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COLLEGES. University education preceded the erection of colleges, which were munificent foundations to relieve the students from the expense of living at lodging-houses and at inns. Collegiate or academic degrees are said to have been first conferred at the university of Paris, 1140; but some authorities say not before 1215. In England, it is contended that the date is much higher, and some hold that Bede obtained a decree formally at Cambridge, and John de Beverley at Oxford, and that they were the first doctors of these universities; see Cambridge, Oxford, Aberdeen, Queen's Colleges, Heralds, Working Men's Colleges, &c.

Addiscombe Military College
Birmingham, Queen's College

Cheshunt College

FOUNDED. A.D.

1809

1853

1792

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The republic now named Colombia instead of New Granada; president, general E. Salgar. Population, 1864, 2,794,473.,

. 1871

Manuel Murillo Toro elected president for two years 1 April, 1872

(See New Grenada, and Venezuela.)

COLOMBO (Ceylon), fortified in 1638 by the Portuguese, who were expelled by the Dutch in 1666; the latter surrendered it to the British, 15 1799 Feb. 1796; see Ceylon, 1803, 1845.

1795

Doctors' Commons, civil law

Dulwich College

Eton College

Gresham College

Highbury College

Highgate

King's College, London

Maynooth College

Military College, Sandhurst

Naval College, Portsmouth

1722

New College, St. John's Wood

1850

Physicians, London

Physicians, Dublin

Physicians, Edinburgh.

St. Andrews, Scotland

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1523 1667 1681

COLON (:). The colon and period were adopted by Thrasymachus about 373 B. c. (Suidas), and known to Aristotle. The colon and semicolon (;) were first used in British literature in the 16th cen1630 tury.

1410

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COLLYRIDIANS, Arab heretics who offered collyrides, little cakes, to the Virgin Mary as a goddess in the 4th century.

COLOGNE (Colonia Agrippina), on the Rhine, the site of a colony founded by the empress Agrippina, about 50; an imperial town, 957; a member of the Hanseatic league, 1260. Many ecclesiastical councils held here, 782-1536. The Jews were expelled from it in 1485, and the Protestants in 1618, and it then fell into decay. Cologne was taken by the French under Jourdan, Oct. 1794. The archbishopric secularised, 1801; assigned to Prussia, 1814.

The cathedral (containing many supposed relics,
such as the heads of the magi or three kings, bones
of the 11,000 virgins, &c.) founded
The building, long suspended, vigorously continued
by the kings of Prussia
The body of the cathedral opened in the presence of
the king, 6ooth anniversary of the foundation,

1248

since 1842

15 Aug. 1848 International industrial exhibition opened by the crown prince 2 June, 1865 Dispute between the king and the chapter respecting the electing an archbishop, settled; the pope appoints Melchers

Jan. 1866 Congress of Old Catholics meet (which see) 20, 22 Sept. 1872

COLONIAL NAVAL DEFENCE ACT, to enable the colonies to take effectual measures for their defence against attacks by sea, was passed in 1865. COLONIAL BRANCH ARMY ACT passed, 1866.

COLONIAL SOCIETY, established to promote the interests of the colonies, lord Bury, president, held its first meeting 26 June, 1868, and first annual meeting 28 June, 1869, when it assumed the title "Royal." On 7 March, 1870, it became "The Royal Colonial Institute." The first volumes of its "Proceedings" have been published. The formation of a National and Colonial League was resolved on at a meeting held at Cannon-street, London, 5 Jan. 1870.

COLONIES. The Phoenician and Greek colonies, frequently founded by political exiles, soon became independent of the mother country. The Roman colonies, on the contrary, continued in close connection with Rome itself; being governed almost entirely by military law. The COLONIES OF GREAT BRITAIN partake of both these characters. The N. American colonies revolted in consequence of the attempt at taxation without their consent in 1764. The loyal condition of the present colonies now is due to the gradual relaxation of the pressure of the home government. The population of the British colonies in all parts of the world was estimated, in 1861, at 142,952,243 (of which 135,442,911 belong to the East Indies). The revenue of the colonies was estimated in 1865 to be 51,492,000l., the expenditure, 59,353,000l. The act for the abolition of slavery in the British colonies, and for compensation to the owners of slaves (20,000,000l. sterling), was passed in 1833. All the slaves throughout the British colonies were emancipated on 1 Aug. 1834. See Bishops (Colonial), Secretaries, and Separate Articles.

