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30 Sept.

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Evidence that 5000l. and 2000 pike-heads had been received from America in Sept.

O'Donovan and 5 others committed for high treason

2 Oct. 33 Fenians committed for trial up to 14 Oct. A Fenian provisional government at New York, and a congress of 600 members held at Philadelphia Oct. Fenians in United States said to have raised 200,000l. Oct. Capture of James Stephens, Irish head-centre, 11 Nov.; he escapes from gaol 24 Nov. Fierce disputes between the senate and O'Mahony, the head-centre, who is charged with corruption and deposed; Mr. Roberts appointed his successor

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Dec. 380,000 Fenians reported in the United States Jan. 1866 Habeas Corpus act suspended in Ireland; about 250 suspected persons arrested immediately 17 Feb. Great mass meeting at New York, threatening to invade Canada 4 March, Fenian schooner Friend captures British schooner Wentworth, and scuttles her near Eastport, N. A.

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TRIALS IN CANADA. Col. Lynch and Rev. John MacMahon (sentenced to be hanged on 13 Dec.) reprieved 24-26 Oct. James Stephens, "central organiser of the Irish republic," said to sail from America 24 Nov. The British government offer 2000l. for his apprehension Nov.

Meaney, a delegate, arrested in London. 1 Dec.

Arms and ammunition seized in Dublin, Cork, and Limerick; many arrests Dec.

Gen. Millen, head of the Fenian military depart ment, denounces Stephens " as a cheat and a rascal," and declares the cause for the present hopeless, but exhorts to watchfulness for an opportunity 3 Dec.

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Jan. 1867 Jan.

Sweeny (released) rejoins the U.S. army. 22 convictions at Toronto 67 Fenians from Liverpool arrested in Dublin 12 Feb.

Irruption of Fenians into Chester; compelled to retire 11, 12 Feb. Outbreak in Kerry; Killarney threatened; capt. Moriarty and others captured .12 Feb. Attack on coastguard station, Cahirciveen, 12 Feb.; movement collapsed 16 Feb. Kilmallock police barrack defended for three hours by 14 constables, who drove off 200 armed Fenians, with loss, by a sally 5 March, General Massey captured 4 or 6 March, Rising at Midleton in Cork; Daly, a leader, killed; rails of South and Midland railway taken up 6 March,

Proclamation of the Irish republic sent to the Times and other papers 6 March, Fenian rising near Dublin; telegraph destroyed: attack on the police station at Tallaght repelled;

.

several shot, 208 prisoners taken into Dublin 7 March, 1867 1000 Fenians hold market-place at Drogheda, but retreat at the approach of police 7 March, Capt. Maclure captured 31 March, Special commission to try 230 Fenians; Whiteside, ch.-just. Deasy and Fitzgerald, begin (Massey, Keogh, Corydon, and McGough, approvers) 9 April, et seq. Burke and Doran sentenced to death, 1 May; reprieved 26 May, Many convictions of treason (M'Afferty, M'Clure, and others) and treason-felony, and many discharged

Trials at Limerick begin

May, 11 June,

President Roberts retires; the party in the United States said to be demoralised July, Many Fenians tried and convicted July and Aug. Several imprisoned Fenians released and sent to America Aug. and Sept. Fenian congress at Cleveland, Ohio Sept. Kelly and Deasy, two Fenians, remanded for further examination, rescued from the prisoners' van, near Manchester; and Brett, a policeman, shot for refusing to give up his keys .18 Sept. Many persons taken up; 23 committed on charge of murder-tried, 5 condemned to death (2 reprieved); 7 sentenced to 7 years' imprisonment 29 Oct.-12 Nov. Allen, Gould, and Larkin executed at Salford, Funeral demonstration in London

.

