was passed 23 Dec. 1854.* The queen and prince Albert reviewed 3500 soldiers, principally Swiss and Germans, at Shorncliffe, 9 Aug. 1855. On the peace in 1856, many were sent to the Cape of Good Hope; but not prospering, returned. FOREIGN OFFICE was established at the re-arrangement of the duties of secretaries of state in 1782. It has the exclusive charge of British, interests and subjects in foreign countries. The secretary for foreign affairs negotiates treaties, selects ambassadors, consuls, &c., for foreign countries, and grants passports. The new foreign office, building in the Italian style (designed by Gilbert Scott), was begun in 1864. A portion of it was inaugurated by Mr. Disraeli's reception, 25 March, and it was occupied by lord Stanley, who gave an entertainment here 24 June, 1868. See Secretaries. FOREIGN ORDERS. No British subject is permitted to accept a foreign order from the sovereign of any foreign country, or wear the insignia thereof, without her majesty's consent,-regulations published in London Gazette, 10 May, 1855. FORESTALLING was forbidden by statutes (in 1350, 1552, &c.), all repealed in 1844. FORESTS. There were in England, even in the last century, as many as 68 forests, 18 chases, and upwards of 780 parks. See New Forest.+ FORESTS, CHARTER OF THE, Charta de Foresta, granted by Henry III. in 1217, was founded on Magna Charta, granted by king John, 15 June 1215. It was confirmed in 1225 and 1297. See Woods. FORESTERS, ancient order of, a species of benefit society, founded on the principle that many can help one; all religious and political discussions are strictly avoided; reported prosperous, Aug. 1872. FORFARSHIRE STEAMER, on its passage from Hull to Dundee, on 6 Sept. 1838, was wrecked in a violent gale, and thirty-eight persons out of fifty-three perished. The Outer-Fern Lighthouse keeper, James Darling, and his heroic daughter Grace, ventured out in a tremendous sea in a coble, and rescued several of the passengers. FORGERY of deeds, or giving forged deeds in evidence, was made punishable by tine, by standing in the pillory, having both ears cut off, the nostrils slit and scared, the forfeiture of land, and perup petual imprisonment, 5 Eliz. 1562. Since the *The endeavour to enlist for this legion, in 1854, in the United States, gave great offence to the American government. Mr. Crampton, our envoy, was dismissed, 28 May, 1856, in spite of all the judicious pacific efforts of lord Clarendon, Lord Napier was sent out as our representative in 1857. The commissioners appointed to enquire into the state of the woods and forests, between 1787 and 1793, reported the following as belonging to the crown, viz. In Berkshire, Windsor Forest and Windsor Great and Little Park. In Dorset, Cranburn Chase. In Essex, Waltham or Epping and Hainault Forest. In Gloucestershire, Dean Forest. In Hampshire, the New Forest, Alice Holt, Woolmer Forest, and Bere Forest. In Kent, Greenwich Park. In Middlesex, St. James's, Hyde, Bushey, and Hampton-court Parks. In Northamptonshire, the forests of Whittlebury, Salcey, and Rockingham. In Nottingham, Sherwood Forest. In Oxford, Whichwood Forest. In Surrey, Richmond Park. Several of these have been disforested since 1851, viz. Hainault, Whichwood, and Whittlebury. A committee of the house of commons respecting forests, sat in 1863. Motion in parliament to preserve Epping Forest, adopted 14 Feb. 1870. establishment of paper credit many statutes have been enacted; the latest Forgery act passed 9 Aug. 1870. 1634 1722 Forgery first made punishable by death The first forger on the bank of England was Richard 1 May, 1758 Value of forged notes presented to the bank 1801-10 nominally 101.6611. 