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about 1618
about 1666

Date of Settlement, &c.

Settlement

Settlement

Occupied.

Settlement

Australia, W. (Swan river). Settlement

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Settlement 1629, et seq.

Settlement

.

1632
. 1815

1834
1829

1605 Settlement about 1652 Capitulation, Sept. 1803 Settlements 1609, et seq.

See India

See Pegu

. Settlement

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1662

1862 1858 Capitulation, Sept. 1759-60 Ceded

By cession
Capitulation,
All acquired
Capitulation

Ceded by France
By cession

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1763 1667 Jan. 1806

1815 Sept. 1803 1763 Feb. 1872

See Falkland Islands
Settlement in

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Settlement, in
Settlement, in
Settlement
Settlement, in
Settlement, in
Settlement
Conquered
See Victoria.
Capitulated in

Settlement, in

Settlement, in

Settlement, in

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1833 1631 Aug. 1704 about 1618 Sept. 1800 1763

1803

1807
1670

1841

vas.

of St. Paul's cathedral in 1821-2. The picture covers above 46,000 square feet, more than an acre of canThe different parts were combined by Mr. E. T. Parris, who in 1845 repainted the whole. In 1848 a panorama of Paris was exhibited; succeeded, in 1850, by the lake of Thorn in Switzerland; in 1851 the panorama of London was reproduced. In 1848 the theatre with the panorama of Lisbon was added. In 1831, when Mr. Hornor failed, the establishment was sold for 40,000l. to Messrs. Braham and Yates. In 1843 it was bought by Mr. D. Montague for 23,000 guineas. Timbs. After having been long closed, the building was opened to the public at Christmas, 1856, at one shilling. Under the charge of Dr. Bachhoffner, it continued open till the spring of 1864, when it was again closed. The sale of the site was announced 1870. It was announced in Dec. 1871, that a company was about to transform the building and grounds into club-chambers, baths, a winter garden, &c.

COLOSSUS OF RHODES, a brass statue of Apollo, seventy cubits high, esteemed one of the wonders of the world, was erected at the port of Rhodes in honour of the sun, by Chares of Lindus, It was thrown disciple of Lysippus, 290 or 288 B.C. down by an earthquake about 224 B.C. The figure is said traditionally to have stood upon two moles, a leg being extended on each side of the harbour, so 1655 that a vessel in full sail could enter between. The statue was in ruins for nearly nine centuries, and had never been repaired; when the Saracens taking Rhodes, pulled it to pieces, and sold the metal, weighing 720,900 lbs., to a Jew, who is said to have loaded 900 camels in transporting it to Alexandria about 653. Dufresnoy.

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[United with other settlements as West Africa, Feb. 1866.]

Singapore

St. Christopher's

St. Helena

St. Lucia

St. Vincent.

Swan River

Tobago
Tortola
Trinidad

Van Diemen's Land
Vancouver's Island
Victoria (Port Philip)
Victoria
Virgin Isles

Purchased, in .

Settlement, in

1819

1623 1600 June, 1803 1763

Capitulated, in
Capitulation
Ceded by France
See West Australia.
Ceded by France.
Settlement, in
Capitulation
Settlement, in.
Settlement, in
Settlement, in .
See Hong-Kong.
Settlement

COLUMBIA, a federal district round the city of Washington in Maryland; established 1800. In 1862, slavery was abolished in it; see British Columbia.

COLUMBIA MARKET, Bethnal Green, E. London; erected by Mr. Darbishire, architect, in the pointed Gothic style, and inaugurated by Miss (now lady) Burdett Coutts, the proprietor, 28 April, 1869. It cost her 200,000l. It was opened as a 1763 wholesale fish-market, 21 Feb. 1870, but was not Feb. 1797 successful. On 3 Nov. 1871, lady Burdett Coutts 1803 presented the market to the corporation of London, 1781 and on 18 July, 1872, she received publicly the 1850 freedom of that city.

1666

1666

COLORADO, a territory of the United States of North America, was organised 2 March, 1861; made a state, May, 1866; capital, Golden City.

