lives but half a year he pays only a quarter of the first fruits ; if one year, a half; if a year and a half, three-quarters; and if two years, the whole (n).

As to archbishops and bishops, first fruits and tenths have been commuted into an annual payment of 17. 17s. 6d. per cent. (17. for first fruits and 17s. 6d. for tenths) on the present annual income of the see, e. g., the Archbishop of Canterbury pays 2817. 58. in respect of his income of 15,0007. a year, and the others less in proportion. All these sums are payable at such times and in such manner as tenths have usually been paid (0).

GLEBE. Lands of which the rector or vicar is seised jure ecclesiae (p). Glebe may be exchanged for other lands to become glebe by the Board of Agriculture under the Enclosure (2) or Tithe (r) Acts, with the consent of patron and ordinary, or by the incumbent, patron, and bishop (s). Glebe may be sold under the provisions of the Glebe Lands Act, 1888. The procedure is for the incumbent to give notice to the bishop and patron, and then apply in the manner prescribed by the rules under the Act to the Board of Agriculture for their approval. The incumbent is to have the like powers with respect to contracts as a tenant for life under the Settled Land Act, 1882, and may do all things necessary and proper for carrying the sale into effect (s. 8, (4)). The purchase-money is to be paid to the Board (s. 4), to be invested in the name of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. If invested in land it will become glebe land. Glebe land under the Act includes any manor land or tenement forming the endowment, or part of the endowment, of a benefice (s. 12); but the Act does not apply to (1) land

(n) 1 Eliz. c. 4, 8. 6.

(0) Ord. in C. of 27 Nov. 1852. Lond. Gaz. 1852, p. 3667.

(p) Termes de la ley. See INCUM

BENT.

(9) 8 & 9 Vict. c. 118, and amending Acts.

(r) 5 & 6 Vict. c. 54, ss. 5-7; 9 & 10 Vict. c. 73, s. 22; 23 & 24 Vict. c. 93, s. 41.

(s) 55 Geo. 3, c. 147; 6 Geo. 4, c. 8; and see form of conveyance in Davidson's Conv. vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 89.

occupied by the parsonage house, or the outbuildings, garden, or appurtenances thereof, or land which the Board may consider necessary for the convenient enjoyment of such house (s. 3). (2) Land subject to a lease originally created for a term of twenty-one years. (3) Land of which for any reason the incumbent is not in possession of the full rents and profits; but mortgages and charges form no obstacle to the sale (ss. 6, 7). (4) Mines or minerals if likely to become of considerable value.

There is a table of fees under this Act (t).

This Act does not repeal the previous Acts under which glebe may also be sold or leased (u). The owner of a rentcharge on the inheritance of the glebe under the Drainage Act of 1849 is entitled to a sale (r). The Board of Agriculture have also power to ascertain and define the boundaries of glebe (y). An incumbent may lease his glebe under the provisions of 13 Eliz. c. 10, or 5 & 6 Vict. c. 27 (z).

GREEK CHURCH, or the "Holy Orthodox Church," is the mother Church of all Christian communities. It is (as Dean Stanley says) beyond doubt the aged tree beneath whose shade the rest of Christendom has sprung up (a).

For some considerable part of the first three centuries the Church of Rome and most, if not all, the Churches of the West were Greek religious colonies. Their language was Greek, their organization Greek, their writers Greek, their Scriptures Greek, and many vestiges and traditions show that their ritual and their liturgy were Greek (b). It may be added that nearly all our ecclesiastical terms are Greek. Therefore, the claim of Rome that Latin is the peculiar

(t) Parliamentary Paper, 1889, 101. Price d.

(u) 2 & 3 Vict. c. 49; 5 & 6 Vict. c. 54; 51 & 52 Vict. c. 20, s. 11. See INCUMBENT.

(x) Scottish Widows' Fund v. Craig (1882), 20 Ch. D. 208; Northern Assurance Co. v. Harrison (1889); and see Ex parte Rector of Kirksmeaton, 20

D.

Ch. D. 203.

(y) 5 & 6 Vict. c. 54, s. 5.

(2) See LEASES. As to glebe in Ireland, see 38 & 39 Vict. cc. 11, 42; and in Scotland, H. L. (Sc.) 1891, W. N. 122.

(a) Stanley, Eastern Church, p. 56. () Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. 1, p. 32.

K

language of Christanity falls to the ground. The principal centres of the Greek Church were originally Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome, and Alexandria. In the 4th century Constantinople was added, and in the 16th Kieff in Russia. In the 11th century Rome, which had long endeavoured to arrogate to itself the primacy, and had long since adopted the Latin language in lieu of the Greek, thereby weakening its bond of union with the East, seceded, carrying with it the British and all other Churches in the West. Subsequently Moscow was erected into a patriarchate, to take the place of recreant Rome. The office of Patriarch of Moscow has, however, with the consent of the other patriarchs, been administered since 1720 by the Holy Synod, which is presided over by the Czar, and comprises metropolitans, bishops, and several lay members. The Greek Church is still divided into the five Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Moscow, of which the Patriarch of Constantinople has a nominal primacy. Various national Churches besides the Russian exist, e.g., the Servian, Roumanian, Hellenic, Montenegrin, Bulgarian, which yet are one in doctrine with the Orthodox Greek Church.

