EAST SAXONS, see Britain, p. III. EBELIANS, a German revivalist sect, which began at Königsberg in Prussia, about 1836, its leaders being archdeacon Ebel and Dr. Diestel, who were tried and condemned for unsound doctrine and impure lives in 1839. The sentence was annulled in 1842, it is said by royal influence. The sect is popularly termed "Mucker," German for hypocrites. Their theory and practice of spiritual marriage is described by Mr. Hepworth Dixon in his "Spiritual Wives," 1868. EBIONITES, heretics, in the 1st century, a branch of the Nazarenes, were of two kinds: one believed that our Saviour was born of a virgin, observed all the precepts of the Christian religion, but added the ceremonies of the Jews; the other believed that Christ was born after the manner of all mankind, and denied his divinity. Photinus revived the sect in 342. EBONITE (vulcanised india-rubber), see Caoutchouc. EBRO, a river in Spain-the scene of a signal defeat of the Spaniards by the French, under Lannes, near Tudela, 23 Nov. 1808; and also of several important movements of the allied British and Spanish armies during the Peninsular war (1809-1813). ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSIONS: appointed by queen Elizabeth, 1584; by James I. in Scotland, 1617; by the English parliament in 1641; and by James II. to coerce the universities in 1687. The present Ecclesiastical Commissioners (bishops, deans, and laymen) for the management of church property, were appointed in Feb. 1835; incorporated in 1836; and their proceedings regulated in 1840 and 1841. The law relating to them was amended in 1868. ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. There existed no distinction between lay and ecclesiastical courts in England until 1085, after the Norman conquest; see Arches and Consistory Courts. Till the establishment of the Divorce and Probate courts (which see) in 1857, the following were the causes cognisable in ecclesiastical courts: blasphemy, apostasy from Christianity, heresy, schism, ordinations, institutions to benefices, matrimony, divorces, bastardy, tithes, incest, fornication, adultery, probate of wills, administrations, &c. ECCLESIASTICAL DILAPIDATIONS, law respecting amended, by acts passed in 1871 and 1872. ECCLESIASTICAL GAZETTE, Church of England semi-official journal; sent gratuitously to all dignitaries and incumbents; established 10 July, 1838. ECCLESIASTICAL STATE, or STATES OF THE CHURCH, see Rome, Modern. ECCLESIASTICAL TITLES ACT, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 60 (1851), repealed 24 July, 1871; see Papal Aggression. ECHO. The time which elapses between the utterance of a sound and its return must be more than one-twelfth of a second, to form an echo. The whispering gallery of St. Paul's is a wellknown example. The Echo, independent evening paper, price d., established Dec. 1868. ECKMÜHL (Bavaria), the site of a battle between the main armies of France (75,000) and Austria (40,000); Napoleon and marshal Davoust Charles, 22 April, 1809. (hence prince d'Eckmühl) defeated the archduke ECLECTICS (from Greek, eklego, I choose), ancient philosophers (called Analogetici, and also Philalethes, the lovers of truth), who, without attaching themselves to any sect, chose what they judged good from each of them was Potamon of Alexandria, about A.D. I. Also a Christian sect, who considered the doctrine of Plato conformable to the spirit of Christianity. ECLIPSE (the race-horse), see Races. The ECLIPSES. Their revolution was calculated by Calippus, the Athenian, 336 B.C. The Egyptians said they had accurately observed 373 eclipses of the sun, and 832 of the moon, in the period from theory of eclipses is said to have been known to Vulcan to Alexander, who died 323 B.C. the Chinese before 120 B.C. The first eclipse recorded happened 19 March, 721 B.C., at 8h. 40m. P.M., according to Ptolemy; it was lunar, and was A list of observed with accuracy at Babylon. eclipses to the year 2000 is given in "L'Art de Vérifier les Dates." Observed in Scotland; termed "Mirk Monday Total eclipse, visible in England; the darkness so 8 April, 1652 great that