have it taken cognizance of by the customs and deposited in bond, either in a warehouse or a receiving hulk, until such time as there is a sale for it. The importer will then pay the tariff duty upon it, and the purchasers the likin; in order to the prevention of the evasion of the duty. The amount of likin to be collected will be decided by the different Provincial Governments, according to the circumstances of each.17

Additional articles to the agreement between Great Britain and China. Signed at Chefoo September 13, 1876, and at London, July 18, 1885.

2. In lieu of the arrangement respecting opium proposed in Clause 3 of Section III of the Chefoo Agreement, it is agreed that foreign opium, when imported into China, shall be taken cognizance of by the Imperial Maritime Customs, and shall be deposited in bond, either in warehouses or receiving-hulks, which have been approved of by the customs, and that it shall not be removed thence until there shall have been paid to the customs the tariff duty of 30 taels per chest of 100 catties, and also a sum not exceeding 80 taels per like chest as likin.

1902.

British commercial treaty. Signed at Shanghai September 5,

ARTICLE XI.

His Britannic Majesty's Government agree to the prohibition of the general importation of morphia into China, on condition, however, that the Chinese Government will allow of its importation, on payment of the tariff import duty and under special permit, by duly qualified British medical practitioners and for the use of hospitals, or by British chemists and druggists who shall only be permitted to sell it in small quantities and on receipt of a requisition signed by a duly qualified foreign medical practitioner.

Chinese Government to pay for contraband opium which had been destroyed by the Chinese Commissioner Lin, it was an official recognition on the part of the British Government that opium might be trafficked in, and, in the event of seizure and destruction, China would have to make compensation. The opium trade was legalized between India and China by the following treaty.

17 The arrangement in regard to the importation of opium in this Chefoo Agreement was modified in the treaty which follows.

The special permits above referred to will be granted to an intending importer on his signing a bond before a British consul guaranteeing the fulfillment of these conditions. Should an importer be found guilty before a British consul of a breach of his bond, he will not be entitled to take out another permit. Any British subject importing morphia without a permit shall be liable to have such morphia confiscated.

This article will come into operation on all other treaty powers agreeing to its conditions, but any morphia actually shiped before that date. will not be affected by this prohibition.

The Chinese government on their side undertake to adopt measures at once, to prevent the manufacture of morphia in China.

The Dual or Ten Year Agreement between Great Britain and China is the last of the Anglo-Chinese agreements in regard to the Indian Opium traffic, January 27, 1908.

[This agreement was the outcome of a series of despatches between the British Foreign Office, the Indian Government and China. It became effective January 1, 1908. Under this agreement Great Britain agrees to reduce the export of opium from India to all countries by onetenth of the annual import of Indian opium into China. China on her part agrees to a ten per cent pari passu reduction of her poppy cultivation. The agreement runs for three years, when if China has kept faith, the agreement will be continued and at the end of ten years poppy cultivation will have ceased in China and the export of Indian opium will be reduced to 16,000 chests per annum.

[The basis of the Dual Agreement is as follows:

[The Chinese Government first proposed that there should be a ten per cent reduction of the Chinese import of Indian opium, fifty-one thousand chests, or the total average import of the Indian opium into China during the years 1901-05 inclusive. The British Government made a counter-proposition that the Indian Government should reduce the total export of Indian opium to all countries (67,000 chests) by one-tenth of the average importation of China. This was accepted by the Chinese Government. The total average exportation of Indian opium for the years 1901-05, inclusive, was 67,000 chests, so that as the agreement now stands there is a reduction of the Indian export to all countries by 5,100 chests, the average of the Chinese importations for 1901-05 inclusive].

ITALY-CHINA. Treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation. Signed at Peking October 26, 1866; ratifications exchanged at Shanghai November 12, 1867.

[By this treaty and the tariff agreement in pursuance thereof the opium traffic was legalized as in the British Tientsin treaty].

MEXICO-CHINA.

Treaty of commerce between Mexico and China. Signed at Washington, December 14, 1900.

[Articles VII and VIII of this treaty placed Mexico in the same position as the other powers in regard to import and export opium traffic].

PERU-CHINA. Convention and treaty. Signed at Tientsin June 26, 1875; ratifications exchanged at Tientsin August 7, 1875.

[By article IX of this treaty Peruvian citizens were made to pay the ports of China open to foreign trade the same tariff rate on opium as in the other Tientsin treaties].