23 Nov 24 Nov Trials of Halpin and others at Dublin, Oct-Nov. Funeral demonstrations for Allen, &c., at Cork, 1 Dec.; Dublin and Limerick 8 Dec. Address of the president and senate of the Fenian brotherhood of America to the "liberty-loving people of England," dated New York, 12 Dec. Reunion of the Roberts and Stephens parties under a new president about 20 Dec. Premeditated explosion of Clerkenwell house of detention, London, to release Burke and Casey, leading Fenians, at 3.45. (A cask of gunpowder was fired close to the prison wall; Timothy Desmond, Jeremiah Allen, and Ann Justice captured on suspicion) 13 Dee. [Consequences of the explosion.-"Six persons were killed outright,' six more died from its effects, according to the coroner's inquests; five, in addition, owed their deaths indirectly to this means; one young woman is in a madhouse, 40 mothers were prematurely confined, and 20 of their babes died from the effects of the explosion on the women; others of the children are dwarfed and unhealthy. One mother is now a raving maniac; 120 persons were wounded: 50 went into St. Bartholomew's, Gray's Inn-lane, and King's College Hospitals; 15 are permanently injured, with loss of eyes, legs, arms, &c.; besides 20,000l. worth of damage to person and property." -Times, 29 April, 1868.]

.

Capt. Mackay and others rifle a Martello tower,

27 Dec. Audacious seizure of arms and ammunition in a gunsmith's shop in Cork

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30 Dec. 12 suspected Fenians captured at Merthyr Tydvil, 31 Dec. Mullany, a prisoner, turns queen's evidence, and accuses Barrett or Jackson (captured at Glasgow, 14 Jan.) of firing the barrel at Clerkenwell, 28 Jan. 18 3 Attack on Martello tower near Waterford 28 Jan. Capt. Mackay arrested at Cork, 7 Feb.; much rioting there 11, 12 Feb, Conviction of Patrick Lennon, a leader, 12 Feb. Habeas corpus act susp. till March, 1869 Feb. Mullany and Thompson convicted as accessories in murder of Brett 18 March,

Capt. Mackay convicted; sentenced to 12 years'
imprisonment
20 March,
O'Farrell, a Fenian, wounds the duke of Edinburgh
at Port Jackson, 12 March; sentenced to death,
31 March,
Mr. Darcy M'Gee, M. P., shot dead by a Fenian at
Ottawa
7 April,
Trial of Wm. and Timothy Desmond, Nicholas Eng
lish, John O'Keefe, Michael Barrett, and Ann

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Jan. 1871

The released convicts welcomed in the United
States
Jan.

The Fenians favour the French in the war,

Aug. 1870-Feb.
Fenian raid into Manitoba suppressed by United
States troops, and general Neill arrested; see
Ireland
about 12 Oct.

Gen. Cluseret (a short time in the service of the
Fenians) publishes an account of them in Fraser's
Mogazine: he says, "Their insurrection was
foolishly planned and still more foolishly exe-
cuted," and strongly advises reconciliation with
England

July, 1872 FERE-CHAMPENOISE (France). Here the French army under Marmont, Mortier, and Arrighi, were surprised and defeated by the allies under the prince of Schwarzenberg, 25 March, 1814, after a heroic resistance. Paris surrendered six days after.

FERIE LATINE, solemn Roman festivals, said to have been instituted by Tarquin the Proud, about 534 B.C. The principal magistrates of fortyseven towns of Latium assembled on a mount near Rome, and with the Roman authorities offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis.

FERMENTATION, termed by Gay-Lussac one of the most mysterious processes in nature: he showed that in the process, 45 lbs. of sugar are resolved into 23 of alcohol and 22 of carbonic acid. His memoir appeared in 1810. In 1861 Pasteur brought forward evidence to show that fermentation depends on the presence of minute organisms in the fermenting fluid, and that the source of all such organisms is the atmosphere.

FERMIERS GENERAUX, officers who farmed the French revenues previous to 1789, frequently with much oppression. Lavoisier and 27 of these were executed 8 May, 1794.

FERNDALE COLLIERY EXPLOSION; 8 Nov. 1867; about 178 lives lost. See under Coal.

FERNS (Ireland), an ancient bishopric, once archiepiscopal. St. Éden was seated here in 598. Leighlin and Ferns were united in 1600; and by the Church Temporalities act, passed Aug. 1833, both were united to the bishopric of Ossory. See Ossory.-FERNS, an order of cryptogamous plants, now much cultivated in Wardian cases; which see, and also Nature-Printing.

