1 July, 19 July, M. Thiers and others permitted to return to France, 8 Aug. President's visit to Strasburg The French senate prays "the re-establishment of the hereditary sovereign power in the Bonaparte family 13 Sept. Enthusiastic reception of the prince-president at Lyons 19 Sept. Infernal machine, to destroy the prince-president, seized at Marseilles Prince-president visits Toulon, 27 Sept.; and Bordeaux, where he says "the empire is peace (L'Empire c'est la paix) 23 Sept. 7 Oct. He releases Abd-el-Kader (see Algiers). 16 Oct. He convokes the senate for November to deliberate on a change of government, when a senatus consultum will be proposed for the ratification of the French people Protest of comte de Chambord. 19 Oct. 25 Oct. In his message to the senate, the prince-president announces the conten.plated restoration of the empire, and orders the people to be consulted upon this change 4 Nov. Votes for the empire, 7,824,189; noes, 253,145; null, 63,326. 21 Nov. The prince-president declared emperor; assumes the title of Napoleon III. His marriage with Eugénie de Montijo, 26 Aug. 1850 26 Sept. 10 Jan. 1851 4312 political offenders pardoned. Bread riots Gen. Changarnier deprived of the command of the national guard Death of the duchess of Angoulême, daughter of Louis XVI., at Frohsdorf.. Death of marshal Soult 19 Oct. 26 Oct. Electric telegraph between England and France opened 13 Nov. Coup d'etat; legislative assembly dissolved: universal suffrage established, and Paris declared in a state of siege; the election of a president for ten years proposed, and a second chamber or senate, 2 Dec. MM. Thiers, Changaruier, Cavaignac, Bedeau, Lamoricière, and Charres arrested, and sent to the castle of Vincennes 2 Dec. About 180 members of the assembly, with M. Berryer at their head, attempting to meet, are arrested, and Paris is occupied by troops 2 Dec. Sanguinary conflicts in Paris; the troops victorious, 3-4 Dec. Consultative commission founded 12 Dec. Voting throughout France for the election of a president of the republic for ten years; affirmative votes 7,473.431, negative votes 641,351 21-22 Dec. Installation of the prince-president in the cathedral of Notre Dame; the day observed as a national holiday at Paris, and Louis Napoleon takes up his residence at the Tuileries, 1 Jan. 1852 Generals Changarnier, Lamoricière, and others, conducted to the Belgian frontier 9 Jan. 83 members of the legislative assembly banished; Military camp at Satory, near Paris 2 Dec. countess of Emperor and empress visit the provinces political prisoners discharged) Francis Arago, astronomer, &c., died 29 Jan. 1853 2 Feb. "" Attempted assassination of the emperor; ten persous transported for life Nov. Reconciliation of the two branches of the Bourbons at Frohsdorf 20 Nov. Marshal Ney's statue inaugurated exactly 38 years after his death on the spot where it occurred, 7 Dec. War declared against Russia (see Russo-Turkish War) Visit of prince Albert at Boulogne Emperor and empress visit London, Attempted assassination of the emperor by Pianori, 27 March, 1854 5 Sept. 29 Sept. 16-21 April, 1855 " 15 May, 8 Sept. Queen Victoria and prince Albert visit France, 28 April; by Bellemarre Death of count Molé. June, 6 Oct. Birth of the imperial prince; amnesty granted to Death of Béranger, popular poet The conspirators Grilli, Bartolotti, and Tibaldi, 28 Oct. 4 Jan. 1853 Death of Eugène Cavaignac (aged 55) [Felix Orsini, a man of talent and energy, earnest to obtain Italian independence, was born Dec. 1819; studied at Bologna in 1837 ; joined a secret society in 1843; was arrested and condemned to the galleys for life in 1844; was released in 1846; took part in the Roman revolution in 1848, when he was elected a member of the assembly; and on the fall of the republic, fled to Genoa in 1849, and came to England in 1853. Entering into fresh conspiracies, he was arrested in Hungary, Jan. 1855, and sent to Mantua; he escaped thence and came to England in 1856, where he associated with Kossuth, Mazzini, &c.; delivered lectures, and where he devised the plot for which he suffered. In his will he acknowledged the justice of his sentence.] Public safety bill passed-bold protest against it by Ollivier 18 Feb. 1858 France divided into five military departments; general Espinasse becomes minister of the interior, Feb. Napoleon III. et l'Angleterre" published 11 Mar. Intemperate speeches in France against Englandmisconceptions between the two countries partially removed in March, Republican outbreak at Chalons suppressed 9 March, Orsini and Pieri executed 13 March, Simon Bernard, tried in London as their accomplice, acquitted. 