1817 The bank prosecuted 142 persons for forgery or the 1830 1832 Statutes reducing into one act all such forgeries as . tried for 5 March, 1857 1861 and 1870 Aug. Sept. 1862 [See Executions (for forgery), 1776, 1777, et seq.] FORKS were in use on the continent in the 13th and 14th centuries. Voltaire. This is reasonably disputed. In Fynes Moryson's Itinerary, reign of Elizabeth, he says, “At Venice each person was served (besides his knife and spoon) with a fork to hold the meat while he cuts it, for there they deem it ill manners that one should touch it with his hand." Thomas Coryate describes, with much solemnity, the manner of using forks in Italy, and adds, "I myself have thought it good to imitate the Italian fashion since I came home to England," 1608. Two pronged forks at Sheffield were made soon after. Three-pronged forks are more recent. Silver forks, previously only used by the highest classes, came into more general use in England about 1814. FORMA PAUPERIS. A person having a just cause of suit, certified as such, yet so poor that he cannot meet the cost of maintaining it, has an attorney and counsel assigned him on his swearing that he is not worth 57., by stat. 11 Hen. VII. 1495. -This act has been remodelled, and now any person may plead in formú pauperis in the courts of law. FORMIC ACID, the acids of ants (formica). Its artificial production by Pelouze in 1831 was considered an event in the progress of organic chemistry. FORMIGNI (N.W. France), Here the constable de Richemont defeated the English, 15 April, 1450. FORNOVO (Parma, Italy). Near here Charles VIII. of France defeated the Italians, 6 July, 1495. FORSTER'S ACT, see Education, 1870. FORT DU QUESNE, N. America. Near here general Braddock was surprised by a party of French and Indians, his troops routed and himself killed, 9 July, 1755. The fort was named Fort Pitt after its capture by Forbes, 24 Nov. 1758. It Feb. 1587. It was demolished by her son, James I. is now Pittsburg. of England, in 1604. FORT ERIE (Upper Canada). This fortress was taken by the American general Browne, 3 June, 1814. After several conflicts it was evacuated by the Americans, 5 Nov. 1814. FORT GEORGE, Inverness, N.W. Scotland, was erected in 1747, to restrain the Highlanders.-FORT WILLIAM, besieged by them in vain in 1746, is now in ruins. FORTH AND CLYDE CANAL, commenced 10 July, 1768, under the direction of Mr. Smeaton, and opened, 28 July, 1790. A communication was thus formed between the eastern and western seas on the coast of Scotland. A railway-bridge across the Firth of Forth was projected, and a raft launched on June, 1866; but the scheme was abandoned. FORTIFICATION. The Phoenicians were the first people to fortify cities. Apollodorus says that Perseus fortified Mycenae, where statues were afterwards erected to him. The modern system was introduced about 1500. Albert Dürer wrote on fortification in 1527; and great improvements were made by Vauban, who fortified many places in France; he died 1707. The new fortifications of Paris were completed in 1846; see Paris. In Aug. 1860, the British parliament passed an act for the expenditure of 2,000,000l. in one year upon the fortifications of Portsmouth, Plymouth, Pembroke, and Portland, the Thames, Medway, and Sheerness, Chatham, Dover, and Cork, and on the purchase of a central arsenal establishment; the estimated expense being 9,500,000l. A committee to investigate our fortifications was appointed, 16 April, 1868. FORTUNATE ISLES, see Canaries. FORTUNE-TELLING is traced to the early astrologers, by whom the planets Jupiter and Venus were supposed to betoken happiness. The Sibyllæ were women said to be inspired by Heaven; see Sibyls and Gipsies. In England the laws against fortune-telling were at one time very severe. declaration was published in France, II Jan. 1680, of exceeding severity against fortune-tellers and poisoners, under which several persons suffered death. Hénault. Fortune-tellers, although liable by the acts of 1743 and 1824 to be imprisoned as rogues and vagabonds, still exist in England. Α FORTY-SHILLING FREEHOLDERS, see Freeholders. FORUM, at Rome, originally a market-place, became about 472 B.C. the place of assembly of the people in their tribes (the Comitia), and was gradually adorned with temples and public buildings.