COLOSSEUM, see Coliseum. The building in Regent's Park, London, was planned by Mr. Hornor, a land surveyor, and commenced in 1824, by Peto and Grissell, from designs by Decimus Burton. The chief portion is a polygon of 16 faces, 126 feet in diameter externally: the walls are three feet thick at the ground: the height to the glazed dome 112 feet. On the canvas walls of the dome was painted the panoramic view of London, completed in 1829 from sketches by Mr. Hornor taken from the summit

COLUMBIUM, a metal discovered by C. Hatchett, in a mineral named columbite, in 1801. It is identical with niobium, and not with tantalum, as supposed by some chemists. Watts.

COMBAT, SINGLE. Trial by this commenced by the Lombards, 659. Baronius. It was introduced into England for accusations of treason, if neither the accuser nor the accused could produce good evidence; see High Constable, and Appeal of Battle.

* Some persons (about 65 out of 1154) cannot distinguish between colours, and are termed Colour blind. In 1859, professor J. Clerk Maxwell invented spectacles to remedy this defect, which is also called "Daltonism," after John Dalton, the chemist, to whom scarlet appeared drabcoloured.

A battle by single combat was fought before the king, William II., and the peers, between Geoffrey Baynard and William earl of Eu, who was accused by Baynard of high treason; and Baynard having conquered, Eu was deemed convicted, and blinded and mutilated, 1096.

A combat proposed between Henry of Bolingbroke, duke of Hereford (afterwards Henry IV.), and Thomas, duke of Norfolk, was forbidden by Richard II. Sept. 1398. A trial was appointed between the prior of Kilmainham and the earl of Ormond, the former having impeached the latter of high treason; but the quarrel having been taken up by the king, was decided without fighting. 1446.

A combat was proposed between lord Reay and David Ramsay, in 1631, but the king prevented it.

In a combat in Dublin castle, before the lords justices and council, between Connor MacCormack O'Connor and Teig Mac-Gilpatrick O'Connor, the former had his head cut off, and presented to the lords, 1553.

COMBINATION. Laws were enacted from the time of Edward I. downwards, regulating the price of labour and the relations between masters and workmen, and prohibiting the latter from combining for their own protection. All these laws were repealed, 6 Geo. IV. c. 129, in 1825, due protection being given to both parties. The act was amended in 1859 by 22 Vict. c. 34, when the subject was much discussed, in consequence of the strike in the building trades, see Sheffield and Strikes.

COMBS, found in Pompeii; Combmakers' company incorporated, 1636 or 1650.

COMBUSTION, see Spontaneous.

COMEDY. Thalia is the muse of comedy and lyric poetry. Susarion and Dolon, the inventors of theatrical exhibitions, 562 B.C., performed the first comedy at Athens, on a waggon or moveable stage, on four wheels, for which they were rewarded with a basket of figs and a cask of wine; see Arundelian Marbles, and Drama.

Comedy degenerated into libel prohibited at Athens, 440

B. C.

Aristophanes called the prince of ancient comedy, 434 B.C., and Menander that of the new, 320 B.C.

Of Plautus, 20 comedies are extant; he flourished 220 B.C. Statius Cæcilius wrote upwards of 30 comedies; flourished at Rome 180 B. C.

Comedies of Lælius and Terence first acted 154 B.C.
First regular comedy performed in England about A.D.

1551

It was said of Sheridan that he wrote the best comedy (the School for Scandal), the best opera (the Duenna), and the best afterpiece (the Critic), in the English language (1775-1779)

COMETS (Greek come, a hair). It is recorded that more than 600 have been seen. Mr. Hind, in his little work on comets, gives a chronological list. The first discovered and described accurately was by Nicephorus, 1337. There are said to be 17,500,000 in the solar system.

At the birth of the great Mithridates two large comets appeared, which were seen for seventy-two days together, whose splendour eclipsed that of the mid-day sun, and occupied the fourth part of the heavens, about 135 B.C. Justin.

A grand comet seen, 1264. Its tail is said to have extended 100°. It is considered to have reappeared in 1556, with diminished splendour; and was expected to appear again about Aug. 1858 or Aug. 1860. Hind. A remarkable one seen in England, June, 1337. Tycho Brahe demonstrated that comets are extraneous to our atmosphere, about 1577

Stow.

