rose weighing two Roman ounces, which was to be delivered to his Holiness on mid-Lent Sunday, so that he might be able to bless it on the Sunday of "Lætare," which is the fourth Sunday in Lent. The early custom in reference to it was, that the Pope, after singing mass at the Lateran, pronounced a homily to the assembled people, upon its mystic significance, whilst he held the consecrated object in one hand, after which he presented it annually to the Prefect of the City. The last Pope recorded thus to have preached upon, and thus to have conferred the golden rose, was Pius II. in 1458. It was, however, from the first occasionally sent to some monarch, prince, eminent church, or distinguished person, as a high mark of papal favour. In more modern times, the first-named personages have been the sole recipients of it; and although originally the bestowal of the golden rose was only a religious ceremony, it afterwards became and is still regarded as a papal acknowledgment of the recipient's sovereignty when sent to a monarch. The earliest record we have of its having being conferred upon any foreign potentate is its presentation to Fulk, Count of Anjou, by Urban II. in 1096. In_1360, Urban V. sent one to Queen Joanna, of Sicily; Pope Eugenius III., in 1446, to Henry VI.; Pope Julius II., in 1510, and Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII.; Julius III. to Philip and Mary; the last one having been that sent to Isabella II. of Spain, previously to her abdication in 1870.

The form of the benediction of the golden rose is as fol

lows: Having been deposited between lighted candelabra upon a table in the sacristy, it is taken from thence by the youngest cleric of the camera to be consigned to his Holiness, after the latter has been vested for the solemnity, but before assuming the mitre. A special form of prayer is then pronounced, and the rose anointed with chrism and sprinkled with incense and holy water. Lastly, the pontiff imparts the benediction, introducing into the receptacle the balsam and the powered musk. He then passes into the Sistine Chapel, still carrying the rose in his left hand, and while he there celebrates mass it remains beneath the crucifix over the altar. If it is to be sent to any favoured recipient, the Pope carries it away in procession with his own hands; but if no donation of it is thought advisable, the same rose is consecrated and blest with the same ceremonial on the anniversary following. In the museum in the Hôtel Clugny, at Paris, there is a branch of a golden rose tree with flowers of the same metal, of the thirteenth century, which was probably sent as a papal gift to some French king at that period. (Cartari's essay, La Rosa d'Ora Pontificia ; F. Angeli Rocca, Opera, vol. i. fol. Rome, 1719.) GOLDEN SULPHURET, the precipitated sulphide of antimony, known also as sulphantimonic acid and Kermes mineral. GOLF is the national game of Scotland at all times and seasons, except there be snow on the ground, and so surpasses the only other Scottish pastime, as although curling is comparable with it, curling belongs exclusively to winter, and a hard winter too with continued frost. The derivation of the term is from the Dutch, kolf, a club; but the date of its introduction into Scotland is unknown. Not only can golf be played in any weather except when snow lies deeply on the ground (and in our island this rarely happens by the sea side), but it has the further recommendation that advancing age does not interfere with the pursuit of the game; whereas, hunting, shooting, and boating men, cricketers, and athletes are seldom so active in or so well nerved for their pursuits after numbering thirty-five or forty years. The continuous and steady pace at which the player walks round the links, and the bracing sea air, render golf a mild but sufficient course of training without involving undue, sudden, or violent exertion.

The whole ground which is the scene of action is known by the name of links, and should consist of a long, oval-shaped range of sand flats covered with short grass, resembling that on the English chalk downs. These links are natural, not artificial, like Horace's poet, the ground nascitur non fit, and should be combined with sand pits, furze bushes, and similar difficulties, which are denominated the "hazards" of the game. The best links are to be found on the depressed sea shores of the Eastern Lowlands, notably at St. Andrews and Musselburgh, the former of which cities may be denominated the head quarters, the Wimbledon, or metropolis of golf. The people live rather by golf than by the university. South of the Tweed, the pastime has of late years been coming into favour, and the best links are those of the Royal N. Devon Club, on Northam Burrows, by Bideford. Nearer London, the Blackheath Club was founded as far back as 1608, perhaps by James I. himself; but in Queen Victoria's time it has lost a great deal of its vitality, owing to the encroachment of bricks and mortar and holiday makers, who curtail considerably the open space so desirable for a good long swipe. All links vary somewhat; there is no uniformity in the ground, though its component parts should always be the same, such as furze bushes, deep sandpits, trenches, and rough cart tracks with deep ruts, which constitute good hazards, with smooth pieces of turf for the "putting greens.' These greens are pieces of intervening smooth turf; they are "putting," because on each there is one "hole ;" and the number of these holes on the links varies with the number of smooth spaces of turf available for putting greens. Each hole should be cut perpendicularly through the sod, four inches in diameter and at least a foot in depth. If the links combine breadth with length, they should be placed as it were on the circumference of an ellipse. If this be done, a "round," is really a round, and consists in playing once round the links. If sufficient breadth is not available to place them on a circumference, a round is a straight course, once up from, and down again to, the starting point. Anyhow, there must be an odd number of holes.