the stars shone, and the birds went to roost at noon 3 May, 1715 Last total eclipse observed in England; seen near Salisbury 22 May, 1724 Remarkable one, central and annular in the interior of Europe 7 Sept. 1802 Total eclipses-17 July, 1833; 8 July, 1842; 28 An annular eclipse; it was seen and photographed Q The first, observed by the Chaldeans at Babylon A total one observed at Sardis (Thucydides vii.) One terrified the Roman troops and quelled their revolt (Tacitus) ECNOMUS, see Himera. A. D. 721 413 219 168 14 ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, a military academy at Paris, established in 1794, and reorganised and given its present name on 1 Sept. 1795. The Journal" (1795-1867) contains profound mathematical papers. The school was reorganised 4 Sept. 1816. The pupils helped to defend Paris in 1814 and 1830. ECONOMIC MUSEUM (or Museum of Domestic and Sanitary Economy), at Twickenham, open free, was established chiefly by the agency of Mr. Thos. Twining, in 1860. It originated from the Paris exhibition of 1855. ECONOMIST, London weekly journal, devoted to financial matters, first appeared 2 Sept. 1843. ECORCHEURS (Flayers), bands of armed adventurers who desolated France and Belgium during the 15th century, beginning about 1435. Amongst their leaders were Chabannes, comte de Dammartin, the bastard of Armagnac, and Villandras; and they at one time numbered 100,000. They are said to have stripped their victims to their shirts, and flayed the cattle. They were favoured by the English invasion and the civil wars. ECUADOR, see Equator. EDDAS, or GRANDMOTHERS, two books (prose and verse) containing the Scandinavian mythology (or history of Odin, Thor, Frea, &c.), written about the 11th or 12th centuries. Translations have been made into French, English, &c. MSS. of the Eddas exist at Copenhagen and Upsal. EDDYSTONE (or EDYSTONE) LIGHTHOUSE, off the port of Plymouth, erected by the Trinity-house to enable ships to avoid the Eddystone rock. The first lighthouse was commenced under Mr. Winstanley, in 1696; finished in 1609; and destroyed in the dreadful tempest of 27 Nov. 1703, when Mr. Winstanley and others perished. It was rebuilt by act of parliament, and all ships were ordered to pay one penny per ton inwards and outwards towards supporting it, 1708. This lighthouse was burnt 4 Dec. 1755; and one on a better plan, erected by Mr. Smeaton, finished 9 Oct. 1759. The woodwork of this, burnt in 1770, was replaced by stone. EDESSA (now Orfah), a town in Mesopotamia, said by some, to have been built by Nimrod; by Appian, to have been built by Selencus. It be came famous for its schools of theology in the 5th century. It was made a principality by the crusaders, and was taken by the Saracens, 1145; by Nur-ed-deen, in 1144; and the Turks in 1184. Its ancient kings or rulers were named Abgarus and Mannus. EDGECOTE, see Banbury. EDGEHILL FIGHT (23 Oct. 1642), Warwickshire, between the royalists under prince Rupert and the parliament army under the earl of Essex, was the first important engagement in the civil war. Charles I. was present, and the earl of Lindsay, who headed the royal foot, was mortally wounded. The king lost 5000 dead. The action was indecisive, though the parliament claimed the victory. EDICTS, public ordinances and decrees, usually set forth by sovereigns; originated with the Romans. The PERPETUAL EDICT: Salvius Julianus, of Milan, a civilian at Rome (author of several treatises on public right), was employed by for the prætors, promulgated 132. the emperor Adrian to draw up this body of laws France granted toleration to his protestant subjects, EDICT OF NANTES, by which Henry IV. of 13 April, 1598, was confirmed by Louis XIII. in 1610, and by Louis XIV. in 1652. It was revoked by Louis XIV. 22 Oct. 1685. This act cost France 50,000 Protestant families, and gave to England and Germany thousands of industrious artisans. It also caused a fierce insurrection in Languedoc. See Camisards. Some of the refugees settled in Spitalfields, where their descendants yet remain; others settled in Soho and St. Giles's, and pursued the art of making crystal glasses, and carried on the silk manufacture and jewellery; then little understood in England. derives its name-in ancient records Dun Edin, City fortified, and castle rebuilt by Malcolm Besieged by Donald Bain. Holyrood abbey founded by David I.. Grant of the town of Leith to Edinburgh Surrenders to Edward III. 201 482 685 1074 . 