effect by proclamation of the President dated March 1, 1867 (14 Stat. L. 391, 821).

The limits of the State are defined as follows in the enabling act (13 Stat. L. 47), approved April 19, 1864.

That the said state of Nebraska shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing at a point formed by the intersection of the western boundary of the state of Missouri with the fortieth degree of north latitude; extending thence due west along said fortieth degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-fifth degree of longitude west from Washington; thence north along said twenty-fifth degree of longitude to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence west along said forty-first degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence north along said twenty-seventh degree of west longitude to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-third degree of north latitude; thence east along said forty-third degree of north latitude to the Reya Paha [Keyapaha] river; thence down the middle of the channel of said river, with its meanderings, to its junction with the Niobrara river; thence down the middle of the channel of said Niobrara river, and following the meanderings thereof, to its junction with the Missouri river; thence down the middle of the channel of said Missouri river, and following the meanderings thereof, to the place of beginning.

As the result of a sudden change in the course of the Missouri, an area of about 5 square miles, which had previously been a part of Dakota Territory, was left on the Nebraska side of the river a short distance above Sioux City, Iowa. (See fig. 24.) To avoid future complications, this tract was given to Nebraska by an act approved April 28, 1870, "to redefine a portion of the boundary line between the State of Nebraska and the Territory of Dakota," as follows (16 Stat. L. 93):

That so soon as the State of Nebraska, through her legislature, has given her consent thereto, the centre of the main channel of the Missouri River shall be the boundary line between the State of Nebraska and the Territory of Dakota, between the following points, to wit: Commencing at a point in the centre of said main channel, north of the west line of section twenty four in township twenty nine north, of range eight east of the sixth principal meridian, and running along the same to a point west of the most northerly portion of fractional section seventeen, of said township twenty nine north, of range nine east of said meridian, in the State of Nebraska.

For plat showing the changes, see General Land Office files, Nebraska township plats, volume 9. This change was approved by Nebraska by act of February 9, 1871.

In 1882 an act was passed transferring to this State from Dakota a small area lying between the Keya Paha River and the 43d parallel of latitude. The following is an extract from this act (22 Stat. 35):

That the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska shall be, and hereby is, subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, extended so as to include all that

portion of the Territory of Dakota lying south of the forty-third parallel of north latitude and east of the Keyapaha River and west of the main channel of the Missouri River.

In 1943, the States of Iowa and Nebraska agreed to make their common boundary coincide with the main channel of the Missouri River as it existed at that time. (See p. 214.)

By act of March 1, 1905, Congress approved the compact between Nebraska and South Dakota, fixing the boundary south of Union County, S. Dak., in the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River as it then existed.

The north boundary of Nebraska from the middle of the Keya Paha westward was surveyed in 1874, after the proper position for the 43d parallel had been found from an astronomic station near the east end of the line. In 1893 this line was retraced, and 7-foot cut-stone posts were placed at each mile and half-mile corner on the line as established in 1874. The stone set in 1869 for the northwest corner of the State was also replaced by one of the 7-foot posts. The reported length of this line was 224 miles 12.13 chains.

The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey determined positions for mileposts 56 and 2221⁄2 in 1912. The 1927 N.A.D. position of milepost 56 is lat 42°59'53.37" N., long 100°45'04.67" W., and that of milepost 22211⁄2 is lat 43°00′06.15′′ N., long 104°00′02.73′′ W.

In 1893 the north boundary from the Keya Paha River eastward was surveyed and marked with 7-foot cut-stone posts, and the distance was given as 57 miles 72.70 chains to a terminal mark 72.82 chains from high-water mark on the west bank of the Missouri River.

The west boundary of Nebraska, including the part along the 41st parallel, was surveyed in 1869 under the direction of the General Land Office. The initial astronomic station was at Julesburg, Colo., the position of which was taken as lat 40°59'01.56" N. and long 25°18′30.90'' west of Washington. From this station a line was measured due north 89.65 chains to the computed position of the 41st parallel, thence due east 16 miles 10.47 chains to the computed position of the 25th degree of longitude west from Washington, where a 6foot limestone corner post was established. From this point a random line was run due south to the calculated position of the 40th parallel as determined by astronomic observations. At the point thus found, a limestone post 6 feet long by 1 foot square at top, appropriately marked, was set in a mound of earth, from which the line was run north, and marks (most of them wooden posts) were set for each mile, a distance of 68 miles 79.59 chains to the 41st parallel mark.

From the Julesburg meridian mark on the 41st parallel, the line was run west to the intersection with the 27th meridian, a total dis

tance on the parallel of 104 miles 72.07 chains. The correct position of the 27th meridian was found from a telegraphic determination of longitude at a station 8 miles 49.45 chains east. From the intersection of the 41st parallel and the 27th meridian, where a 6-foot stone post was set, the line was run northward on the 27th meridian to the northwest corner of Nebraska.

The Nebraska-Wyoming line was retraced in 1908 and re-marked with granite posts 6 feet long and 10 inches square at the top, each set 3 feet in the ground and marked with "WYO" on the west, "NEB" on the east, and the mile number on the south. The measured length of this line was 139 miles 22.43 chains.

For a description of the survey of the south boundary, see Kansas.