The sole object in the game is to drive a gutta-percha ball into each successive hole, with the smallest possible number of strokes, and the side which does this gains the match. There may be either one player or two on each side. In the latter case, the match is termed a "foursome," and the competitors play alternately. Formerly, the balls were made of feathers covered

with leather, but gutta-percha has been found more reasonable and durable. The ball is struck with a club, of which no less than ten forms are requisite-viz., the play club; long, middle, short, and baffing spoons; putter and driving putter; with wooden heads and the sand iron, cleek, and niblick with iron heads. Their shapes are difficult to define without diagrams, and they vary from 3 ft. to 3 ft. 9 in. in length, the play club being the longest, and putter the shortest. The handles are made of hickory or lancewood, covered with leather; the heads of the first seven of some harder wood, faced with horn and loaded at the back with lead to enable the player to swing them well. The play club is used for hitting the ball long distances with a full swipe, either when commencing the game from the teeing ground, after a hole has been decided, or when a long level stretch of turf occurs. The spoons are so termed from their faces being hollowed out like a spoon, and come into requisition when the ball lies on a slope or slightly uneven ground. The long, middle, and short spoons vary in length and depth of their hollows, and are used according to the distance the ball has to be driven. The baffing spoon is the shortest and most hollowed of all, its use being to lift rather than drive a ball over an intervening hazard when a short distance only from the putting green. The putter is a strong handled club, used exclusively on the putting green (where the game somewhat resembles billiards) for driving the ball into the hole, which requires the greatest judgment and nicety of play. The driving putter is rather heavier still, and is used instead of the play club for driving the ball against head winds. The sand iron, as its name implies, is used for getting the ball out of sandpits and similar hazards. It is a short stiff-made club, with a sharp edge for digging under the ball, and the iron slightly hollowed. Another occasion when it is of the greatest importance is in the case of "steimies" occurring. A steimy is when it is impossible for a player to "put" his own ball directly into a hole on account of his opponent's ball intervening in the same straight line. Accordingly, the ball has to be lifted with the sand iron over the obstacle into the hole. The cleek is used for getting the ball out of similar difficulties by means of a driving rather than a lifting stroke, and the face is accordingly straight with a slight backward curve. Lastly, we come to the niblick, or, as it is sometimes termed, the track-club, which plays a very important part when the ball becomes lodged in some small cavity, into which the head of any other club cannot possibly effect an entrance. The iron head is almost circular in shape, hollowed considerably, and scarcely half the size of any of the other club heads. Thus, it can be inserted in small holes to lift the ball out of them.

The men who accompany players round the links to carry their clubs and give advice are termed "caddies." A game is commenced by "teeing" the ball a yard or so in front of the first hole. This consists in placing it on the top of a small pinch of sand in order to give it a clean blow with the play club for the first stroke towards the second hole, the ball being "teed" again after each successive hole has been decided, and the winner of the last hole leading off. As stated before, the object of the game is to reach the next hole with the fewest strokes; and, after the first stroke from each player, he whose ball lies farthest from the hole that is being approached invariably plays first. It often happens that a hole is reached by both sides in an equal number of strokes, in which case it is halved and counts nothing. Good driving is not nearly so efficacious as first-class putting, since although a player may drive the ball on to a putting green in a single stroke, he may take several before he can hole it, whilst his opponent succeeds in one or two. The club handle must not be grasped too tightly, and, like at billiards, the eye must never be taken off the ball when about to strike. The club should be swung in rather more than a half circle over the right shoulder, and brought down sharply on the ball, but not with too much strength, since in golf science avails better than brute force. The feet must not be more than half a yard apart, with the ball not more than another foot from the left toe. By these means the ball can be struck full and fair with the centre of the club, and will travel in a direct line; whereas, if struck with the heel or toe, the ball will diverge from a straight line in its flight, and be apt to get the player into troublesome hazards. As stated before, putting, which usually commences when within twenty yards of the hole, requires the greatest niceties of judgment to estimate any slight inequalities on the putting green, and regulate the strength necessary to send the ball the exact

distance neither more nor less.