FEROZESHAH (India). The British, com. manded by sir Hugh Gough, attacked the entrenchments of the Sikhs, and carried their first line of works, 21 Dec. 1845; but night coming on, the operations were suspended till daybreak, when their second line was stormed by general Gilbert, and 74 guns captured. The Sikhs advanced to retake their guns, but were repulsed with great loss, and retreated towards the Sutlej, 22 Dec.; and recrossed that river unmolested, 27 Dec. The British loss was reckoned at 2415.

FERRARA, formerly part of the exarchate of Ravenna, under the emperors of the East. It was subdued by the Lombards in the 8th century, and taken from them about 752 by Pepin, who gave it to pope Stephen II. About 1208 it fell into the hands of the house of Este (which see), and became the principal seat of the literature and fine arts in Italy. Pope Clement VIII. obtained the sovereignty in 1598, on the death of the duke Alphonso II., the last legitimate male of the Este family. His illegitimate nephew, Cæsar, became duke of Modena. The French under Massena took Ferrara in 1796; but it was restored to the pope in 1814. An Austrian garrison held it from 1849; it retired in June, 1859, and the people rose and declared for annexation to Sardinia, which was accomplished in March, 1860.

FERRARS' ARREST. In March, 1542, Mr. George Ferrars, a member of parliament, while in attendance on the house, was taken in execution by a sheriff's officer for debt, and committed to the Compter prison. The house despatched their serjeant to require his release, which was resisted, and an affray taking place, his mace was broken. The house in a body repaired to the lords to complain, when the contempt was adjudged to be very great, and the punishment of the offenders was referred to the lower house. On another messenger being sent to the sheriff's by the commons, they delivered up the senator, and the civil magistrates and the creditor were committed to the Tower, the inferior officers to Newgate, and an act was passed releasing Mr. Ferrars from liability for the debt. The king, Henry VIII., highly approved of all these proceedings, and the transaction became the basis of that rule of parliament which exempts members from arrest. Holinshed.

FERRO, the most western of the Canary isles, from whose west point some geographers have taken their first meridian, was known to the ancients, and was rediscovered in 1402.

British landed near Ferrol under the command of FERROL (N.W. Spain). Upwards of 10,000 sir James Pulteney, in Aug. 1800. They gained possession of the heights; but, despairing of success, on account of the strength of the works, sir James re-embarked his troops. His conduct was 1809. An insurrection of about 1500 men in the much condemned. Soult captured Ferrol, 27 Jan. arsenal here broke out, headed by brigadier Pozas and capt. Montojo, who raised the red flag, II Oct. They dispersed or surrendered when about to be attacked, 17 Oct. 1872.

FESCENNINE VERSES were rude extemporary dialogues, frequently licentious, in favour among the ancient Etruscans at weddings, and still popular in Italy.

FESTIVALS, see Feasts.

FÊTE DE DIEU, a feast of the Roman church in honour of the real presence in the Lord's Sup

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FÊTE DE VERTU, an annual assemblage, chiefly of young persons, to whom were adjudged rewards for industry and virtue. These fêtes, held at Nuneham, in Oxfordshire, begun by lady Harcourt in 1789, were continued till her death.

FEUDAL LAWS. The tenure of land by suit and service to lord or owner was introduced into England by the Saxons, about 600, and was increased by William I. in 1068. The kingdom was divided into baronies, which were given on condition of the holders furnishing the king with men and money. The vassalage, limited by Henry VII., 1495, was abolished by statute, 1660. The feudal system was introduced into Scotland by Malcolm II. in 1008, and the hereditary jurisdictions were finally abolished in that kingdom, 1746-7. The feudal laws, established in France by Clovis I. about 486, were discountenanced by Louis XI. in 1470.

FEUILLANTS, a religious order founded by Jean de la Barrière in 1577 at the abbey of Feuillant, near Toulouse, and settled in Paris in 1587. The Feuillant club, formed in Paris by La Fayette and others in 1789, to counteract the intrigues of the Jacobins, was so named from the convent where they met. A body of Jacobins burst into their hall and obliged them to separate, 25 Dec. 1791; and the club was broken up in 1792.

