He sells his cows as they become old ceived. The Memoir concludes with or unproductive, and all his calves, and buys young cows. a very careful experiment made by M. Hauy. A square sheet of lamiBy the common method of feeding, nated talck was suspended by a very each cow requires of an acre of tur loose thread, so that its lower part was nips from October to April, besides immersed in water; this when plunged straw; 30 cows then require 22 acres into the same fluid, and a paralleloof land for less than 200 days; by Mr. piped of ivory, placed at a little disCurwen's method nearly 20 acres of tance, in a vertical situation, and paland are saved for stock of a different rallel to the square of a talck, a sensikind, or for other purposes. ble repulsion was immediately obN. B. The steamed potatoes are servable; but, on diminishing this given to the horses, and the boiled distance, the repulsion ceased by dechaff to the cows, WARM. TH grees, and gave place to an attraction, which, by an accelerated motion, carried the talck towards the parallelopiped, and brought it speedily into contact with it. This experiment often repeated with different modifications, constantly gave the result judicated by the theory. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. HE success of M. Laplace in analysing the phenomena of capillary tubes has been represented to the Mathematical Class, by M. Delambre, as a subject which many distinguished philosophers and geoIn another Menioir, M. Laplace metricians had attempted in vain. proposed to subject to the same anaThis analysis, it is conceived, has af lysis, the phenomena of the adhesion forded an explanation of this singular of bodies to the surface of fluids. phenomena. It has been long since When we apply a disk of glass on the observed, that two bodies swimming surface of the water, at rest, iu a vessel on a fluid, which rises or sinks around of great extent, we experience in dethem, approach each other, and unite taching it, a resistance so much more by an accelerated motion; but they considerable, as the surface of the are more frequently repelled, if the disk is greater. On elevating the disk, fluid which rises round the one, sinks we raise up at the same time, above about the other. In this case, if we the fluid contained in the vessel, a suitably, diminish the distance, at- column of this fluid. If we continue traction may be observed to succeed to elevate the disk, the column is to repulsion. M. Amontons endea- lengthened; but a period arrives voured to account for these pheno- when its weight becoming superior to mena, a hundred years since; but M. the adhesion, it is detached, and falls Monge, in the Memoir of the Academy down. The weight of this column of Sciences for 1787, has demonstrated when it is about to fall!, indicates the the insufficiency and even the inac- proportion of the resistance to be overcuracy of that philosopher's princi- come, in order to detach the disk. ples. M. Laplace has proved that if When the fluid is of a nature to sink two parallel planes have their inferior instead of rising in the capillary tube, parts dipped into a fluid, their internal and external surfaces support a pressure, of which, he gives the analytical expression. We may conceive, that if the external be superior to the internal pressure, the two planes must approach, and in the contrary case, recede from each other. M. Laplace details the circumstances which give birth to these phenomena, the limits which separate them, and the point where repulsion changes into au apparent attraction; and he combines the whole in two general theorems, or algebraical formula, in which the whole of his doctrine is readily per the column supported, resembles in its form a kind of truncated tube: in this case, the analytical expression changes, and includes an additional element, that is, the angle, which the surface of the cone forms with the disk of the glass. M.Laplace's theory corrects in some measure, the well-known hydrostatical principle discovered by Archimedes, respecting the diminution of weight which a body experiences when dipped into a fluid. This diminution cannot be estimated merely by the weight of a volume of liquid equal to the part of the body situated above the level. We must add to it, the main in that condition till after the weight of the fluid removed by the harvest, when it was manured with capillary action. M. Monge considers lime in the proportion of twenty holls the first part of this theorem, as a thing to the Scotch acre; the boll of lime perfectly evident: and M. Laplace containing sixty Winchester bushels. enters into a rigorous demonstration From the situation of the ground, the of its truth, adding this reflection, medium elevation of it from the wate that what relates to the capillary ac- being 422 feet, it was ploughed with a tion, wholly disappears when a body single furrow in an oblique direction: is completely immersed in a fluid be- the lime cost 1s. 2d. per boll, at the neath its level. To put the last hand lime works, 16 miles distant; it was, to the explanation of capillary effects, however, preferred to dung, as a