One or any other odd number of rounds may be assigned to a

match, and the victory belongs to that side which scores the largest number of rounds. A round, however, may be scored in two different ways, either in favour of the player who completes it entirely in the smallest number of strokes, or who gains the largest number of holes, as may have been previously agreed on. In the former case it is simply necessary to note down each stroke carefully. In the latter case the side "play the like " who are about to play the same number of strokes to a hole as their opponents have already done; if one more they play "the odds,” if two more, "two more"; if one less, "one off two "; if two less, "one off three," and likewise. If both sides take the same number of strokes in scoring a hole then it is halved. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews is always regarded as the leading one in the world; and, such being the case, their rules as given below are almost universally followed. by two persons, or by four (two of a side) playing alternately. It may 1. Mode and Order of Playing the Game.-The game of Golf is played also be played by three or more persons, each playing his own ball. The game commences by each party playing off a ball from a place called the tee, near the first hole. In a match of four, those who are opposed to each other, and to play off, shall be named at starting, and shall continue so by the parties themselves; and although the courtesy of starting is geneduring the match. The person entitled to play off first shall be named rally granted to old captains of the club, or members, it may be settled by lot or toss of a coin. The hole is won by the party holing at fewest strokes, and the reckoning of the game is made by the terms odds and like, one more, two more, &c. The party gaining the hole is to lead, unless his opponent has won the previous match, in which case the latter leads off, and is entitled to claim his privilege, and to recall his opponent's stroke should he play out of order. One round of the links, or eighteen holes, is reckoned a match, unless otherwise stipulated. If in a double match one person shall play twice in succession, he loses the hole. 2. Place of Teeing.The ball must be teed not nearer the hole (either in front or side of the hole) than six club lengths, and not farther from hole to which the parties are playing must be played first. When two it than eight; and after the balls are struck off, the ball farthest from the parties meet on the putting green, the party first there may claim the privilege of holing out, and any party coming up must wait till the other party has played out the hole, and on no account play their balls up lest teed ball till the party in front have played their second strokes. they should annoy the parties who are putting. No player may play his 3. Changing the Balls.-The balls struck off from the tee must not be changed, touched, or moved before the hole is played out (except in striking, and the cases provided for by Rules 8, 18, and 19); and if the parties are at a loss to know the one ball from the other, neither shall be lifted till both parties agree.

length of the ball may be removed on or off the course when the ball lies 4. Lifting of Break Clubs, &c.-All loose impediments within a club on grass (see Rules 6 and 12). When a ball lies in a bunker, sand, or any other hazard, there shall be no impression made, nor sand or other obstacle removed by the club, or otherwise, either on or off the green, before striking at the ball. When a ball lies within a club length of a be lifted and dropped behind them. washing-tub, the tub may be removed, and when on clothes the ball may

5. Entitled to see the Ball.-When a ball is completely covered with fog, bent, whims, &c., so much thereof shall be set aside as that the player shall merely have a view of his ball before he plays, whether in a line with the hole or otherwise. A ball stuck fast in wet ground or sand may be taken out and replaced loosely in the hole it has made. 6. Clearing the Putting Green.-All loose impediments, of whatever kind, may be lifted on the putting green or table land on which the hole is placed (excepting as declared in Rule 4), which is considered not to exceed twenty yards from the hole. Nothing can be lifted either on the course or putting green if it is to move the ball out of its position. bunker, the balls lie within six inches of each other, the ball nearest the 7. Lifting Balls.-When, on any part of the course, or off it, or in a hole must be lifted till the other is played, and then placed as nearly as possible in its original position, the six inches to be measured from the surface of the balls. In a three-ball match, the ball in any degree interposing between the player and the hole on the putting green must be played out.

ball is in water the player may take it out, change the ball if he pleases, 8. Ball in Water, or in the Burn, and Place of Re-teeing.-If the tee it, and play from behind the hazard, losing a stroke.