1093 1128 about 1128 1174 1215 . 1296 . 1329 1356 1359 City burnt by Richard II., 1385; and by Henry IV. 1401 James II. first king crowned here Charter of James III. Edinburgh made the metropolis by James IIL Royal College of Surgeons incorporated [The palace of Holyrood is built in the reign of James IV.] High school founded, about 1437 1447 1450 1477 . 1482 . 1505 1508 518 "Mercurius Caledonius," first Edinburgh newspaper, African and East India Company incorporated 1695 Riots in Greyfriars church at the reading the 23 July, 1637 Parliament house finished Charles again visits the city The castle is surrendered to Cromwell 1640 1641 Dec. 1650 appeared 1661 1677 . 1681 College of Physicians incorporated Earl of Argyll beheaded 30 June, 1685 Bank of Scotland founded The monument to the political martyrs of Walter Scott's monument completed N. British railway opened British Association (2nd time) meets Prince Albert lays the foundation-stone Meeting to vindicate Scottish rights Old buildings near Lawn-market burnt 1793-4, 21 Aug. 1845 18 June, 1846 31 July, 1850 29 Aug. of the 30 Aug. 2 Nov. 1853 5 Aug. 1857 July, 1858 21 March, 1859 Sept. Agitation against Ministers' Annuity tax I Nov. Ministers' tax abolished, and other arrangements made which did not give satisfaction: riots ensued Nov. 1860 20,000 volunteers reviewed by the queen in Queen's Park 7 Aug. Industrial Museum Act passed. 28 Aug. Edinburgh visited by empress Eugénie, 20 Nov. The prince consort lays foundation of new Postoffice and industrial museum . 23 Oct. 1861 Fall of a house in High-street, 35 persons killed, 24 Νον. Accident on Edinburgh and Glasgow railway-17 killed; above 100 wounded 13 Oct. 1862 Lord Palmerston's visit 31 March-4 April, 1864 Theatre royal burnt: George Lorimer, dean of guild, and seven other persons, killed by fall of wall, while endeavouring to extricate others, 13 Jan. 1865 Statues of Allan Ramsay and John Wilson inaugurated 25 March, New Post-office opened 7 May, 1866 National museum of science and art opened by prince Alfred (who is created duke of Edinburgh, &c. 24 May) 19 May, Great reform demonstration 17 Nov. Explosion in the Canongate, at Hammond's, a firework-maker's; 5 killed, many injured 9 Oct. 1867 Visit of Mr. Disraeli, chancellor of the exchequer, conservative demonstration 29, 30 Oct. Meeting to propose restoration of St. Giles's cathedral Visit of John Bright, made freeman EDINBURGH REVIEW (by Francis Jeffrey, rev. Sydney Smith, Henry Brougham, and other whigs) published first on 10 Oct. 1802. EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY. A college was commenced by the town council of Edinburgh, in 1581, for which queen Mary had given the site of ancient religious houses, and Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney, the funds in 1558. In 1582 the university was chartered by James VI. afterwards James I. of England. The first principal was appointed in 1585. The foundation-stone of the new buildings was laid by Francis, lord Napier, grand EDMUNDS' CASE. master of the masons of Scotland, 16 Nov. 1789. In 1845, the library contained upwards of 80,000 volumes, besides numerous curious and rare MSS. and documents. Dr. Lyon Playfair elected the first M.P. for Edinburgh and St. Andrews' university in conformity with the act of 1868, 4 Dec. 1868. EDMUNDS' CASE, see under Patents EDUCATION, the art of developing the physical, intellectual, and moral faculties of man, has occupied the greatest minds in all ages, Socrates, Plate, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, Bacon, Milton, Locke, Rousseau, &c. In England the earliest schools for the lower classes were those attached to the monasteries; for the higher classes halls and colleges were gradually founded; see Arts, Oxford, Cambridge, &c. William of Wykeham planted