FEZ (in the ancient Mauritania, Africa), founded by Edris, a descendant of Mahomet, about 787, was long capital of the kingdom of Fez. After long-continued struggles, it was annexed to Morocco about 1550. Leo Africanus describes it as containing more than 700 temples, mosques, and other public edifices, in the 12th century.

FICTIONS, see Romances.-FICTIONS IN LAW were invented by the lawyers in the reign of Edward I. as a means of carying cases from one court to another, whereby the courts became checks to each other. Hume. Lord Mansfield, in the court of King's Bench, emphatically declared that "no fiction of law shall ever so far prevail against the real truth, as to prevent the execution of justice," 31 May, 1784. They have been mostly abolished in the present century.

FIDENÆ, a Sabine city, frequently at war with Rome. It was finally captured and the inhabitants enslaved, 426 B.C. by the Romans, whose ambassadors they had slain.

FIEF, see Feudal Laws.

FIELD. The country gentleman's weekly paper, devoted to natural history, sports, &c., first appeared 1 Jan. 1853.

FIELD OF MARCH AND MAY, see Champ.FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD, a plain near Ardres, near Calais, in France, on which Henry VIII. met Francis I. of France, 7-25 June, 1520. The nobility of both kingdoms displayed their magnificence, and many involved themselves in debt. Paintings of the embarcation and interview are at Windsor castle.

FIELD-MARSHAL, see Marshal.

FIERY-CHAMBER, see Chambre Ardente.

FIESCHI'S ATTEMPT ON LOUIS-PHILIPPE, see France, 1835.

FIFTH-MONARCHY MEN, about 1645, supposed the period of the Millennium to be just at hand, when Jesus Christ should descend from heaven, and erect the fifth universal monarchy. They proceeded so far as to elect him king at London. Cromwell dispersed them, 1653. Kearsley. Another rising with loss of life was suppressed, 6 Jan. 1661. Thos. Venner, a cooper, their leader, and 16 others, were executed soon after.

FIG-TREE (Ficus Carica) brought from the south of Europe, before 1548. The Botany-Bay fig, Ficus Australis, brought from N. S. Wales in 1789.

FIGURES, see Arithmetic, and Digits.
FIJI, see Feejee.

FILES are mentioned (1 Sam. xiii. 21) 1093 B.C. The manufacture of them has attained to great perfection, by means of file-cutting machinery. That set up by Mr. T. Greenwood of Leeds, in 1859, was invented by M. Bernot of Paris. It is said that the price of files made by it is reduced from 32d. to 4d. per dozen.

FILIBUSTERS (properly Flibustiers), a name given to the freebooters who plundered the coasts of America in the 16th and 17th centuries; see Buccaneers and Nicaragua.

FILTERERS. A plan for purifying corrupted water was patented by Wm. Woolcott in 1675. Other modes followed. James Peacock's method of

filtration was patented in 1791.

FINE ARTS, see Arts, Paintings, Sculpture, Engraving, &c.

FINES AND RECOVERIES, conferring the power of breaking ancient entails and alienating estates, began in the reign of Edward IV., but was not, properly speaking, law, till Henry VII., by correcting some abuses that attended the practice, gave indirectly a sanction to it, 1487. Fines and recoveries were abolished in 1833.

FINISTERRE, see Cape Finisterre.

FINLAND, a Russian grand duchy, in the middle of the 12th century was conquered by Eric LX. of Sweden, who introduced Christianity. It was several times taken by the Russians (1714, 1742, and 1808), and restored (1721 and 1743); but in 1809 they retained it by treaty; see bo. political constitution was confirmed by the ezar in 1800, 1825, and 1855. Population in 1862, 1,746,229; in 1867, 1,830,853. During a dreadful famine, whole villages were starved, March, 1868.

FINNIAN, see Fenians.

Its

FINSBURY PARK, London, N. In 1866, land was purchased, and preparations for the park began; and it was opened 7 Aug. 1869.

FIRE. The poets supposed that fire was stolen 596 B.C. maintained that the world was created Heraclitus about from heaven by Prometheus. from fire, and deemed to be a god omnipotent. See Parsecs.