9. Rubs of the Green.-Whatever happens to a ball by accident, such as striking any person, or being touched with the foot by a third party, or by the fore caddies, must be reckoned a rub of the green, and submitted caddie or clubs, the opponent loses the hole; or if it strikes himself or to. If, however, the player's ball strike his opponent, or his opponent's his partner, or their caddies or clubs, or if he strikes the ball a second time while in the act of playing, the player loses the hole. If the player touch the ball with his foot, or any part of his body, or with anything except his club, or if he with his club displace the ball in preparing to strike, he loses a stroke; and if one party strikes his opponent's ball with his club, foot, or otherwise, that party loses the hole. But if he plays it inadvertently, thinking it his own, and the opponent also plays the wrong ball, it is then too late to claim the penalty, and the hole must be played out with the balls thus changed. If, however, the mistake penalty cannot be claimed, and the mistake, if discovered before the occurs from wrong information given by one party to the other, the other party has played, must be rectified by replacing the ball as nearly as possible where it lay. If the player's ball be played away by mistake, or lifted by a third party, then the player must drop a ball as near the

spot as possible, without any penalty. Whatever happens to a ball on a medal day, such as a player striking his caddie, or himself, or his clubs, or moving the ball with his foot or club, or his caddie doing so, or the player striking it twice before it stops motion, the player in such cases shall lose one stroke only as the penalty.

10. Ball Lost.-If a ball is lost, the player (or his partner, in a double match) returns to the spot, as near as possible, where the ball was struck, tees another ball, and loses both the distance and a stroke. original ball is found before the party has struck the other ball, the first If the shall continue the one to be played. 11. Club Breaking.-If, in striking, the club breaks, it is nevertheless to be accounted a stroke, if the part of the club remaining in the player's hand either strike the ground or pass the ball.

12. Holing out the Ball.-In holing no mark shall be placed, or line drawn, to direct the ball to the hole; the ball must be played fairly and honestly for the hole, and not on your opponent's ball, not being in the way to the hole; nor, although lying in the way to the hole, is the player entitled to play with any strength upon it that might injure his opponent's position, or greater than is necessary honestly to send your own ball the distance of the hole. Either party may smooth sand lying around the hole; but this must be done lightly and without pressure, or beating down with the feet, club, or otherwise.

13. Unplayable Balls.-In match-playing every ball must be played, wherever it lies, or the hole be given up, excepting when it lies on clothes, in water, or in the bed of the burn or railway (see Rules 4, 8, and 21), or in any of the holes or short holes made for golfing; in which latter case it may be lifted, dropped behind the hazard, and played with an iron, without losing a stroke. In medal-playing a ball may, under a penalty of two strokes, be lifted out of a difficulty of any description not provided for in any other rules, and teed behind the hazard; and if in any of the golfing holes, it may be lifted, dropped, and played as above, without a penalty. In all cases where a ball is to be dropped, the party doing so shall front the hole to which he is playing, standing close on the hazard, and drop the ball behind him from his head.

14. Medal-Days.-New holes shall always be made on the day the medals a re played for; and no competitor shall play at these holes before be starts for the prize, under the penalty of being disqualified for playing for the medal. All balls must be holed out on medal-days, and no steimies allowed.

or his partner.

16. Disputes.-Any disputes respecting the play shall be determined by the captain or senior member present; or if none of the members are present it shall be settled by a committee appointed by the parties in terested; or by the captain and his annual council for the tinie, at their first meeting. 17. Parties Passing each other.-Any party having lost a ball, and incurring delay by seeking for it, shall be passed by any other party coming up; and on all occasions a two-ball match-whether by two or four players -may pass parties playing three or more balls. Also parties having

caddies may pass those carrying their own clubs.

18. Balls Splitting.-If a ball shall split into two or more pieces, a new ball shall be put down where the largest piece lies in playing for a medal, without a penalty.

19. Breach of Rules.-Where no penalty for the infringement of a rule is specially mentioned, the loss of the hole shall be understood to be the penalty. 20. Repairing the Links.-The person appointed to take charge of keeping the links shall make new holes every Monday morning, and in such places as to preserve the putting-green in proper order. GOLOSHES, as a name for shoes, has undergone many changes of meaning. A galocha was originally a Spanish wooden shoe or clog; then galoche was a French shoe, with a leather upper and a wooden sole; then a galosh was an English shoemaker's name for a strip of leather applied as a strengthener around the lower part of the upper leather; and then galosh or golosh was the name given to a superior kind of clog for women. Now, however, goloshes are india-rubber overshoes. They are produced by millions, in large factories both in America and in this country. The sheets of rubber, when prepared [CAOUTCHOUC MANUFACTURES, E. C. vol. ii. col. 584], are stamped out with sharp-cutting instruments, the pieces cemented together, and the shoes thus made exposed to the heat of a vulcanising oven.