The Greek Church still holds that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only. It allows priests to marry. It teaches the doctrine of transubstantiation, but considers that communion ought to be in both kinds. It has excommunicated the Church of Rome, and, of course, denies its supremacy, which it considers the chief heresy of modern times. It holds very strongly to apostolic succession (q. v.). Its rule of faith is the Bible and tradition. The interpretation of the Bible belongs to the Church, but every believer may read the Scriptures. There is no other object of worship besides the Triune God, but homage may be paid to the Virgin Mary and reverence to the saints. The Church of Christ is the fellowship of all those who accept and profess all the articles of faith transmitted by the apostles and approved by the General Synods. The ritual is very elaborate.

The Greeks have churches in London and several large towns.

HERESY consists not in a total denial of Christianity, but of some of its essential doctrines, publicly and obstinately avowed. The ancient Church defined accurately in what heresy consisted, but in the West, in medieval times, it was any deviation from the faith as taught by the Pope of Rome (c), and about eighty-eight different kinds of heresy were reckoned up by the canon law (d). Heresy was punished by burning in those days, and the fires which were kindled in the reign of the Papist Queen Mary are not likely ever to be forgotten. By 1 Eliz. c. 1, all former statutes on the subject of heresy were repealed, leaving the jurisdiction as it stood at common law; that is, it left the simple offence to be visited by spiritual punishment in the Ecclesiastical Courts; and the offence, when aggravated by contumacy and relapse, to be dealt with by the writ de heretico comburendo. But in 1677 (e) this writ and the death penalty were abolished, and heresy became punishable only by ecclesiastical censures, pro salute animæ, a jurisdiction which is never now enforced on the laity. Heresy was defined by the above statute of Elizabeth to be such tenets as have been heretofore so declared by the words of the canonical Scriptures (f), the first four general councils, or such others as have only used the words of the Holy Scriptures, or which shall hereafter be so declared by Parliament with the assent of the clergy in convocation. But this enactment has been repealed, and the question as to what is heretical in the English Church now turns upon the construction of the Church formularies, and especially the Thirty-nine Articles (q. v.). (See also BLASPHEMY.)

HOLIDAY, or HOLY-DAY, a feast, festival, or red letter day in the calendar. They were formerly very numerous, and a considerable number are still left; a list of them will be found in the Prayer Book just after the calendar. Some are fixed; others, which depends on Easter Day (q. v.), are

(c) 4 Bla. Com. 44; and see Tertullian de Præscr. Hær. and 1 Hale, P. C. 383.

(d) 2 Burn, 304.
(e) 29 Car. 2, c. 9.
(ƒ) See Art. 6.

movable. Only a few of these feasts are recognized as "holidays" in the ordinary sense of the word (g); and, on the other hand, the first Monday in August (which is not a great festival of the Church), is now kept as a holiday under the provisions of the Bank Holidays Act, 1871 (h). Days of thanksgiving may also be specially appointed by royal proclamation. There must be services in church on holydays; but probably not on their eves, though this is directed by the canon law (†).

HOMILIES. The Homilies, or Sermons, are in two books. The first, published soon after the accession of Edward VI., contains twelve sermons, written chiefly by Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer. The second was chiefly by Bishop Jewell, and was not published till the reign of Elizabeth (). They are declared by statute to contain a godly and wholesome doctrine, and directed to be read in churches (7). The doctrines (but not, it would seem, the opinions) contained therein form even now a standard of orthodoxy (m). Apart from this, they contain a great deal of information as to the customs and doctrines of the primitive Church. By the canon law every church must be furnished with a copy of both books (n).

wear.

HOOD, a garment, originally intended only for outdoor It is a kind of cape which hangs down the back and may be drawn forward over the head. It may be worn either attached to or separated from a cloak. In the middle ages it was worn by monks, and as a vestment by cathedral clergy under the name of amice or almutium. The hood is now chiefly known as the distinctive ornament of graduates in the Universities. By the canon law such ministers as are

(g) See Judicature Act, 1875, Ord. LXI. r. 4.

(h) 34 & 35 Vict. c. 17; 38 & 39 Vict. c. 13; 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36.

(i) Can. 14. But see CLERGY, Duties; and PUBLIC WORSHIP. (k) Adol. Comp. par. 702, 703.

(7) Art. 35; and see Cans. 46 and 49.

(m) Fendall v. Wilson (1862), 6 L. T. 727; Philpotts v. Boyd (1875), L. R. 6 P. C. 464. And see IMAGES. (n) Can. 80.