A comet which terrified the people from its near approach to the earth was visible from 3 Nov. 1679 to 9 March, 1680. It enabled Newton to demonstrate that comets,

as well as planets, are subject to the law of gravitation, and most probably move in elliptic orbits, 1704. A most brilliant comet appeared in 1769, which passed within two millions of miles of the earth. This beauti

ful comet, moving with immense swiftness, was seen in London; its tail stretched across the heavens like a prodigious luminous arch, 36,000,000 miles in length. The computed length of that which appeared in 1811, and which was so remarkably conspicuous, was, on 15 Oct. according to the late Dr. Herschel, upwards of 100,000,000 miles, and its apparent greatest breadth, at the same time, 15,000,000 miles. It was visible all the autumn to the naked eye. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. for 1812.

Another comet, Dec. 1823.

HALLEY'S COMET, 1682. Named after one of the greatest astronomers of England. He first proved that many of the appearances of comets were but the periodical returns of the same bodies, and he demonstrated that the comet of 1682 was the same with the comet of 1456, 1531, and 1607, deducing this fact from a minute observation of the first-mentioned comet, and being struck by its wonderful resemblance to the comets described as having appeared in those years: Halley, therefore, first fixed the identity of comets, and predicted their periodical returns. Vince's Astronomy. The revolution of Halley's comet is performed in about 75 years; it appeared (as he had predicted) in 1759, and came to its perihelion on March 13; its last appearance was 1835; its next will be 1910.

ENCKE'S COMET. First discovered by M. Pons, 26 Nov. 1818, but justly named by astronomers after professor Encke, for his success in detecting its orbit, motions, and perturbations; it is, like the preceding, one of the three comets which have appeared according to prediction, and its revolutions are made in 3 years and 15 weeks. Thirteenth return observed at Copenhagen by M. d'Arrest, 20 July, 1863; observed in England, 14 Oct. 1871.

BIELA'S COMET has been an object of fear to many on account of the nearness with which it has approached, not the earth, but a point of the earth's path; it was first discovered by M. Biela, an Austrian officer, 28 Feb. 1826. It is one of the three comets whose re-appearance was predicted, its revolution being performed in. 6 years and 38 weeks. Its second appearance was in 1832, when the time of its perihelion passage was 27 Nov. its third was in 1839; its fourth in 1845; and its fifth in 1852; it has since vanished. DONATI'S COMET, so called from its having been first observed by Dr. Donati, of Florence, 2 June, 1858, being then calculated to be 228,000,000 miles from our earth. It was very brilliant in England in the end of September and October following, when the tail was said to be 40,000,000 miles long. On the 10th of October it was nearest to the earth; on the 18th it was near coming into collision with Venus. Opinions varied as to this. comet's brilliancy compared with that of 1811.

THE GREAT COMET of 1861 was first seen by Mr. Tebbutt at Sydney, in Australia, 13 May; by M. Goldschmidt and others in France and England on 29, 30 June. The nucleus was about 400 miles in diameter, with a long bush-like tail, travelling at the rate of 10,000,000 miles. in 24 hours. On 30 June, it was suggested that we were in the tail-there being "a phosphorescent auroral glare." A tailless comet was discovered in the constellation Cassiopeia, by M. Seeling, at Athens, on 2 July, and by A comet detected at Harvard by Mr. Tuttle, 18 July, and M. Tempel, at Marseilles, 2 and 3 July, 1862. by Rosa, at Rome, on 25 July, 1862. It was visible by the naked eye in August and September.

Six telescopic comets were observed in 1863, and several in 1864.

A fine comet appeared in the southern hemisphere, and was visible in South America and Australia, in Jan.Feb. 1865.

M. Babinet considered that comets had so little density that the earth might pass through the tail of one without our being aware of it, 4 May, 1857. Schiaparelli, of Milan, discovered that the August meteors move round the sun in an orbit almost identical with the second comet of 1862-1866.

One discovered at Carlsruhe by Dr. Winnecke, 13 June, 1868.

British army frequently vacant. COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, an office in the When the duke of Wellington resigned the office, on becoming prime minister, in 1828, his successor, lord Hill, became

commander of the forces, or general commanding- 1864, there were 250 commissionnaires in London; in-chief.

Duke of Albemarle

Duke of Monmouth

CAPTAINS-GENERAL.

Duke of Marlborough

Schomberg, duke of Leinster

Duke of Ormond

Duke of Marlborough, again

in Nov. 1866, about 340; in June, 1868, 377; in Oct. 1872, 500. In 17 June, 1865, capt. Walter 1660 resigned the superintendence, and a permanent system of administration was formed. In 1865 commissionnaires were first engaged as private night-watchmen.