maM. Laplace considers the curious pure, from the greater case with phenomena, which thin and very which, on account of its small weight, equal cylinders of steel exhibit when it could be carried to so great a height. they swim on the surface of a fluid. The lime was laid upon the ground However they may be brought into during the winter, and in spring the contact, after several oscillations, they land was ploughed a second time, in are not slow in uniting throughout a contrary direction to the former their length, as if they formed but ploughing, and then sown with oats: one plate. These comparisons are re- a second crop of oats was raised upon marked by him as the touch-stone of it the following year; the next crop theories, and it is added by M. De. lambre, that M. Laplace intends to publish an interesting addition to his theory. was pease, and it was then sown rough with barley or bigg, and grass-seeds, to convert it into pasture. In the oat crop Mr. Allan sowed one boll per A kind of gauze made of iron wire acre, and reaped seven, and in the has been described by a member of pease crop he sowed three firlots and the Institute, the last improvement of two pecks on the acre, and reaped on which by M. Rochon, was varnished an average eight bolls. The expence with a transparent glue, to serve as a of the process was about four pounds substitute for horn lanterns on board the Scotch acre, and he estimates the ships of war. This gauze, covered average value of the land, in its prewith a thin coating of plaister, it is sent state of improvement, at between conceived might cover ships and fifteen and twenty shillings per acre. buildings and preserve them from fire, His complete success has induced him and are also supposed to be very use- to convert several adjoining pieces ful in theatrical decorations which are of land into pasture, by a similar proso very liable to such accidents. The cess. only obstacle to the use of this gauze, is its present want of flexibility: but An extinct Volcano, in Merionethshire, M. Rochon, according to the present report, by the aid of chemistry, does Communicated by Mr. Donovan, nary a nature to the Scientific HESE particulars of so extraor not despair of finding a remedy for this imperfection. M. Delambre's ob- world, relative to the antient state of ject in reading this Memoir was to Cader Idris, one of the most cele call the attention of chemists and na- brated Cambrian mountains, are the turalists to the subject. TRANSACTIONS OF THE HIGHLAND SOCIETY. result of attentive observation, and indubitable evidence. The remarkable appearance of this stupendous mountain attracted the An Account of the Improvement of a attention of Mr. Donovan about seven Tract of barren Ground, covered with years ago. Ile was then led to conHeath in an elevated Situation, in the sider from a variety of circumstances, County of Peebles. By Mr James that the original form of the mountain Allan. must have undergone very material THE method pursued in this im- alteration occasioned, as he conprovement was ploughing the ceived, by the powerful effects of the ground at intervals of leisure, during volcanic explosion; but his remarks the summer, and suffering it to re- were not sufficiently precise to autho THE rise the assertion. Since that period suggestion it should be mentioned,* he has examined the mountain in a that the summit of the mountain is less cursory manner, more especially covered with an immense wreck of in the summer of 1807, when he was the stones, ejected as it is presumed at full leisure to devote some time to from the crater at the time of this exthis interesting subject of inquiry, plosion; it would be difficult otherand his observations, in the latter in- wise to account for the vast profusion stance, tend entirely to confirm the of those stones scattered in all direcidea first suggested. In support of tions about the loftiest elevations, and this opinion, Mr. Donovan has now which, from the confused manner in added to his museum abundant exam- which they are dispersed, must have ples of different kinds of lava, pumice, been thrown into their present situaand other volcanic matters of the most tion by no small violence. Myriads unequivocal character, collected by of these stones have borne a regular himself from the sides and base of the crystallized form, though from their mountain; and also a suite of the re- great bulk and weight they have for markable and singularly formed columnar chrystals of basalt, that are scattered in profusion about the lof tiest summit, and cliffs surrounding the crater. the most part suffered material injury in the general convulsion. The usual length of these crystals is from three to six or ten feet in length: some measure even fifteen or twenty, and one in particular, which Mr. Donovan has seen,' was twenty-two feet three inches long. They are however slen- . der in proportion to the length. The general aspect of this crater is exaetly that of Monet Vesuvius, except that one of its sides is broken down, by which means the abyss of this funnel-shaped excavation is more The substance of these crystals is of completely disclosed