-Near FORUM TREBRONII, in Morsia, the Romans were defeated by the Goths, Nov. 251. After a struggle in the morass, the emperor Decius and his son were slain and their bodies not recovered. FOSSALTA, near Bologna, central Italy. Here Enzo or Enrico, titular king of Sardinia, natural son of the emperor Frederick II., was defeated and made prisoner, 26 May, 1249, and retained. He was kept in honourable captivity till his death, 14 March, 1272. FOTHERINGHAY CASTLE (Northamptonshire), built about 1400. Here Richard III. of England was born in 1450; and here Mary queen of Scots was tried, 11-14 Oct. 1586, and beheaded, 8 FOUGHARD, near Armagh, N. Ireland. Here Edward, brother of Robert Bruce, after invading Ireland in 1315, was defeated by sir John Bermingham, 5 Oct. 1318. Bruce was killed by Roger de Maupis, a burgess of Dundalk. FOUNDLING HOSPITALS are ancient. A species of foundling hospital was set up at Milan in 787, and in the middle ages most of the principal cities of the continent possessed one. The French government in 1790 declared foundlings to be the "children of the state." No Foundling hospital in England when Addison wrote in. 1713 London foundling hospital, projected by Thomas Coram, a sea-captain, incorporated, Oct. 1739; opened. 2 June, 1756 It succours about infant children; Coram's 500 statue was put up in 1856 Foundling hospital in Dublin instituted in 1704. Owing to great mortality, and from moral considerations, the internal department was closed by order of government 31 March, 1835 Foundling hospital at Moscow, founded by Catherine II. in 1772; about 12,000 children are received annually. FOUNTAINS. The fountain of Hero of Alexandria was invented about 150 B.C. Among the remarkable fountains at Rome are the Fontana di Trevi, constructed for pope Clement XII. in 1735; the Fontana Paolina, erected for pope Paul V. in 1612; and Fontana dell' Acqua Felice, called also the Fountain of Moses. The fountains in the palace gardens at Versailles, made for Louis XIV., and the Grand Jet d'Eau, at St. Cloud, are exceedingly beautiful. There are above 100 public fountains in Paris, the most striking being the Château d'Eau on the Boulevard St. Martin (by Girard, 1811) and that at the Palais Royal. London is not remarkable for fountains; the largest are in Trafalgar-square, constructed in 1845, after designs by sir Charles Barry. There are beautiful fountains at Chatsworth, in Derbyshire, the seat of the duke of Devonshire. The magnificent fountains at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, were first publicly exhibited on 18 June, 1856, in the presence of the queen and 20,000 spectators. FOURIERISM, a social system devised by M. Charles Fourier (who died in 1837). The families living in one edifice was to be so arranged Plalanstery (from phalanx), an association of 400 as to give the highest amount of happiness at the lowest cost. The system failed; caused, it is said, by the smallness of the scale on which it was tried. "FOUR MASTERS," a name given to Michael, Conary, and Cucogry O'Clery, and Ferfeasa O'Mulconry, who compiled from original documents the annals of Ireland from 2242 B.C. to A.D. 1616. An edition of these "Annals," printed from autograph MSS., with a translation edited by Dr. John O'Donovan, was published at Dublin in 1851. The "Four Masters" lived in the first half of the 17th century. FOX, see Reynard. FOX AND GRENVILLE ADMINISTRATION, see Grenville Administration. FOX-GLOVE (folks' or fairies' glove), a handsome indigenous flower. The canary fox-glove (Digitalis canariensis) came from the Canary islands, 1698. The Madeira fox-glove came here in 1777. The fox-grape shrub (Titus Vulpina), from Virginia, before 1656. FRAGA, N.E. Spain. Near here the Christians, under Alfonso I. of Aragon, were defeated by the Moors, 17 July, 1134. FRANC, the current silver French coin (value 10d.), superseded the livre tournois by law in 1795. FRANCE, the Roman Gaul (which see). In the 5th century it was conquered by the Franks, a people of Germany, then inhabiting Franconia, where they became known about 240. The country was gradually named Franken-rie, Franks' kingdom. For the dynastic changes, see list of sovereigns, p. 284. Previous to the revolution, France was divided into 40 governments. In 1790 it was divided into 83 departments, and subsequently into 130, including Corsica, Geneva, Savoy, and other places, chiefly conquests. In 1815 the departments were reduced to 86; in 1860 they were raised to 89 by the acquisition of Savoy and Nice. The political constitution has been frequently changed since 1789. For details of more important events, see separate articles. The Franks settle in that part of