of March, for the maintenance of the Peace of Paris, and in June the field of Waterloo baffled this attempt of the wonderful man to regain his lost power. The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of dictators for arranging the affairs of Europe according to their arbitrary views, and in effect required the smaller Powers to submit to their decrees, without a share in their deliberations. To perfect the arrangements which appear in the final act, a multitude of special compacts had to be made, some of which were annexed to that instrument, and declared to be a part of it. * For the final act see Martens, II., 379; Martens and Cussy, III., 61; Wheaton's Int. Law, Appendix; Klüber's Acten des Wiener Congress; Flassan, Hist. du Cong. de Vienne, 3 Vols., Paris, 1829. For the arrangements of the Congress in regard to river navigation, comp. Martens, u. s. 434. For its rule touching the rank of ambassadors, Martens, u. s. 449. The second Treaty of Paris, after Napoleon's final downfall, was signed on the 20th November 1815, and consists of four separate instruments of the same tenor, between France and each of the four great Powers. By this treaty, the limits of France towards Belgium, Germany, and Savoy, were made somewhat narrower than the Peace of 1814 had made them, being brought back nearly to the line of 1790. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, in Autumn, 1818, of the four allies and France. By an agreement dated October 9, the troops of the allies are to evacuate France on or before the last day of November, and to give up the forts, as they were then when the occupation began. By the Protocol of 21 November, 1818, the class of Minister* WOOLSEY. Intern. Law. Edit. 1879, p. 466, et seq. $140. Resident ranking between Ministers Plenipotentiaries and Chargés d'Affaires was created. * VIII. Treaty with regard to the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands, signed at London on the 15th November, 1831, between the five Powers on the one part, and Belgium on the other. † IX. 1832, May 7. Convention of London, between France, England and Russia on the one part, and Bavaria on the other. The Crown of Greece, now made a kingdom, is offered, with the authorization of the Greek Nation, to the king of Bavaria, to be worn by his second son, Frederic Otho, and accepted. The limits of the kingdom are to be fixed by treaty with Turkey, according to a protocol of September 26, 1831. A loan to the King of Greece is guaranteed by Russia, and, if the consent of the Chambers and of the Parliament can be obtained, by France and England. ‡ X. 1842, August 9. Treaty of Washington, for adjustment of the boundary between the United States and the British possessions on the north-east. § XI. 1848, February 2. Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo, by which Texas, New Mexico, and Upper California were ceded to the United States, which agreed to surrender all other conquests, to pay Mexico fifteen millions of dollars, and to assume all claims of its citizens against Mexico, decided or undecided, arising before the signature of the treaty. XII. 1856, March 30. Treaty of Paris after the Crimean War, between Austria, France, Great * MARTENS. Nouv. Rec. IV. pp. 549–566. MARTENS. Nouv. Rec. XI. 390. MARTENS. Nouv. Rec. 550. MARTENS. Nouv. Rec. Gen. (continuing Nouv. Rec.) III. 456. Britain, Russia, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Porte, Prussia also being invited to participate. By this treaty among others, the Black Sea was neutralized and opened to the commerce of all Nations, but interdicted to flags of war, excepting that a certain force can be kept on foot for revenue purposes by Turkey and Russia, who pledge themselves to maintain no naval arsenals on its coasts. In accordance with this, the old Turkish principle is to be maintained of admitting no vessels of war into the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus; the only exceptions being those of light vessels in the service of the legations of friendly Powers, and of the Powers who have a right under the treaty to station certain vessels at the mouth of the Danube (Articles XI-XIV). The Danube is thrown open to commerce (Articles XV-XIX). The limits of Bessarabia are somewhat altered, with the intention of taking away from Russia the command of the mouth of the Danube, and the tract thus ceded by Russia is added to Moldavia (Articles XX-XXVI). Austria, France and Great Britain guarantee the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire. * XIII. By a declaration of April 16, 1856, certain important rules of Maritime International Law are adopted by the parties to this peace. † Modifications of the rule neutralizing the Black Sea, were agreed to at London on March 13, 1871, by the Powers participating in the Treaty of 1856, in consequence of the following circumstance as noted on page 36, et seq. In October, 1870,— soon after the fall of the second Empire,-the Russian Government declared to the other signatory Powers, that the Emperor could no longer hold himself to be bound by the restrictions of * MARTENS. Nouv. Rec. Gen. XV. 770 & 791. MARTENS, Nouv. Rec. Gen, XV. 790. 