the school at Win chester, whence arose his colleges at that place and Oxford Eton college founded by Henry VI. 1373 1440 1560 1571 1611 After the reformation, education was greatly promoted, and many grammar schools were erected and endowed by Edward VI. and Elizabeth 1535-65 Christ's hospital, the bluecoat school, established, 1553 Westminster school founded by Elizabeth Foundation of Rugby school by Lawrence Sheriff, 1567 of Harrow school by John Lyon The Charterhouse founded by Thomas Sutton Queen Anne, a zealous friend of education, founded the Greycoat school, Westminster, and cordially supported parochial charity schools (one established at St. Margaret's, Westminster, 1688) Nearly 2000 of these schools established in Great Britain and Ireland, principally by the instru mentality of the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge 1698-1741 Robert Raikes set up Sunday Schools about. In 1833 there were 16,828 of these schools, with 1,548,890 scholars. 1698 1781 Sunday School Union formed 1802 Joseph Lancaster, a young Quaker, began to instruct the children of the poor 1796 He had go pupils before he was 18 years old, and 1000 pupils in To provide teachers, he invented the monitorial system. In consequence of his exertions the present British and Foreign School Society was founded with the name of the "Royal Lancasterian Institution," &c. This, being unexclusive, was followed by the institution of the Church of England "National Society for Educating the Poor," on Dr. Bell's system Infant Schools began 1798 1805 1811 about 1815 The Charity Commission, appointed at the instance of Mr. (afterwards lord) Brougham, published their reports on Education, in 37 volumes folio, 1819-40 Irish National School System (to accommodate both Roman Catholics and Protestants) organised mainly by archbishop Whately and the Roman Catholic archbishop Murray In 1834, the government began ANNUAL GRANTS (the first 20,000l.), which continued till 1839, when the Committee of the Privy Council on Education was constituted for the distribution of the money. The grant for Public Education in Great Britain, in 1852, was 150,000l.; 1856-7, 451,213l.; 1860, 798,951.; 1861, 803.794l.; 1864, 705,404l.; 1867, 795,865!. For Ireland, 1860, 270.722l.: 1861, 285.377 1863, 316.770l. From 1839 to 1860. 3.655,0671. were granted for education. The grant for education, science, and art, in 1861, was 1,358,996. for 1867-8, 1,487,554l. ; 1872, 1,551,560l. In 1836, the Home and Colonial School Society was instituted, and about 1843 were formed the Voluntary School Society and the Congregational Board of Education. In 1851, out of a population of 17,927,609, there were 2,466,481 day scholars. Primary schools in Great Britain, 1854, 3825: 1863, 7739. 1831 A great educational conference took place at The Industrial Schools act passed in Report of commissioners on popular education (ap- lar examinations of the pupils, payment by results, evening schools for adults, and other changes, which raised a storm of opposition from the clergy and schoolmasters. The subject was much agitated in parliament (25, 28 March, 1862); but eventually a compromise was effected, 5 May, 1862 Official instructions for the administration of the Sept. Revised Code issued on the Endowed "Conscience-clause," founded on Schools act, March, 1860, introduced by the Committee of Council on Education for parishes where only one school is required. It provided for the admission of children of dissenters, and exempted them from religious teaching, and attendance at public worship Royal Commission appointed, to inquire into the state of education in Scotland. First meeting at Edinburgh 14 Nov. Miss Burdett Coutts proposes the establishment of small village-schools, to be taught by "ambulaJan. 