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find the true northwest corner of Texas established by John H. Clark. Subsequent retracements show that Major's line is 2 miles 13.50 chains west of the northwest corner of Texas established by Clark and 4 miles 28.50 chains west of the Chaney and Smith position for the Cimarron meridian in long 103° W.

For reference to the New Mexico-Oklahoma line, see page 227; the New Mexico-Texas line, page 201; and the New Mexico-Colorado line, pages 229–230.

From the south end of the Oklahoma-New Mexico boundary line, there is a jog in the New Mexico east line of about 2.1 miles westward along the Texas north line to long 103°02′28.27" W. (1927 N.A.D.).

The line between New Mexico and Arizona was surveyed in 1875 under the direction of the General Land Office by C. Robbins on a meridian determined by reference to a peak named The Needles, located by the Wheeler Survey in 1874. Robbins refers to this point as the "southwest needle point of Wilson's Peak" and gives its position as lat 36°41′40.3'' N., long 108°50′26.1" W.69 This peak is now known as Ship Rock and the summit is inaccessible. (See fig. 32.) It is an intersected point in the triangulation of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The line was run west and north to the intersection of the 32d meridian west of Washington with the south boundary of Colorado as marked by Darling in 1868 (see p. 229). Robbins' point was 1 mile 45 chains east of the earlier mark established for the southwest corner of Colorado and became the accepted location of "the four corners" (see p. 231). The position was marked by a sandstone monument and was used later in running the boundary between Colorado and Utah and that between Utah and Arizona. Because it was not possible to make astronomic observations from the boundary corner, a 28-inch cottonwood tree a few hundred feet away was cut down and the stump used as a pedestal for the theodolite. Observations were made for latitude, azimuth, and time. The geodetic position of the monument has since been determined as lat 36°59'56.30" N., long 109°02′40.24" W. (1927 N.A.D.).

From the monument, the line was surveyed south, with marks at mile intervals (most of them small stones inscribed "ARIZ" on the west side and "N MEX" on the east), a measured distance of 390 miles 48.31 chains to an intersection with the United States and Mexico boundary line. This intersection was marked by the 1891-96 Mexican

The position given in Tables of Geographic Positions, from data gathered by parties of the U.S. Geographical Surveys west of the 100th Meridian, is lat 36°41′28.0" N., long 108°50'18.1" W. (Macomb, 1885, p. 22).

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FIGURE 32.-Ship Rock, N. Mex., point of departure for Arizona-New Mexico

boundary survey.

boundary survey with monument 71, whose position is given as lat 31°19'56.35" N., long 109°02'56.82" W. (approximate 1927 N.A.D.). For a description of the south boundary, see pages 201-202. (See fig. 33.)

Suit was instituted in the U.S. Supreme Court in the October term, 1920, by New Mexico against Texas to have the boundary between the two States, south of lat 32° N., fixed at the midchannel of the Rio Grande as it flowed in 1850, when New Mexico was made a Territory; the New Mexico claim was that prior to an avulsion which occurred in 1864, the river was in many places east of its present position. In the case before the Supreme Court, both States agreed to the boundary being the midchannel as it was in 1850, but each presented a different map to show its location. The Court appointed a special master who filed a report that the correct boundary was as claimed by Texas. The intersection of this line with the 32d parallel was stated to be 750 feet west of Clark monument 1, reestablished by commissioners in 1911. (275 U.S. 279; 276 U.S. 559.) A commissioner was designated on April 9, 1928, to survey and mark the boundary, and his report (283 U.S. 788) was confirmed by the Court on March 23, 1931. There are now 105 concrete monuments on the line.

ARIZONA

Arizona was organized as a Territory by act of February 24, 1863, from the western part of the Territory of New Mexico (fig. 31) with boundaries described as follows (12 Stat. L. 665) :

That all that part of the present Territory of New Mexico situate west of a line running due south from the point where the southwest corner of the Ter

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ritory of Colorado joins the northern boundary of the Territory of New Mexico to the southern boundary line of said Territory of New Mexico be, and the same is hereby, erected into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Arizona.

In 1866 an area of approximately 11,600 square miles north of the middle of the Colorado River and west of the 37th meridian west from Washington was added to Nevada (14 Stat. L. 43).

The admission of Arizona to the Union was provided for in acts of June 16, 1906 (34 Stat. L., pt. 1, p. 267), and June 20, 1910 (36 Stat. L., pt. 1, p. 570), and in a joint resolution approved August 21, 1911 (37 Stat. L., pt. 1, p. 39). It was declared in effect by proclamation dated February 14, 1912.