Gaul, till late Clovis, 481; defeats Syagrius and the Gauls at 418 496 Frequent invasions of the Avars and Lombards, 562-584 The mayors of the palace now assume almost sovereign authority League of England with the emperor Charles V.; Successful defence of Metz by the duke of Guise 1552 Religious wars; massacre of protestants at Vassy, Guise defeats the Huguenots at Dreux 1 March, 1562 19 Dec. Guise killed at siege of Orleans, 18 Feb.; temporary peace of Amboise Huguenots defeated at St. Denis 507 He proclaims the Salique law; and dies, leaving four sons (see p. 511 584 19 March, 1563 Charles Martel becomes mayor of the palace, and 10 Nov. 1567 714 defeated by Charles At Jarnac, 13 March; at Moncontour Massacre of St. Bartholomew 3 Oct. 1569 IO Oct. Reign of Pepin the Short. 732 752 Charlemagne, king, 768; conquers Saxony and Lombardy, 773-4; crowned emperor of the West, Holy Catholic League" established. Duke of Guise assassinated by king's Dec.; and his brother, the cardinal Henry III. stabbed by Jacques Clement, Aug.; died Henry IV. defeats the league at Ivry 24 Aug. 1572 order, 23 1576 24 Dec. 1588 a friar, 1 2 Aug. 1589 14 March, 1590 25 July, 1593 Jan. 1596 13 April, 1598 Silk and other manufactures introduced by him and Letters of franchise granted to cities and towns by Louis VI. Sully 1606-1610 1608 Louis VII. joins in the Crusades. 1146 Murder of Henry IV. by Ravaillac 14 May, 1610 Philip Augustus defeats the Germans at Bouvines. Louis VIII., Cœur de Lion, frees his serfs 1214 Regency of Mary de Medici. 1610-14 1224 The states-general meet and complain of the Louis IX. conducts an army into Palestine; takes Damietta, 1249; see Crusades; dies before Tunis, management of the finances 27 Oct. 1614 25 Aug. 1270 Rise of the Concinis, 1610; their fall and death 1617 Navarre annexed to France 1620 1266 1282 " 1201-2 1307-8 Charles of Anjou conquers Naples and Sicily' * Population of France in 1700, 19,669,320; in 1762, 21,769,163; in 1801, 27,349,003; in 1820, 39,451,187; in 1836, 33,540,910; in 1846, 35,401,761; in 1856, 36,039,364: in 1861, including the new departments, 37,382,225; in 1871 (after the war), 36,702,921. Population of the colonies (in Asia, Pondicherry, &c.; Africa, Algeria, &c.; America, Martinique, Guadaloupe, &c.; Oceania, the Marquesas, &c.), in 1858, 3,641,226. Population of France alone, Dec. 1866, 38,192,094. [Alsace and Lorraine lost with population of 1,597,219 in 1871.] May, 1862, the Moniteur asserted the effective army to be 447,000, with a reserve of 170,000; virtually raised to 1,200,000 in 1868; disposable force in 1869, about 1,350,000; iron-clad ships, 62. In 1634-5 Dec. 1642 Richelieu organises the Académie de France Civil wars of the Fronde 14 May, 1643 1643-6 1648, &c. Death of Mazarin, 9 March; Colbert financial minister. War with Holland, &c. Canal of Languedoc constructed Louis marries Madame de Maintenon 1661 1672 1664-81 10 Aug. 1678 22 Oct. 1685 1689. &c. 20 Sept. 1637 Vigorous and successful administration of Richelieu, begins with finance 1624 Rochelle taken after a long siege 1628 Day of Dupes" Richelieu's energy defeats the machinations of his enemies 11 Nov. 1630 4 2-5 Sept. 3 Sept. 17 Sept. Murder of the princess de Lamballe The National Convention opened Convention establishes a republic, 20 Sept. ; proclaimed 22 Sept. Duke of Brunswick defeated at Valmy, 20 Sept. The French people declare their fraternity with all nations who desire to be free, and offer help, 19 Nov. Flanders conquered Dec. Decree for the perpetual banishment of the Bourbon family, those confined in the Temple excepted, 20 Dec. Lonis imprisoned in the Temple distinct from the queen, and brought to trial, 19 Jan.; condemned to death, 20 Jan.; beheaded in the Place de Louis Quinze Committee of public safety established, 20 March, 1811 22 June, 1812 7 Sept. Disastrous retreat; French army nearly destroyed, 21 Jan. 1793 21 Jan. 1 Feb. March, Reign of terror-proscription of Giron lists, 31 May; establishment of convention, 23 June, his infant son Rochefort 18 June. 22 June, arrives at 3 July, T . 