1865 tory" teachers Parliamentary Committee appointed to inquire into the best mode of benefiting schools unassisted by 28 Feb. the state. Training ship established for homeless boys of London; 50 boys placed there by Boys' Refuge 18 Dec. 1866 committee . Foundation of the London College of the International Education Society laid by the prince of 1868 Foundation of the first new building for a middle class school in London laid by the lord mayor, Lawrence (very successful, 1873) 15 Dec. Public Schools Act (modifying the government of Eton, Winchester, Westminster, Charterhouse, Harrow, Rugby, and Shrewsbury schools) passed 31 July, 1868; amendment acts 9 Aug. 1869-70 New statutes for them issued Oct-Nov. 1869 National Education League (advocating compulsory secular education by the state), first met at Birmingham. 12, 13 Oct. National Education Union for supplementing the present denominational system, first met at Manchester. 3 Νον. Conference of masters of city companies at the Mansion-house, to promote technical education, 5 Νον. Conference at the Society of Arts to reconcile the League and the Union Feb. 1870 Scientific instruction and advancement commission appointed 19 May, First drill-review" of London charity schools, and others, at the Crystal Palace 21 June, Elementary Education Bill introduced by Mr. W. E. Forster, 17 Feb.; after much discussion, and opposition from the dissenters, it passed, and received the royal assent 9 Aug. The patriarch Abraham visits Egypt 1938 20 Oct. let). Syphoas introduces the use of an alphabet (Usher) 1891 Memnon invents Egyptian characters? (Blair, Leng 1920 Amenophis I acknowledged king of all Egypt 1822 27 Oct. Joseph is sold into Egypt as a slave 1728 Oct. He interprets the king's dreams His father and brethren settle here 1715 1706 1618 Rameses, who imposed on his subjects the building of walls and pyramids, and other labours, dies (Lenglet). 1615 The persecution of the Jews; the exodus of the 1492 [Meeting held to promote it, 5 July, 1871.) training proposed . Metropolitan school-board elected Regulations for school-boards issued Primary schools in Great Britain: in 1855, 4800; in 1860, 7272; in 1870, 10,949. Annual grant for primary schools in Great Britain: New Revised Code discussed At the London school-board, after sharp discussion, Israelites Amenophis II. is overwhelmed in the Red Sea, with all his ariny (Lenglet, Blair). Reign of Egyptus, from whom the country, hitherto called Mizraim, is now called Egypt (Blair) Reign of Thuoris (the Proteus of the Greeks); his faculty of assuming whatever form he pleased, probably denoted his policy. Pseusennes (Shishak) enters Palestine, ravages The dynasty of Saites (Blair) Sebacon (the Ethiopian) invades Egypt, subdues the king, Bocchoris, whom he orders to be roasted alive (Usher) 13 Feb. 1873 EGGS. The duty on imported eggs was repealed in 1860, whereby the revenue lost about 20,000l. a year. Number imported into Great Britain in 1861, 203,313,360; in 1865, 364,013,040; in 1869, 442,172,640; in 1870, 430,842,240. EGLINTOUN TOURNAMENT, see Tour nament. EGYPT.* The early seat of political civilization. Ist epoch; the dynasty of its Pharaohs, or Three magnificent works on Egypt have been published in France (commenced by Napoleon, and the savans who accompanied him to Egypt), Description de T'Egypte, 1809-22; in Italy, Rosellini's Monumenti dell' Egitto, 1832-44; and in Prussia, Lepsius' Denkmaler aus Egypten, 1848-56. All these are in the Library of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, London. This canal abandoned after costing the lives of 120,000 men (Herodotus). Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon deposes Apries Apries taken prisoner and strangled in his palace (Diod, Siculus) The philosopher Pythagoras comes from Samos into Egypt, and is instructed in the mysteries of Egyptian theology (Usher) The line of the Pharaohs ends in the murder of Psammenitus by Cambyses (Blair) Dreadful excesses of Cambyses; he puts the children of the grandees, male and female, to death, and makes the country a waste (Herodotus) He sends an army of 50,000 men across the desert to destroy the temple of Jupiter Ammon, but they all perish in the burning sands (Justin). Egypt revolts from the Persians; again subdued by Xerxes (Blair) A revolt under Inarus (Blair). Successful revolt under Amyrtæus, who is proclaimed king (Lenglet) Egypt again reduced by Ochus, king of Persia, and its temples pillaged (Usher) |