FIRE-ANNIHILATOR, an apparatus invented by Mr. T. Phillips, and made known by him in 1849. When put in action, steam and carbonic acid are formed, which extinguish flame. was not successful commercially. L'Extincteur,

It

was invented by Dr. F. Carlier, and patented by A. Vignon in July, 1862. It is an iron cylinder filled with water and carbonic acid gas, generated by bi-carbonate of soda and tartaric acid. The apparatus was developed and improved by Mr. W. B. Dick, in his Manual and Chemical FireEngines, which give a continuous flow of water and gas, patented April, 1869.

FIRE-ARMS, see Artillery, Cannon, Needlegun, Chassepot, and Pistols. The first small firearms were a species of cannon, borne by two men. Fire-arms made at Perugia, in Italy Employed by the Burgundians at Arras Edward IV., when he landed at Ravenspur, is said to have been accompanied by 300 Flemings, armed with hand-guns

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At Morat, the Swiss are said to have had 10,000
arquebusiers (men armed with fire-arms)
Fire-arms said to have been used at the siege of
Berwick

1364

1414

1471

1476

1521

The petronel (from poitrine, the chest) or arquebus came into use, 1480; and the musket employed in the armies of the emperor Charles V. about All these were of very rude construction, being first discharged by a lighted match, afterwards, about 1517, by a wheel-lock, then by the flint. The match-lock and wheel-lock superseded by the flint-lock, about The rev. Mr. Forsythe patented the percussion principle of igniting gunpowder in muskets, by means of detonating powder Percussion caps came into use between 1820 & 1830 Percussion musket; pattern

Artillery carbine; pattern

1692

April, 1807 1842

.

Victoria carbine (for cavalry). Regulation rifle musket: pattern Application of machinery in small arms factory established at Enfield (the old musket Brown Bess superseded)

1851

Jan. 1857

Mr. Jacob Snider's system of breech-loading invented in 1859; presented to the British govern ment; finally adopted, 1866. He received 1000l. for expenses in June; died 25 Oct.. 100,000 breech-loaders said to have been ordered by the British government New government advertises for propositions for conversion of Enfield rifles into breech-loaders,

July,

Aug. "Chassepot" guns in use in France 1 Oct. War-office advertises for proposals for breechloading rifles, to replace those now in use, 22 Oct.

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Nine systems selected for further trial; 1000l. to be
awarded to the best
June, 1867
Snider's rifle reported very successful at Wimbledon,
July,

61,682 new arms had been made at Enfield; 175,550
converted to Sniders, up to
Dec.

The "Money-Walker" rifle (patented by Mr. Mowbray-Money and lieut.-col. Walker), tried and approved

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18 June, 1868 A report in favour of the Martini and Henry rifle was issued March, 1869 An act to grant a duty of excise in licenses to use guns, passed 9 Aug. 1870

See Mitrailleuse and Gatling. FIRE-BRIGADE was established in London in 1832 by Mr. R. Bell Ford, director of the Sun fire-office. It then had 80 men and 19 stations. In 1863 it had 130 men and 20 stations. In May, | 1862, a commission recommended the establishment of a fire-brigade, which was effected by the Metropolitan Fire-brigade act, in 1865. It is supported by a d. rate and by contributions from government and from the insurance offices. It came into action, and its energies were successfully tested at the great fire at St. Katherine's docks, I Jan. 1866.

FIRE-DAMP INDICATOR, a small apparatus, about the size of a chronometer, invented by Mr. G. F. Ansell, and patented by him in 1865, by

which the presence of very small quantities of firedamp or light carburetted hydrogen gas may be detected in mines. It is an application of the law of the diffusion of gases.

FIRE-ENGINES are said to have been invented by Ctesibius, 250 B.C. They are mentioned by Pliny, A.D. 70. Awater-bow was patented by Thos. Grent in 1632, one was constructed by John Van der Heyden, about 1663. Bramah's engine was patented in 1793. Mr. John Braithwaite constructed a steam fire-engine in 1830. A trial of steam fire-engines took place at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, on 1, 2, 3 July, 1863, when prizes were awarded to a large one by Merryweather and a small one by Shand and Mason.