The present boundaries of Arizona are described as follows: Beginning at the point of intersection of the 37th parallel of latitude with the 32d meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence south along this meridian to its intersection with the boundary line between the United States and Mexico; thence with this boundary to the Colorado River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the Colorado River to its point of intersection with the 37th meridian of longitude: north on this meridian to its intersection with the 37th parallel; and eastward along the 37th parallel to the place of beginning.

For reference to surveys of the boundaries, see pages 46, 251, and 256.

ALASKA

In 1946, at the general election, Alaskans voted in favor of statehood. In subsequent sessions of Congress, bills were introduced to admit Alaska to statehood. At a State election in 1955, delegates were chosen to meet and draft a constitution. This proposed constitu

tion was approved by the voters in April 1956. An enabling act was passed by Congress and signed by the President on July 7, 1958 (72 Stat. 339). The Presidential proclamation admitting Alaska as the 49th State was issued on January 3, 1959.

The statehood act defines the boundaries of the State simply in these words:

The State of Alaska shall consist of all the territory, together with the territorial waters appurtenant thereto, now included in the Territory of Alaska. For a discussion of the boundaries of the Territory and their legal definition, see pages 46-51.

The constitution provides for minor civil divisions called boroughs. Five years after Alaska became a State, these boroughs had not been established.

The census of 1960 gives the population of Alaska as 226,167. This figure includes 43,081 Indians and Eskimos, who are U.S. citizens.

HAWAII

Statehood bills for Hawaii were introduced in Congress beginning in 1922. For various reasons, Congress was reluctant to make Hawaii a State, one being the fact that it is not contiguous to the continental United States. After the admission of Alaska, the objections seemed to carry less weight. A constitution had been drafted in 1950 and approved that year and again in 1959. The statehood act was passed by the U.S. Senate on March 11, 1959, passed by the House on the following day, and signed by the President on March 18, 1959 (73 Stat. 4). The Presidential proclamation admitting Hawaii as the 50th State was signed on August 21, 1959.

The statehood act defines the State as including the following:

All the islands, together with their appurtenant reefs and territorial waters, included in the Territory of Hawaii on the date of the enactment of this act, except Palmyra Island, Midway, Johnston, and Sand Islands, and Kingman Reef.

For a list of the islands included in the Territory, see pages 52 and 53.

The population of Hawaii according to the 1960 census is 632,772. It is interesting to note that of this number, 203,455 are classed as Japanese, 114,405 as Hawaiian, 69,070 as Filipino, and 38,197 as Chinese. All these groups have U.S. citizenship.

GENERAL STATISTICS RELATING TO THE UNITED

STATES

REFERENCES

Nearly all boundaries of States west of the Mississippi, as well as those of many central and southern States, were surveyed under the direction of the General Land Office. Notes of all such surveys and plats for most of them are now on file in the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, or in the Cartographic Records Division, National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D.C. Many of the field notes are in excellent form, in books especially prepared for them, and are illustrated by photographs or sketches. Other notes are in books of field notes with the regular township surveys. Many resurveys or retracements of short parts of boundary lines have been made, and numerous corners have been reestablished in connection with the regular surveys of the public lands, which are not mentioned in the foregoing pages but are noted in the records of the General Land Office.

The notes and plats are open to public inspection and are indexed so that reference to them is easy; also, copies are supplied to anyone on payment of nominal fees.

Historical diagrams showing changes in State or national boundaries are to be found in many publications, a few of which are listed below:

Faris, J. T., 1926, The romance of the boundaries: New York, Harper & Bros. This book contains a bibliography of boundary references with 138 entries. Lamberton, R. H., 1884, An historical atlas * * * from the dawn of history to the present time: 7th ed., New York, Townsend MacCoun.

MacCoun, Townsend, 1901, An historical geography of the United States: Revised ed., New York, Silver, Burdett & Co.

Mowry, W. A., 1902, The territorial growth of the United States: New York. Silver, Burdett & Co.

Stocking, S. W., 1874, Areas and political divisions of the United States, with map, in Statistical atlas of the United States: Bureau of the Census, Washington.

U.S. Bureau of Statistics, Monthly summary of commerce and finance of the United States for August 1902.

ORGANIZATION OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT

The name "united States of America" was used in the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, and the use of the name "United States" for all State papers was ordered by the Continental Congress on September 9, 1776. The first of the "Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ***" of 1777, is "The stile of this Confederacy shall be The United States of America."

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