12-17 April, Marshal Pelissier, ambassador to London 15 April, Espinasse retires from ministry of the interior [he was killed at the battle of Magenta, 4 June, 1859] June, Queen of England meets the emperor; visits Cherbourg 4, 5 Aug. Conference at Paris respecting the Danubian principalities closes 19 Aug. Dispute with Portugal respecting the Charles et Loan of 20,000,000 francs raised Armistice agreed on. Meeting of emperors of France and Austria at Villa Franca 1-17 Sept. 1 Oct. and free Nov. New tariff comes into operation. Public levying of Peter's pence forbidden, issue of pastoral letters checked. The empress visits London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, &c., privately. Nov.-Dec. Important ministerial changes: greater liberty of speech granted to the chambers; two sets of ministers appointed-speakers and administrators; Pelissier made governor of Algeria; Persigny, minister o fthe interior; Flahault, English ambassador. Nov. & Dec. Passports for Englishmen to cease after 1 Jan. 1861 16 Dec. Dec. Six bishoprics vacant. Persigny relaxes the bondage of the press, Dec. 11; [but for a short time]. 20 Dec. The emperor advises the pope to surrender his revolted provinces 31 Dec. "Rome et les Evêques" published. 6 Jan. 1861 Jerome (son of Jerome Bonaparte and Elizabeth Paterson, an American lady) claims his legitimate rights; non-suited after a trial 25 Jan.-15 Feb. [The marriage took place in America, on 24 Dec. 1803; but was annulled, and Jerome married the princess Catherine of Wurtemberg, 12 Aug. 1807; their children are the prince Napoleon and the princess Mathilde (see Bonaparte).] 5 Purchase of the principality of Monaco for 4,000,000 francs, Feb. 2; announced Feb. Meeting of French chambers, 4 Feb. ; stormy debates in the chambers Feb. & March, “La France, Rome, et l'Italie" published 15 Feb. Angry reply to it by the bishop of Poitiers, who compares the emperor to Pilate 27 Feb. Failure of Mirès, à railway banker and loan contractor, &c.; he is arrested 17 Feb. Many influential persons suspected of participating in his frauds; the government promise strict justice Feb. & March, Eugène Scribe, dramatist, dies (aged 80) 20 Feb. Speech of prince Napoleon in favour of Italian unity, the English alliance, and against the pope's temporal government 1 March, Strong advocacy of the temporal government of the pope in the chambers; the French army stated to consist of 687,000 men March, Circular forbidding the priests to meddle with politics 11 April, Liberal commercial treaty with Belgium 1 May, Publication in Paris of the duc d'Aumale's severe letter to prince Napoleon, 13 April. Printer and publisher fined and imprisoned. May, Declaration of neutrality in the American conflict 11 July, 12 July, 17 July, Conflict between French and Swiss soldiers la-Grande at Ville 18 Aug. Mirès, the speculator, sentenced to five years' imprisonment. 29 Aug. 21 July, Aug. The emperor addresses the senate, 19 July; and the diplomatic body Reduction of the army and navy ordered Conference of Austrian and French envoys at Zurich (see Zurich) 8 Aug.-Nov. Amnesty to political offenders 17-18 Aug. "Le Pape et le Congrès" published; 50,000 sold in a Violent attacks of the French press on England repressed Nov. few days Count Walewski, the foreign minister, resigns; M. Thouvenel succeeds him The emperor announces a free trade policy: Mr. Cobden at Paris. . 5 Jan. Dec. Jan. 1860 Pamphlet "La France, Rome, et l'Italie " appears Sept. Commercial treaty between France, Great Britain, and Belgium comes into operation 1 Oct. Meeting of emperor and king of Prussia at Compiègne, 6 Oct. ; and king of Holland 12 Oct French troops enter the valley of Dappes (Switzerland) to prevent an arrest 27 Oct. Convention between France, Great Britain, and Spain, respecting intervention in Mexico, signed (see Mexico) 31 Oct. Embarrassment in the government finances; Achille Fould becomes finance minister, 14 Nov.; with enlarged powers 12 Dec. The emperor reminds the clergy of their duty "towards Cæsar" French army lands at Vera Cruz' I Jan. 1862 7 Jan. The French masters of the province of Bienhoa, in Annam 20 Jan. Fruitless meeting of French and Swiss commissioners respecting the Ville-la-Grande conflict 3 Feb. Fould announces his finance scheme (reduction of 4 per cent. stock to 3 per cent., and additional taxes and stamp duties) 24 Feb. Fierce debate in the legislative chamber, in which prince Napoleon takes part 27 Feb. French victories in Cochin-China (6 provinces ceded to France) 28 March, The Spanish and British plenipotentiaries decide to quit Mexico; the French declare war against the Mexican government (for the events see Mexico) 16 April, Sentence against Mirès examined and reversed at Douai; he is released . 