than in the Ve- the basalt kind, and correspond very suvian mountain; and it is this side of nearly with some varieties of the “lave Cader Idris which affords the most porphyre," of Una, described by Doloillustrative examples of porous stones, mieu, and Faujas de St. Fond; and these forming immense beds on the in the form of its crystals agrees with declivities a few inches only in many others of the basaltes prismatique of the instances below the surface of the last author. In the neptunian theory earth. A number of these porous it is not indeed admitted as a basalt, stones lately found in this spot by Mr. but as a porphyry argil. It is the Donovan, exhibit evident marks of porphir-schiefer of Werner, and perstrong ignition and vitrification, some phyry slate, or clinkstone porphyry are reduced to the state of slags, while of Jamieson. others have all the cellular appearance and lightness of pumice. The suite of these stupendous crystals, which Mr. Donovan collected Without entering upon any discus- from the summit of Cader Idris last sion as to the relative merits of the summer, and has lately added to his neptunian and vulcanian theories, it museum, consists of a small trihedral must be admitted, that the agency of column, about eighteen inches in water might have contributed mate- length; a tetrahedral column of much rially to affect those changes in the superior size, an interesting portion of primitive form of the Cader Idris a pentagonal column, and another of mountain, which have evidently taken the same figure about four feet in place. But with respect to the crater length, and having the termination of itself, this appears very clearly to have the crystal complete. The latter is derived its origin from the violence of estimated at about five hundred an explosion upwards, in which a very weight, but this is still exceeded by considerable portion of the highest another of a somewhat compressed eminence was torn from its native bed hexagonal figure with an oblique terof rocks, and thrown to a considerable mination. The whole of these are height over the other parts of the very perfect, and extremely well demountain. In confirmation of this fined VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL; - Mr. wood-cuts, will embellish these pub Mr.Kidd, editor of Ruhnkeniana, is EBREW LITERATURE. L. Cohen has in the press, a lications. splendid edition of a controversial work, entitled, Sacred Truths, ad- preparing a new edition of Dawes's dressed to the Children of Israel, re- Miscellanea Critica, for the Camsiding in the British Empire, contain- bridge press. ing Strictures on the Book, entitled The following works are in the Cla"The New Sanhedrin, and Causes rendon press-Lowth on the Sacred and Consequences of the French Em- Poetry of the Hebrews, 2 vols. 8vo. peror's Conduct towards the Jews, Vita Abdollatiphi, Arabian and written by W. Hamilton Reid ;" tend- Latin.-Griesbach's Greek Testaing to shew that the Jews can gain ment, 2 vols. 8vo-Bishop Burnett's nothing by altering their present be- Abridgement of the History of the lief, proving the local restoration to Reformation, 8vo. &c. the Land of Promise, and clearly de- In the course of the present month, monstrating that Bonaparte is not the Mr. Walter Scott will publish a comMan-the promised Messiah. Mr. plete edition of the works of John Cohen, who is an ingenious machinist, Dryden, with a life of the author, and and resides in the West of England, notes, critical and explanatory. This is patronized by the Duke of Bedford, edition will be comprised in eighteen Lord Clifford, Viscount Courtenay, volumes, demy and royal 8vo. and is Earl Mount Edgecumbe, and several the first attempt, after the lapse of other noblemen. more than one hundred years since The Rev. M. Hill, of Homerton, is the death of Dryden, of furnishing a preparing for the press Animadver- complete edition of his works. sions on the Rev. W. Parry's "Stric- Mr. Wright, of Kentish-Town, purtures on the Origin of Moral Evil, poses to commence a course of Lec&c." with an Appendix containing tures, during this month, on English Strictures on the Rev. W. Bennet's Elocution, in which he will endea"Remarks on a recent Hypothesis on the Origin of Moral Evil, &c." Mr. Samuel Roole has nearly finished a Translation of the select Works of Antony Van Leuenhoek, from the original Dutch and Latin Editions, published by the author, and will form 2 volumes Quarto. Dr. Jarrold (Author of Dissertations in answer to Mr. Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population) will, in a few days, have ready for publication Anthropologia,or Dissertations on the Form and Colour of the Person of Man, with incidental remarks. Literature will shortly receive an English Variorum Edition of Sir Thomas More's Utopia, formed upon the basis of the first English edition in 1555. It will also contain notes illustrative of the manners and sentiments of the times. This work will consist of 2 volumes octavo; and another impression of a small number is also to appear in one quarto volume. A head of More, by Scriven, and some your to advance a theory, shewing, that, even prosaic oratory, is more nearly allied to music than has been hitherto observed. He will delineate the different passions of the soul, and display each, with appropriate specimens from the poets. These lectures have peculiar reference to the drama. The educations and qualifications, the natural and artificial requisites, necessary to form the accomplished comedian, will be enumerated, together with a slender investigation of character as applied to the drama; this, and the oratory of the senate, the bar, and the pulpit, will be elucidated with readings, and specimens uniform to each subject. The whole is to be comprised in eight lectures, including the introductory one. Dr. Charles Burney has made considerable progress in an Abridgement of Bishop Pearson, on the Creed, for the use of the upper forms of schools. Mrs. Murray, the author of Mentoria, has in the press, Mentorial Lec را tures, comprising remarks on the agriculturist, has long practised with higher branches of female education. success, a new method of curing cattle Mr.Hill, of Hinckley, is preparing a whose stomachs are swoln from havwork on Diseases of the Bones, which produce Distortions of the Spine and Limbs; in which the medical, surgical, and mechanical modes of treatment will be considered, and the latter mode illustrated by plates. Mr. Francis Bailey has in the press an Analytical Treatise on the Doctrine of Interest and Annuities, which will contain several new and useful tables on the subject, together with their various applications to different questions in finance, &c. ing fed upon wet forage. It consists in administering to the animal, the twentieth part of a pound of gunpowder, mixed in a pint of milk, when first seized with the colic from eating grass or clover highly charged with dew. This remedy was long ago announced in the French journals, but M. Richardott has been the first to publish the results of its application. A new method of gathering Apples.— M. Alliare, a French chemist, has published a new method of scouring wool, which consists in dipping it reA new edition of the plays of Beau- peatedly in a lye of quick-lime. The mont and Fletcher, is preparing for chalky earth forms an animal soap publication, The tasks of collation with the grease. By this means the and criticism, will be executed with wool is speedily and economically the Editor's greatest industry and best scoured, and without altering its quajudgement; and ample recourse will lity. be had to the manuscript notes of the late Dr. Farmer, written in the folio A large canvas sail-cloth is stretched edition of that author, of which the under the tree, with a strong twine at editor is in possession. Whilst ela- each corner, whereby it is fastened to borate editions of Massinger, Jonson, the but-end of a pitch-fork; the four and even Shirley, are announcing, the forks are then stuck firmly into the public will surely attend to any at- ground, three of them being equitempt to retrieve from the trifling distant, and the fourth rather nearer comments of Theobald, Sympson, and to the first, the position forms a kind Seward, or the more careless ones of of funnel to receive the apples. The Colman, an author, who, in the opi- gatherer mounts into this cloth, and nion of some critics, deserves to rank drops the apples into it, so that they next to Shakespeare. roll gently down into the basket. The An important improvement in the fruit being gathered in this manner preparation of the essential article of with much ease, and without damage, the pharmacopæia, calomel, has been as to bruises. A ladder is coutrived recently introduced by Messrs. Luke expressly for the purpose: it is about Howard and company, Chemists. It eighteen feet long, and has two legs consists in a peculiar mode of con- of the same length, fastened by iron ducting the final sublimation by fire; joints to its top. When it is in use, by which the vapour of the calomel, these all diverge like the corner-rafters instead of being suffered to concrete, of a triangular roof, and at about four as usual, into a solid cake, at the upper feet from the ground a hook is fixed part of the vessel, is thrown out into to each leg, and to the ladder, for the water, where it is instantly condensed purpose of stretching out a triangular into a white powder, possessing the im- cloth, which ends in a funnel, like palpable fineness of a precipitate. The the hopper of a mill. The gatherer imperfect operations of grinding and mounts the ladder, and throws the levigating are thus superseded, and fruit as he strips it from the surroundthe defects which have so generally ing boughs into the cloth, from whence been complained of in the medicine, it rolls down the funnel into baskets, from this cause remedied. The pro- successively removed as they become duct is lighter than levigated calomel, full. in consequence of its greater comminution; three parts by weight occupying the same space as five of the latter. M. Douett Richardott, a French America. The business of reprinting is carried on to a great extent in Philadelphia. Mr. Bradford of that city, is publishing Dr. Rees's Cyclopedia, with con. |