PORTUGAL CHINA. Treaty of Tientsin. August 13, 1862.

[In this treaty the opium trade was legalized as in the other Tientsin treaties; but ratification was refused by the Chinese Government].

Protocol, treaty, convention, and agreement. Done at Lisbon, March 26, 1887.

ARTICLE IV [of the Protocol].

[Portugal engages to cooperate in opium revenue work at Macao, in the same way as England in Hongkong.

[In the treaty concluded on this protocol, and ratified at Peking April 28, 1888, it was provided in article IV that "Portugal agrees to cooperate with China in the collection of duties on opium exported from Macao into China ports, in the same way, and as long as England cooperates with China in the collection of duties on opium exported from Hongkong into Chinese ports."

["The basis of this cooperation will be established by a convention appended to this treaty, which shall be as valid and binding to both the High Contracting Parties as the present treaty."]

ARTICLE I [of the convention].

Portugal will enact a law subjecting the opium trade of Macao to the following provisions:

(1) No opium shall be imported into Macao in quantities less than one chest.

(2) All opium imported into Macao must, forthwith on arrival, be reported to the competent department under a public functionary appointed by the Portuguese Government, to superintend the importation. and exportation of opium into Macao.

(3) No opium imported into Macao shall be transhipped, landed, stored, removed from one store to another, or exported, without a permit issued by the Superintendent.

(4) The importers and exporters of opium in Macao must keep a register, according to the form furnished by the government, showing with exactness and clearness the quantity of opium they have imported, the number of chests they have sold, to whom and to what place they were disposed of, and the quantity in stock.

(5) Only the Macao opium farmer, and persons licensed to sell opium at retail, will be permitted to keep in their custody raw opium in quantities inferior to one chest.

(6) Regulations framed to enforce in Macao the execution of this law will be equivalent to those adopted in Hongkong for similar purpose.

ARTICLE II.

Permit for the exportation of opium from Macao into Chinese ports, after being issued, shall be communicated by the Superintendent of Opium to the Commissioner of Customs at Kung-pac uan.18

Agreement to fix rules. December 1, 1887.

1. An office under a Commissioner, appointed by the Foreign Inspectorate of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs, shall be established at a convenient spot on Chinese territory, for the sale of opium duty certificates, to be freely sold to merchants and for such quantities of

18 The basis of cooperation was arrived at by China and Portugal in the above treaty and Convention. On the 1st of December, 1887, an agreement was arrived at to fix rules for the treatment of Chinese junks trading with Macao. The agreement follows the treaty above.

opium as they may require. The said Commissioner will also administer the Customs stations near Macao.

2. Opium accompanied by such certificates, at the rate of not more than 110 taels per picul, shall be free from all other imports of every sort, and have all the benefits stipulated for by the Additional Article of the Chefoo Convention between China and Great Britain on behalf of opium on which duty has been paid at one of the ports of China, and may be made up in sealed parcels at the option of the purchaser.

Treaty. Signed November 14, 1904.

ARTICLE III. The Government of His Most Faithful Majesty agrees to continue as heretofore to cooperate with the Government of His Imperial Chinese Majesty in the collection of the duty and likin on opium exported from Macao to China, and also to cooperate in the repression of smuggling in accordance with the treaty and special opium convention of 1st December, 1887.

In order to render this cooperation effective, it is clearly stipulated that all opium imported into Macao shall on arrival be registered at the special Portuguese Government Bureau provided for this purpose, and the Portuguese Government will take the necessary steps in order to have all this opium stored under its exclusive control in one depôt, from which it will be removed as required by the demands of trade.

The quantity of opium required for consumption in the territory of Macao will be fixed annually by the Government of Macao in agreement with the Commissioner of the Imperial Maritime Customs referred to in article 11 of the above-mentioned convention, and under no pretext will removal from the Portuguese Government depôt be permitted of any quantity of opium for local consumption in excess of that fixed by the said agreement.

Necessary measures will be taken to prevent opium removed from the depôt for reexport to any port other than a port in China being sent fraudulently into Chinese territory.

The rules for carrying out of this article shall be arranged by the two high contracting parties.

The Portuguese Government will enact without delay a law providing penalties for infraction of the regulations agreed upon between the two High Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE XII. The Government of His Most Faithful Majesty agrees to the prohibition by the Chinese Government of the importation into