1678 1690

1691

1799

1711

1714

Duke of Cumberland

1744

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1711

1744

COMMON COUNCIL OF LONDON. Its organisation began about 1208. The charter of Henry I. mentions the folk-mote, a Saxon appella1674 tion for a court or assembly of the people. The 1690 general place of meeting of the folk-mote was in 1691 the open air at St. Paul's-cross, St. Paul's churchyard. It was not discontinued till after Henry III.'s reign; when certain representatives were chosen out of each ward, who, being added to the lord mayor and aldermen, constituted the court of common council. At first only two were returned for each ward; but the number was enlarged in 1347, and since. This council, which meets every Thursday, is elected annually 21 Dec., St. Thomas's-day. A Common Hall is held occasionally. The common council supported the prince of Orange in 1688, and queen Caroline in 1820.

1745
1757

1766

1778
1782

1793

11 Feb. 1795

25 March, 1809
29 May, 1811

22 Jan. & 27 Aug. 1827
25 Feb. 1828
15 Aug. 1842
general
28 Sept. 1852
15 July, 1856

Viscount Hardinge (died 24 Sept. 1856), commanding-in-chief

Duke of Cambridge, ditto

COMMENDAM, "a benefice or church living, which being void, is commended to the charge of some sufficient clerk, to be supplied until it may be conveniently supplied with a pastor." Blount. By 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 77 (1836), future bishops were prohibited from holding in commendam the livings they held when consecrated.

COMMERCE early flourished in Arabia, Egypt, and among the Phoenicians, see the description of Tyre, 588 B.C., Ezek. xxvii. In later times it was spread over Europe by a confederacy of maritime cities, 1241 (see Hanse Towns); by the discoveries of Columbus; and by the enterprises of the Dutch and Portuguese; see Exports, Imports, and the various articles connected with this subject through the volume.

1860

The first treaty of commerce made by England with
any foreign nation was entered into with the
Flemings, Edw. I. 1272. The second was with
Portugal and Spain, 2 Edw. II. 1308. Anderson;
see Treatises. Hertslett's Collection, in 12 vols.
8vo, published 1827-59, has a copious index.
An important commercial treaty was concluded with
France (see French Treaty)
Chambers of Commerce originated at Marseilles in
the 14th century, and similar chambers were
instituted in all the chief cities in France, about 1700
These chambers suppressed in 1791; restored by
decrees
3 Sept. 1851
The chamber of commerce at Glasgow was estab
lished 1783; at Edinburgh, 1785; Manchester,
1820; Hull
Twenty-seven of these chambers of commerce (not
including Liverpool, Manchester, and Glasgow)
met at Westminster for interchange of opinions
on various questions
21 Feb. 1865
18 Feb. 1873

Annual meetings held since; 46 met

.

COMMON LAW OF ENGLAND, an ancient collection of unwritten maxims and customs (leges non scripte), of British, Saxon, and Danish origin, which has subsisted immemorially in this kingdom; and although somewhat impaired by the rude shock of the Norman conquest, has weathered the violence of the times. At the parliament of Merton, 1236, "all the earls and barons," says the parliament roll, with one voice answered, that they would not change the laws of England, which have hitherto been used and approved;" eminently the law of the land; see Bastard. The process, practice, and mode of pleading in the superior courts of common law, were amended in 1852 and 1854.

66

COMMON PLEAS, COURT OF, IN ENGLAND, in ancient times followed the king's person, and is distinct from that of the King's Bench; but on the confirmation of Magna Charta by king John, in 1215, it was fixed at Westminster, where it still continues. In 1833 the mode of procedure in all the superior courts was made uniform. In England, no barrister under the degree of serjeant could plead in the court of common pleas; but in 1846 the privilege was extended to barristers practising in the superior courts at Westminster.

CHIEF JUSTICES. (England.)
1558. Sir Anthony Browne.
1559. Sir James Dyer.
1582. Sir Edmund Anderson.
1605. Sir Francis Gawdy.
1606. Sir Edward Coke.
1613. Sir Henry Hobart.