FIRE-ESCAPES were patented by David Marie (1766), and Joachim Smith (1773). The Royal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire was first established in 1836; its object was not fully attained till 1843, when it was re-organised, beginning with six escape stations in London; in March, 1859, it possessed 67; in 1866, 85. In 1858, 504 fires had been attended, and 57 persons rescued. In 1861 it was stated that 84 lives had been saved by the society's officers. In 1866, 695 fires had been attended, and 78 lives saved. In Aug. 1867, the plant of the society was virtually presented to the Board of Works, in consequence of the passing of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade act, 1865. Versmann's composition for rendering washing dresses fire-proof was published about 1860.

FIRE INSURANCE, see Insurance.

FIREMAN'S RESPIRATOR, the invention of Dr. Tyndall (1870-71), is a combination of his respirator of cotton-wool moistened with glycerine, and Dr. Stenhouse's charcoal respirator. Armed with this apparatus a man may remain a long time in the densest smoke.

FIRE-SALVAGE CORPS formed, in 1865, by the London Fire Insurance Offices.

FIRE-SHIPS. Among the most formidable contrivances of this kind ever used, was an explosion vessel to destroy a bridge of boats at the siege of Antwerp, in 1585. The first use of them in the British navy was by Charles lord Howard of Effingham, in the engagement with the Spanish Armada, July, 1588. Rapin.

FIRE-WATCH or FIRE-GUARD, of London, was instituted Nov. 1791.

FIRE-WORKS are said to have been made by the Chinese in remote ages. They were invented bited as a spectacle in 1588. in Europe at Florence about 1360; and were exhi

Macaulay states that the fire-works let off in England at the peace of Ryswick, in 1697, cost 12,000l. Very grand fire-works were let off from a magnificent building erected in the Green-park, London, at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Nov. 1748. Exhibition of fire-works in Paris, 31 May, 1770, in honour of the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI.; nearly 1000 persons perished by pressure and drowning, through a panic.

The display of fire-works, under sir Wm. Congreve, at the general peace, and the centenary of the accession of the Brunswick family to the throne, 1 Aug. 1814. Another at the coronation of William IV., 8 Sept. 1831. A grand display of this kind (at a cost of 10,000l.) to celebrate the peace with Russia, 29 May, 1856. In consequence of explosions frequently occurring at fire-work makers (particularly one on 12 July, 1858, at Mr. Bennett's in the Westminster-road, Lambeth, when five lives were lost, and about 300 persons seriously injured, and much property destroyed), it was deter

mined to enforce 9 & 10 Will. III. c. 7 (1697), an act to prevent the throwing and forming of squibs, serpents, and other fire-works. An act regulating the making of fire-works was passed in 1860.

Mr. C. T. Brock, the greatest pyrotechnist of the time, has a manufactory at Nunhead; exhibits at the Crystal Palace, &c., and abroad, 1871-2

FIRES IN LONDON. The conflagration of a city, with all its tumult of concomitant distress, is one of the most dreadful spectacles which this world can offer to human eyes. Dr. Johnson. See Chicago, Santiago, Liverpool, 1862, &c.

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962 & 1087

A great part of the city destroyed, including St.
Paul's cathedral
One at London-bridge, began on the Southwark
side, and was communicated to the other side,
and hemmed in a numerous crowd; about 3000
were drowned, and a great part of the city, north
and south, burned.
The Great Fire, whose ruins covered 436 acres, ex-
tended from the Tower to the Temple-church, and
from the north-east gate to Holborn-bridge. It
began in a baker's house in Pudding-lane, behind
Monument-yard, and destroyed, in the space of
four days, 89 churches (including St. Paul's), the
city gates, the Royal Exchange, the Custom-
house, Guildhall, Sion college, and many other
public buildings, besides 13,200 houses, laying
waste 400 streets. About 200,000 persons encamped
in Islington and Highgate fields. (See Monument.)
2-6 Sept.

In Southwark, 60 houses burnt
In Wapping, 150 houses burnt, 50 lives lost
Customs-house burnt

At Shadwell, 50 houses burnt

In Cornhill ward, 200 houses burnt; this fire began

in Change-alley, and was the most terrible since the great fire of 1666

1212

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.

1666 1676

5 June,

33

1715 1718

10 Aug. Millwall;

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10 Sept. 1736

10 Sept.

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30 Sept.