21 April, Treaty of peace between France and Annam signed Duke Pasquier dies (aged 96) 3 June, 5 July, 2 Aug. New commercial treaty with Prussia Newspaper La France, opposed to Italian unity, set up by Lagueronnière. Death of the duc de Morny, said to be half-brother of the emperor The minister Duruy's plan of compulsory education rejected by the assembly 8 March, 10 March, 31 March, Aug. Ship Prince Jerome, with reinforcements for Mexico, burnt near Gibraltar; crew saved. Aug. " Camp at Chalons formed on account of Garibaldi's movements in Sicily; broken, when he is taken prisoner Great sympathy for him in France Treaty of commerce with Madagascar 29 Aug. Sept. 12 Sept. room of 15 Oct. room of 18 Nov. Baron Gros, ambassador at London in comte de Flahault, resigned Serjeant Glover brings an action in the court of queen's bench against the comte de Persigny and M. Billault, claiming 14,000l. for subsidising the Morning Chronicle, and other newspapers 22 Nov. The emperor inaugurates "Boulevard Prince Eugene," Paris 7 Dec. Great distress in the manufacturing districts through the cotton famine and the civil war in America Dec. Treaty of commerce with Italy signed. 17 Jan. 1863 Revolt in Annam suppressed 26 Feb. Convention regulating the French and Spanish frontiers concluded 27 Feb. Resignation of Magne, the "speaking minister," in the assembly. Dissolution of the chambers Persigny issues arbitrary injunctions to electors May, Thiers, Ollivier, Favre, and other opposition candidates elected in Paris 31 May-15 June, Changes in the ministry-resignation of Persigny, Walewski, and Rouland 23 June, The empress visits queen of Spain at Madrid, Oct. Baron Gros resigns, prince Tour d'Auvergne becomes ambassador at London. 14 Oct. Death of Billault (born 1805) "speaking minister" in legislative assembly, 13 Oct.; succeeded by Rouher, as "minister of state". 18 Oct. The emperor proposes the convocation of a European congress, and invites the sovereigns or their deputies by letter 4 Nov. Thiers and his friends form a new opposition ο Νον. The invitation to the congress declined by England 25 Nov. Thiers speaks in the chamber 24 Dec. Arrest of Grego and other conspirators against the emperor's life, 3 Jan.; tried and sentenced to transportation and imprisonment 27 Feb. 1864 Convention between France, Brazil, Italy, Portugal, and Hayti, for establishing a telegraphic line between Europe and America 16 May, Death of marshal Pelissier, duke of Malakhoff, governor of Algeria (born 1794) "Loi des suspects" (or of public safety) suffered to expire Attempted assassination of a secretary at the Russian embassy 24 April, The emperor visits Algeria 3-27 May, Inauguration of the statue of Napoleon I. at Ajaccio, with an imprudent speech by prince Napoleon Jerome, 15 May; censured by the emperor, 23 May; the prince resigns his offices 9 June, The English fleet entertained at Cherbourg and Brest, 15 Aug. et seq.; review of the fleets 15 & 21 Aug. The French fleet entertained at Portsmouth, 29 Aug.-1 Sept. Protest of the United States against French intervention in Mexico-prolonged correspondence (see Mexico) Aug. 1865-Feb. 1866. Count Walewski nominated president of the corps 22 Jan. 1866 At Auxerre, Napoleon expresses his detestation of the treaties of 1815. 