1626. Sir Thomas Richardson.
1631. Sir Robert Heath.

1837

1634. Sir John Finch.

COMMISSION, see High Commission, Court of. COMMISSIONNAIRES, street messengers in Paris. Those in London were originally pensioned soldiers wounded either in the Crimea or India, first employed in the west-end. They were appointed by a society, founded in Feb. 1859 by capt. Edward Walter, which is now under the patronage of the queen and the commander-inchief. The charges are regulated by a tariff. In Jan. 1861 the society commenced the gratuitous issue of a Monthly Advertising Circular. In March,

1639. Sir Edward Lyttleton.

1640. Sir John Bankes.

1648. Oliver St. John.

1660. Sir Orlando Bridgman, afterwards lord keeper. 1668. Sir John Vaughan.

1675. Sir Francis North, afterwards lord keeper Guildford. 1683. Sir Francis Pemberton.

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1850. Sir John Jervis, 16 July; died 1 Nov. 1856.
1856. Sir Alex. Cockburn, Nov.; eh. j. Q. B. June, 1859.
1859. Sir William Erle, June; retired Nov. 1866.
1866. Sir William Bovill, 29 Nov.

CHIEF JUSTICES. (Ireland).

1691. Richard Pyne, 5 Jan.
1695. Sir John Hely, 10 May.
1701. Sir Richard Cox, 4 May.
1703. Robert Doyne, 27 Dec.
1714. John Forster, 30 Sept.
1720. Sir Richard Levinge, 13 Oct.
1724. Thomas Wyndham, 27 Oct.
1726. William Whitshed, 23 Jan.
1727. James Reynolds, 8 Nov.
1740. Henry Singleton, 11 May.
1754. Sir William Yorke, 4 Sept.
1761. William Aston, 5 May.
1765. Richard Clayton, 21 Feb.
1770. Marcus Patterson, 18 June.
1787. Hugh Carleton, afterwards

30 April.

viscount Carleton,

1800. John Toler, afterwards lord Norbury, 22 Oct. 1827. Lord Plunket, 18 June.

1830. John Doherty, 23 Dec.

1850. James Henry Monahan, 23 Sept.

COMMON PRAYER, BOOK OF, was ordered by parliament to be printed in the English language on i April, 1548. It was voted out of doors by parliament, and the Directory (which see) set up in its room in 1644, and a proclamation was issued against

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1662

Charles II.'s book (Savoy Conference) now in use

The State services (which had never formed part of the Prayer-book, but were annexed to it at the beginning of every reign) for 5 November (Gunpowder treason), 30 Jan. (Charles I.'s execution), and 29 May (Charles II.'s restoration), were ordered to be discontinued; 17 Jan. 1859. Changes in the Lectionary or calendar of lessons were recommended in the third report of the Ritual Commission, 12 Jan. 1870. A bill for sanctioning these changes passed the house of lords, but was dropped in the house of commons through want of time, Aug., passed 13 July, 1871

.

[The old tables may be used till 1 Jan. 1879.]
The fourth report of the Ritual Commission dis-
closed great difference of opinion amongst the
commissioners
Aug. 1870
Shortened services and other changes were autho-
rized by the New Uniformity Act, passed 18 July, 1872
COMMONS, HOUSE OF, originated with
Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, who by the
Provisions of Oxford ordered returns to be made of
two knights from every shire, and deputies from
certain boroughs, to meet such of the barons and
clergy as were his friends, with a view thereby to
strengthen his own power in opposition to that of
his sovereign Henry III., 1258. Stow; see Parlia-
ment. In 1859 Mr. Newmarch estimated the con-
stituency of England and Wales at 934,000. It was
largely increased by the reform act of 1867:-Regis-
tered parliamentary electors, 1872: England and
Wales, boroughs, 1,250,019; counties, 801,109,
Scotland, boroughs, 49,025; counties, 79,919. Ire-
land, boroughs, 171,912; counties, 175,439, Total,
2,526,423. The following is the past and present
constitution:-

By the Reform Act of 1832.*
Members.

ENGLAND.

187 Cities or boroughs.

403

82

40 Counties

4

1 Isle of Wight.

489

ཋ། ྃ།

།།

=ཋ།ཅི།

2 Universities

WALES.

14 Cities or boroughs

12 Counties

SCOTLAND.

15 Cities or boroughs 33 Counties.

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Total 658

IRELAND.

33 Cities or boroughst 32 Counties

1 University

105

Total 658

South Lancashire, and one to a newly-created borough, Birkenhead.

↑ Disfranchised and replaced, 1867: Lancaster, YarDisfranchised, 1870: Bemouth, Totnes, and Reigate. verley and Bridgwater, each two members; Cashel and Sligo, each one member: present house, 652 members, 1873.

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