GOMPHOSIS (from youpos, a peg), a joint in which, as in the case of the teeth in their sockets, one bone is fixed into another after the fashion of a peg or nail in a block of wood.

GONFANON. [GONFALONE, E. C., vol. iv. col. 432.] GONORRHOEA (from you, semen, and péw, to flow), literally a profuse seminal discharge; but now a term applied solely to a contagious purulent discharge from the urethra or vagina. It is the clap of the vernacular. In addition to the characteristic discharge, the patient is tormented by heat and scalding in passing water, and by other distressing symptoms. The treatment in the early stage is by demulcent liquids and balsams, to render the urine less irritating, and in a later stage by astringent injections.

GORDIUS, a synonym of the Seta equina, or horsehair worm, which the older writers described as attacking the Laplanders

canal, but it was also found under the skin, as the essence of the morbus pilaris. GORGED. In Heraldry when an animal is represented with a circlet round the throat, it is said to be gorged (from the French gorge, the throat).

GORGET, the piece of plate armour, introduced about the crescent-shaped ornament called a gorget, worn, until recently, close of the 14th century, as a defence for the throat. The small by officers in the British army on the upper part of the chest, was probably a survival of the more serviceable mediæval gorget. GOSSAMER has occasionally been employed to designate spun and woven goods of exceptional fineness. Nothing produced by art, however, equals in fineness true gossamer, which is a light filamentous substance spun by some species of spiders. A single thread of gossamer is too delicate to be seen at all, unless the sun shines upon it; while wholly invisible, it is frequently felt on the face by a tickling sensation.

GOULARD'S CERATE and EXTRACT. Goulard's cerate, or ointment, formerly known as the C. Plumbi comp., was nearly the same compound as the Unguentum Plumbi subacetatis compositus of the British Pharmacopoeia; while the extract, known also as the Extractum Saturni, corresponded to the Liquor Plumbi subacetatis of the same Pharmacopoeia.

GOVERNOR OF STEAM ENGINES. The governor is a mechanism by which the speed of the engine is maintained approximately constant, by controlling the supply of steam to the engine.

The objects aimed at in a good governor are as follows :—(1) The power of adapting the supply of steam so as to maintain a sensibly constant speed, notwithstanding considerable variations in the amount of work done by the engine, or in the pressure at which the engine is worked. (2) The control of the steam supply by the governor must be as far as possible automatic, not requiring adjustment from time to time by the engine driver. (3) The action of the governor must be as instantaneous as possible, so that on any sudden diminution of load on the engine, the governor immediately acts on the steam supply and prevents the racing of the engine. The racing of the engine is not only in most cases very detrimental to the quality of the work which the engine is doing, but it is also dangerous, especially in engines with large and heavy flywheels. (4) With very sensitive governors, the momentum of the parts of which they are composed tends to carry them beyond the position in which the speed of the engine would be exactly corrected. The effect of this is to cause a continual slight oscillation of speed, in consequence of the vibration of the governor above and below its proper position. This is very injurious. In most governors the volume of steam used by the engine is not affected, but the governor acts on a throttle valve in the steam pipe, which creates a varying artificial resistance to the motion of the steam, so that, when the engine runs too fast, the throttle-valve resistance increases and the pressure in the cylinder is diminished, and vice versa. In the best modern arrangements, however, the governor acts directly on the cut-off valve of the engine, thus controlling the volume of steam admitted without affecting the initial pressure. The effect of this is that when the load on the engine is light the engine works at a high grade of expansion, and when the load is greater the ratio of expansion diminishes. The steam is then used in the most economical way possible.

The earliest steam-engine governor was the two-ball pendulum governor, invented by James Watt, which is described under STEAM ENGINE [E. C. vol. vii. col. 801]. It consists of two heavy balls (Fig. 1) hung by links from a joint on a central spindle which revolves at the same speed as the engine, or at a speed proportional to that of the engine. As the spindle revolves the balls move outwards till they find a position of equi