6 May, In a letter says that in regard to the German war, "France will observe an attentive neutrality" 11 June, The emperor of Austria cedes Venetia to France, and invites the emperor's intervention with Prussia 4 July, Empress of Mexico arrives at Paris 8 Aug. Note to the Prussian government desiring rectification of the French frontier to what it was in 1814 declared by Prussia to be inadmissible Aug. Resignation of M. Drouyn de Lhuys, foreign minister (succeeded by the marquis de Moustier) 2 Sept. Inundations in the south; railways destroyed, Sept. Pacific circular of the emperor sent to foreign courts 16 Sept. Death of M. Thouvenel, formerly foreign minister, 18 Oct. Commission appointed to inquire into the advisability of modifying the organisation of the army; the emperor president; report 30 Oct. The French troops quit Rome 3-11 Dec. Publication of letter from the comte de Chambord to his adherents in favour of the pope's temporal power, dated 9 Dec. Commercial treaty with Austria signed II Dec. General opposition to the army organisation plan published 12 Dec. Richelieu's head, after many removals, deposited in the Sorbonne 17 Dec. Imperial decree announcing political reforms; During a debate in the legislative assembly, Rouher, New press law passed in legislative chamber, 240 The Moniteur replaced by the Journal Officiel, 1 Jan. 1869 Meeting of the assembly 18 Jan. 5 Feb. De Moustier dies Death of Lamartine (born Oct. 1792), 28 Feb. ; of Troplong, president of the senate 1 March, Dissolution of the legislative assembly of 1863, 26 April, Difference with Belgium respecting the Luxembourg railway settled 27 April, 1860 Fierce election riots at Paris, 9 June; the emperor and empress ride boldly through the Boulevards, 11 June, The new legislative chamber meets; the opposition to the government more than trebled, 26 June, Message from the emperor announcing important political changes; introducing ministerial responsibility, &c., read 12 July; resignation of ministers, 13 July, New ministry: Forcade de la Roquette (interior); La Tour d'Auvergne (foreign); Chasseloup-Laubat, president, &c. 17 July, M. Rouher made president of the senate, 20 July, French Atlantic telegraph completely laid, 23 July, Marquis de la Valette appointed ambassador in London July, The political changes announced to the senate, 5 Aug. Marshal Niel, war minister, aged 66, dies, 13 Aug. Centenary of the birth of Napoleon I.; amnesty granted to political offenders; increased pensions to survivors of the grand army; troops reviewed by the imperial prince (the emperor ill), 15 Aug. Ultra-liberal speech of prince Napoleon Jerome in the senate 1 Sept. New constitution promulgated 10 Sept. Pere Hyacinthe (name Loyson), popular Carmelite preacher at Paris, protests against papal infallibility and encroachments, and resigns by letter, 20 Sept. Great excitement at Paris through discovery of Tropmann's murder of the Kinck family at Pantin, about 19 Sept. Proposed meeting of republicans at Paris (did not take place) 26 Oct. 33 Oct., Nov., Dec. Agitation against free trade Journey of the empress to the East; arrival at Constantinople, 13 Oct.; at Alexandria, 13 Nov. Firm and temperate manifesto of the left (ultra republican opposition) issued about 16 Nov. Henri Rochefort (of La Lanterne) elected a deputy for Paris The chambers opened by the emperor with a liberal speech . 29 Nov. Resignation of ministers announced 27 Dec. New liberal ministry formed by Emile Ollivier (justice); Daru (foreign); Le Boeuf (war) 3 Jan. 1870 Resignation of M. Haussmann, prefect of the Seine, about 6 Jan. Victor Noir, a journalist, killed by Pierre Bonaparte during an interview at Auteuil respecting a challenge sent to M. Rochefort 10 Jan. Tropmann, the murderer, executed 19 Jan. Great excitement amongst lower orders; prosecution of Rochefort for libel in his paper, the Marseillaise; he is sentenced to fine and imprisonment 22 Jan. Barricades erected in Paris, and riots after the ap prehension of Rochefort, 7 Feb.; soon quelled, 8, 9 Feb. Jules Favre's attack on the ministry in the chamber defeated (236 to 18) Charles, comte de Montalembert, eminent author, dies (see 1858). 22 Feb. 13 March, Trial of Pierre Bonaparte at Tours; acquitted (but ordered to pay 1000l. to Noir's family); 21-27 March, Emperor's letter to Ollivier, agreeing to modifica tion of the constitution of the senate, 22 March, Senatus consultum communicated to the senate, 28 March; adopted 20 April, Ministerial crisis: resignation of Daru and other ministers opposing the proposed plébiscite, 10 April, Proclamation of the emperor respecting changes in the constitution 24 April, Conspiracy against the emperor's life detected; Baurie (aged 22) and others arrested, about 30 April, Plebiscite to ascertain whether the people approve of these changes,-ycs, 7,527,379; no, 1,530,909, 8 May, Ollivier