1856, on his right of sovereignty in the Black Sea, nor by the special convention then made with Turkey, which determined the number and size of the vessels which these two riparian Powers allowed each other to maintain in these waters. The reasons brought forward for this step were:(1.) An inconsistency between the main treaty of 1856 and the convention of the Straits attached to it. (2.) That the treaty had been violated by the great Powers, in its letter and spirit, by their acquiescence in the revolutionary union of the Danubian Principalities. (3.) That the Straits had been opened to foreign vessels of war against the terms of the treaty. (4.) That naval warfare had been altered by the use of the iron-clads, which exposed the Russian ports in the sea to sudden attacks of enemies forcing their way through the Straits. A conference, held at London in January, 1871, to consider this declaration resulted in annulling Articles XI., XIII., and XIV., of the Treaty of Paris, together with the Convention concerning the Straits between Turkey and Russia. The following Article was put in their place: "The principle of the closure of the Straits of the Dardanelles and of the Bosphorus established by the special Convention of March 30, 1856, is maintained, with the right, on the part of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, of opening said Straits in time of peace to ships of war of friendly Powers, in case the Sublime Porte should find it necessary in order to secure the Treaty of Paris of March 30, 1856." A Convention between Russia and Turkey abrogating the convention of the Straits of the same date, accompanies this treaty. Thus Russia has recovered the national right of maintaining her fleets of whatever size in the Black Sea, and Turkey can lawfully open in § 140. peace the Straits to her friends who are enemies of Russia, in order to observe the treaty and protect herself against Russia. XIV. The Treaty of Prague, 1866, was made at the close of the war between Austria and Prussia, by which the old German Bund was dissolved and a new North-German Confederation created. XV. The amalgamation of the various Italian States into the Kingdom of Italy is not recorded in any treaty or treaties. The union of Lombardy with Piedmont is recorded in the Treaty or Treaties of Zürich, November 11, 1859, between Austria, France, and Sardinia. Austria adopted the course with respect to Lombardy which she afterwards pursued with respect to Venetia,namely, that of ceding the territory to France, who transferred it to Sardinia. Events, subsequent to the Treaties of Zürich, led to the formation of the present Italian Kingdom, which has been recognized by all Powers. † A well selected list of the principal treaties since the Reformation, with a brief statement of their provisions, is inserted as Appendix. II, in the fifth edition of Mr. Woolsey's work on International Law. ‡ * WOOLSEY. Intern. Law. Edit. 1879. Appendix II. p. 482. Sir ROBERT PHILLIMORE. Vol. I. p. 46, et seq. Most civilized Nations have special Collections of their own diplomatic transactions. Collections of Treaties of the principal States are: 1. Austria, edited by L. Neumann, from 1763. 2. Belgium,. De Garcia de la Vega. 3. France, De Clercq. From 1713 to the present time, published under the auspices of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 4. Germany, Deutsches Reichs-Archiv. J. C. Lünig. Leipzig 1710-12. 24 Vols. folio. Recueil, Martens, established in 1791 by G. Fr. de Martens; continued by his nephew Ch. de Martens and by Saalfeld and Murhard, by Murhard and Pinhas, and, from the 14th Vol., by Samwer and J. Hopf. Göttingen. Libr. of Dieterich. 1881. 5. Great Britain, Herstlet. Complete collection of treaties, etc. London. 6. Greece, Soutzo, 1858, Athens. 7. The Netherlands, E. G. Lagemans. From 1813 to the present time. 8. Poland, Angeberg, Rec. des Traités concernant la Pologne, Paris, 1862. 9. Portugal, De Castro. |