2 Jan. 1839 12 May, M. Thiers, minister of foreign affairs 1 March, 1840 The chambers decree the removal of Napoleon's remains from St. Helena to France 12 May, [By the permission of the British government these were taken from the tomb at St. Helena (15 Oct. 1840), and embarked on the next day on board the Belle Poule French frigate, under the command of the prince de Joinville; the vessel reached Cherbourg on 30 November: and on 15 December the body was deposited in the Hótel des Invalides. The ceremony was witnessed by 1,000,000 of persons; 150,000 soldiers assisted in the obsequies: and the royal family and all the high personages of the realm were present; all the relatives of the emperor were absent, being proscribed, and in exile or in prison. The body was finally placed in its crypt on 31 March, 1861.] Descent of prince Louis Napoleon, general Montholon, and 50 followers, at Vimereux, near Boulogne, 6 Aug.; the prince sentenced to imprisonment for life Darmès fires at the king 6 Oct. 15 Oct. M. Guizot, minister of foreign affairs 29 Oct. Project of law for an extraordinary credit of 140.000,000 of francs, for erecting the fortifications of Paris, 15 Dec. 30 March, 1841 Bronze statue of Napoleon placed on the column of the grande armée, Boulogne " The duration of copyright to 30 years after the author's death, fixed The duke of Orleans accepts the crown as LouisPhilippe I. 7 Aug. 14 Aug. Charles X. retires to England 17 Aug. Polignac and other ministers tried and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment 21 Dec. The abolition of the hereditary peerage decreed by both chambers; the peers (36 new peers being created) concurring by a majority of 103 to 70, 27 Dec. 1831 The A. B. C. (abaissés) insurrection in Paris suppressed 5-6 June, 1832 Charles X. leaves Holyrood-house for the conti nent 18 Sept. . II Oct. Ministry of Soult, duke of Dalmatia Bergeron and Benoit tried for an attempt on the life of Louis-Philippe; acquitted 18 March, 1833 The duchess of Berry, who has been delivered of a female child, and asserts her secret marriage with an Italian nobleman, sent to Palermo, 15 Aug. 39 13 Sept. Attempt to assassinate the duke of Aumale (king's son) on return from Africa The duke of Orleans, heir to the throne, killed by a fall from his carriage 13 July, 1842 The queen of England visits the royal family at Chateau d'Eu 2 to 7 Sept. 1843 An extradition treaty with England signed Attempt of Lecompte to assassinate the king at Louis Napoleon escapes from Ham 10 Sept. 1844 16 April, 1846 25 May, The seventh attempt on the life of the king: by Joseph Henri 29 July, Spanish marriages: marriage of the queen of Spain with her cousin, and of the duc de Montpensier with the infanta of Spain 10 Oct. Disastrous inundations in the south. 18 Oct. 9 June, 20 May, 1834 15 July, 8 Feb, 1835 Feb. 28 July, [He fired an infernal machine as the king and his sons rode along the lines of the national guard, on the Boulevard du Temple. The machine consisted of twenty-five barrels, charged with various missiles, and lighted simultaneously by a train of gunpowder. The king and his sons escaped; but marshal Mortier, duke of Treviso, was shot dead, many officers dangerously wounded, and upwards of forty persons killed or injured.] Fieschi executed 19 Feb. 1836 11 July, 6 Sept. 6 Nov. Attempted insurrection at Strasburg by Louis Napoleon (afterwards emperor), 29-30 Oct.; he is 13 Nov. sent to America. Prince Polignac and others set at liberty from Ham, 23 Nov. and sent out of France Meunier fires at the king on his way to open the French Chambers 27 Dee. 8 May, 1837 "Idées Napoléoniennes," by prince Louis Napo leon, published. 1838 Amnesty for political offences 20 May, 28 June, 33 10 Oct. 23 Dec., Death of the ex-empress, Maria Louisa, 18 Dec.; and of madame Adelaide 30 Dec. The grand reform banquet at Paris prohibited, 21 Feb. 1848 Revolutionary tumult in consequence; impeachment and resignation of Guizot, 22 Feb.; barricades thrown up, the Tuileries ransacked, the prisons opened, and frightful disorders committed, 23-24 Feb. Louis Philippe abdicates in favour of his infant grandson, the comte de Paris, who is not accepted; the royal family and ministers escape, 24 Feb. A republic proclaimed from the steps of the Hotel de Ville 26 Feb. The ex-king and queen arrive at Newhaven in Eng- The people's attack on the assembly suppressed, " |