ministry reconstructed, 13 April; duc de Grammont foreign minister about 15 May, Rioting and barricades in Paris, 9, 10 May; about 100 arrested, many sentenced to imprisonment, 14 May, 1870 Speech by the emperor on receiving result of the plebiscite 23 May, The Orleans princes address the legislative assembly, demanding their return to France, 19 June opposed by 173 to 31 2 July, Discovery of a plot against the emperor's life, 5 July, Great excitement through the nomination of prince Leopold of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen for the Spanish throne; warlike speeches of the ministers, 5, 6, 7 July, The government declare that they are only "at war The government appeals to France and Europe Decree of M. Trochu for the expulsion from Paris وو 23 of the legion of honour, aged 85 (served under Napoleon I., Louis Philippe, and Napoleon III.), 31 Aug. 1870 Deputation from 10,000 persons call on Trochu to assume the government: he declines, 8 p.m., 3 Sept. The news of the final defeat of MacMahon near Sedan, and the surrender of the emperor and the remainder of MacMahon's army (90,000), to the king of Prussia announced by comte de Palikao to the legislative assembly! Jules Favre declares for defending France to the last gasp, attacks the imperial dynasty, and proposes concentration of all power in the hands of general Trochu, amid profound silence 3.35 a. m., 4 Sept. The ruin of MacMahon's army announced in the Journal Officiel 4 Sept. On the proposition of Thiers the chamber appoints a commission of government and national defence, and orders the convocation of a constituent assembly, and adjourns 3.10 p.m., 4 Sept. At the resumption of the sitting of the assembly it is invaded by the crowd, demanding a republic; most of the deputies retire. Gambetta and other liberal members of the "left" proclaim the deposition of the imperial dynasty and the establishment of a republic 4.15 p.m., 4 Sept. Last meeting of the senate; it declares adhesion to the emperor gene Proclamation of a "government of defence, Sentral Trochu, president; MM. Léon Gambetta (interior), Jules Simon (public instruction), Jules Favre (foreign), Crémieux (justice), Jules Picard (finance), general Le Flo(war), Fourichon (marine), Magnin (agriculture), Dorian (public works), Etienne Arago (mayor of Paris), Kératry (police). 4 Sept. An informal meeting of the legislative assembly held, M. Thiers, president. M. Jules Favre reports to it the formation of the provisional government; some protest; Thiers recommends moderation, and the meeting retires, evening 4 Sept. The empress, the comte de Palikao, and other ministers secretly leave Paris and enter Belgium, evening, 4 Sept. Legislative chamber dissolved; senate abolished; regular troops and national guard fraternize; "perfect order reigns" 5 Sept. M. Favre calis on the United States of America for moral support 5 Sept. The emperor Napoleon arrives at Wilhelmshöhe, near Cassel 9.35 p. m. 5 Sept. The republican deputies in the Spanish cortes greet the republic 5 Sept. Henri Rochefort added to the government 5 Sept. The red republican flag raised at Lyons, 5 Sept. Victor Hugo and Louis Blane arrive in Paris, 6 Sept. Jules Favre, in a circular to French diplomatic representatives, while professing desire for peace, says, "We will not cede either an inch of our territories or a stone of our fortresses," 6 Sept. Proclamation of general Trochu, saying that the defence of the capital is assured 6 Sept. The police replaced by national guards. 6 Sept. Proffered services of the Orleans princes again declined 6 Sept. The imperial correspondence seized, about 7 Sept. The government proclaim that to-day, as in 1792, the republic signifies the hearty union of the army and people for the defence of the country 7 Sept. The republic recognised by the United States, 8 Sept. The defence committee summon the king of Prussia to quit French territory without loss of time 8 Sept. Reappearance of the Marseillaise: Rochefort resigns editorship, and disclaims connection on account of a violent article; the paper ceases to appear soon after 8 Sept. Decree convoking the constituent assembly, to be composed of 750 members (to be elected on 16 Oct.) 8 Sept. The imperial prince at Hastings, 7 Sept., joined by the empress 8 Sept. Germans, Victor Hugo publishes an address to the appealing to their fraternal sentiments 9 Sept. |