KANSAS

The Territory of Kansas was organized on May 30, 1854, from a part of Missouri Territory. (See fig. 19.) The following clause from the act of organization defines its limits: 56

all that part of the Territory of the United States included within the following limits, except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations of this act, to wit: beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirtyeight; thence following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Kansas.

Kansas was admitted into the Union on January 29, 1861, with its present boundaries, which are thus defined in the enabling act (12) Stat. L. 126):

* the said State shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning.

It is noteworthy that Kansas was the first State to be admitted to the Union having a meridional boundary referred to the Washington meridian.

510 Stat. L. 283. The excepted parts were Indian lands.

The part of Kansas Territory west of the 25th Washington meridian, detached by this act, was made a part of the Territory of Colorado 30 days later.

The southern boundary of Kansas was surveyed in 1857. The initial point on the 37th parallel was found from astronomic observations on the Kansas-Missouri boundary line in long 94°40′26.3′′ W. and was checked by observations at 10 other astronomic stations. Marks were left at irregular intervals.

The General Land Office resurveyed this line from the 166th mile to the 226th mile in 1872 and from the 207th mile to the 268th mile in 1873.

Two boundary stones were located by triangulation in 1902 on the Kansas-Oklahoma line-boundary stone 160, a sandstone post 5 by 12 by 20 inches, projecting about 9 inches above ground, marked "160" on top, "K" on the north side, and "I T" on the south side, in lat 36°50′55.03" N., long 97°54'01.75" W.; and boundary stone 163, a stone marked as above described except that "163" is the number on top, in lat 36°59′54.78" N., long 97°57′16.23" W. These values are as corrected to 1927 N.A.D.

The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1935 determined the position of the southeast corner of Kansas as lat 36°59′54.75" N., long 94°37'03.74" W.

The boundary between Kansas and Nebraska is the base line of the sixth principal meridian, which was used for land surveys in the two States. The survey of the boundary was begun in 1854, and 108 miles of line west of the Missouri River were run and marked; the marks with few exceptions were small wooden posts or stones. The initial position for the 40th parallel was found by calculation and measurement from an astronomic station (lat. 40°01′10.3" N.) on the east side of the Missouri about 21⁄2 miles southeast of the mouth of the Nemaha. An initial monument for this line, made of cast iron, was set up in 1855 at a point 52.55 chains west of the right bank of the Missouri, the marks on which are "NEBRASKA" on the north, "1854" on the east, "40° N LAT" on the west, and "KANSAS" on the south. This line was resurveyed and re-marked in 1855-56, and the marks on the former line were destroyed. From the 108th mile the line was extended west to the Rocky Mountains in 1858-59 as a base of the land survey. (See General Land Office files, Kansas exterior plats, v. 4, p. 2.)

For the eastern boundary, see Missouri (p. 190).

The western boundary of Kansas was surveyed in 1872 and was reestablished from the 174th milepost south to the Oklahoma line in 1908 by the General Land Office. Most of the marks left were small

stones.

Several marks on this line have been connected with triangu

lation stations, giving the following results:

The Territory of Oklahoma was organized under the act of May 2, 1890, from the western part of the Indian Territory. (See p. 78 and fig. 25.) Its limits as originally constituted were set forth in the act as follows (26 Stat. L. 81-82):

That all that portion of the United States now known as the Indian Territory, except so much of the same as is actually occupied by the five civilized tribes, and the Indian tribes within the Quapaw Indian Agency, and except the unoccupied part of the Cherokee outlet, together with that portion of the United States known as the Public Land Strip [Donaldson, 1884, p. 462, 1187], is hereby erected into temporary government by the name of the Territory of Oklahoma. The portion of the Indian Territory included in said Territory of Oklahoma is bounded by a line drawn as follows: Commencing at a point where the ninety-eighth meridian crosses the Red River; thence by said meridian to the point where it crosses the Canadian River; thence along said river to the west line of the Seminole country; thence along said line to the north fork of the Canadian River; thence down said river to the west line of the Creek country, thence along said line to the northwest corner of the Creek country; thence along the north line of the Creek country, to the ninety-sixth meridian; thence northward by said meridian to the southern boundary line of Kansas; thence west along said line to the Arkansas River; thence down said river to the north line of the land occupied by the Ponca tribe of Indians, from which point the line runs so as to include all the lands occupied by the Ponca, Tonkawa, Otoe, and Missouria, and the Pawnee tribes of Indians until it strikes the south line of the Cherokee Outlet, which it follows westward to the east line of the State of Texas; thence by the boundary line of the State of Texas to the point of beginning; the Public Land Strip which is included in said Territory of Oklahoma is bounded east by the one hundredth meridian, south by Texas, west by New Mexico, north by Colorado and Kansas. Whenever the interest of the Cherokee Indians in the land known as the Cherokee outlet shall have been extinguished and the President shall make proclamation thereof, said outlet shall thereupon and without further legislation become a part of the Territory of Oklahoma. Any other lands within the Indian Territory not embraced within these boundaries, shall hereafter become a part of the Territory of Oklahoma whenever the Indian nation or tribe owning such lands shall signify to the President of the United States in legal manner its assent that such lands shall so become a part of said Territory of Oklahoma, and the President shall thereupon make proclamation to that effect.