93

25 March, 1748

Premises of Townend and Co.,

Bread-street, de

1759

1761

stroyed; loss about 100,000l. Messrs. Cubitt's premises, Pimlico

1774 1775 1779

31 Dec. 17 Aug. 1854 3 Dec. Rennie, 150,000l.,

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Russell's

30 April, 1780

3 May,

June, exceeding

13 Feb. 1856

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5 Nov. 1783

machinery destroyed

12 March,

17 June, 1789

1 April,

12 Oct. 1790

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At Horselydown, 30 houses, besides many ware

Newgate, &c., by the Gordon mob.

In the Strand, 40 houses

In Aldersgate-street, 40 houses; the loss

100,000l.

The Opera-house

At Rotherhithe, 20 houses

Again, when many ships and 60 houses were consumed

Pantheon, Oxford-street

14 Sept. 1791 14 June, 1792 At Wapping, 630 houses, and an East India warehouse, in which 35,000 bags of saltpetre were stored the loss 1,000,000l. (tents for the sufferers were lent by the government)

Astley's amphitheatre

St. Paul's church, Covent-garden

At Shadwell, 20 houses burnt

In the Minories, 30 houses

In the King's Bench, 50 residences

Near the Customs, three West India

At Wapping, 30

21 July, 1794 17 Sept.

11 Sept. 1795 I Nov. 1796 23 March, 1797 14 July, 1799

warehouses; 11 Feb. 1800 6 Oct.

In Store-street, Tottenham-court-road, immense

Frith-street, Soho, lasted several days, many houses destroyed

Whittington club-house

Premises of Messrs. Routledge, Messrs. &c., Blackfriars-road; loss, one life and

Of Etna steam battery at Messrs. Scott works; loss about 120,000l. Pavilion theatre

Covent-garden theatre

Messrs. Scott Russell's (third fire), much

16 Feb. 1855

Messrs. Dobbs' premises, Fleet-street
Shad Thames flour-mill; loss about 100,000l.,

17 July, Messrs. Broadwood's, pianoforte makers, Westminster 12 Aug. Premises of Messrs. Almond's, army accoutrement makers, and others, in St. Martin's-lane; estimated loss 20,000l. .

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9 Nov. Messrs. Pickford's premises, at Chalk Farm station, 9 June, 1857 Gilbert-street, Bloomsbury; 15 lives lost, 28 March, 1858 Fresh-wharf; 25,000l. of silk 21 June,

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London docks; great explosion; man killed by fright; loss about 150,000l.

29 June, Limehouse; Messrs. Forest, Dixon's, &c., premises destroyed, and Blackwall railway arches; insured,

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19-20 July, Gt. James-st., Marylebone; six lives lost, 26 Feb. 1859 Messrs. Hubbuck and Co., Lime-street; one life and a large amount of property . 20 May, West Kent wharf and New Hibernia wharf; destroyed property valued at 200,000l.; fire lasted nearly a month; commenced 17 Aug. 1860 St. Martin's-hall, built for Mr. Hullah, and other premises, destroyed.

loss 300,000l.

houses

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Astley's again, and 40 houses

1 Sept.

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Surrey Theatre

2 Dec. 12 Aug. 1805

Covent-garden theatre

20 Sept. 1808

Thames iron-works, Blackwall

Drury-lane theatre

24 Feb. 1809

9 July, 1809 street made 12 June, 1811 12 Feb. 1814 16 March, 1820

In Conduit-street; Mr. Windham, in aiding to save Mr. North's library, received an injury which caused his death

In Bury-street, St. Mary-axe, half the

ruins

Custom-house: warehouses, and public records destroyed

At Rotherhithe, 60 houses and several ships de

troyed; loss 80,000l.

Kilburn church, Maida-hill, destroyed Surrey music-hall destroyed

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26 Aug. 31 Aug. 29 Νον. 11 June, 186x Cotton's wharf and depot and other wharves near Tooley-street, containing oil and other combustible substances, took fire about half-past 4 P.M., 22 June, and continued burning for a month. (Several persons were killed, including James Braidwood, the able superintendent of the London fire-brigade; the loss of property was estimated at 2,000,000l.).

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