9 Sept.

The republic recognised by Spain, 8 Sept.; by Switzerland

13 Sept.

15 Sept.

M. Thiers arrives in London on a mission from the government 13 Sept. Lyons said to be ruled by a "committee of safety;" red flag raised; reign of terror Letter from M. Pietri, private secretary to the emperor, stating that "his master has not a centime in foreign funds Elections for constituent assembly ordered to take place on 2 Oct. 16 Sept. The academies of the institute protest against the bombardment of the monuments, museums, &c., in Paris 16 Sept. Diplomatic circular from M. Jules Favre : he admits he has no claim on Prussia for disinterestedness; urges that statesmen should hesitate to continue a war in which more than 200,000 men have already fallen; announces that a freely elected assembly is summoned, and that the government will abide by its judgment, and that France, left to her free action, immediately asks the cessation of the war, but prefers its disasters a thousand times to dishonour. He admits that France has been wrong, and acknowledges its obligation to repair by a measure of justice the ill it has done 17 Sept. A government delegation at Tours under M. Crémieux, the minister of justice; the foreign ambassadors proceed there 18 Sept. Manifesto of the red republicans signed by general Cluseret, placarded in Paris about 18 Sept. Bronze statues of Napoleon ordered to be made into cannon about 19 Sept. Stern proclamation of Trochu respecting the cowardice of the Zouaves on 19 Sept. 20 Sept. M. Duruof in a post-balloon quits Paris with mailbags, arrives at Evreux, and reaches Tours 23 Sept. The Journal Officiel replaced by the Moniteur Universel as the organ of the government, about 23 Sept. Esquiros struggles to maintain order at Marseilles 24 Sept. Failure of the negotiations for peace between count Bismark and Jules Favre; manifesto of the government at Tours, calling on the people to rise and either disavow the ministry or "fight to the bitter end;" the elections for the assembly sus pended 24 Sept. All Frenchmen between hibited leaving France about 26 Sept. Great enthusiasm in the provinces on the failure of the negotiations; "war to the knife" and levée en masse proclaimed by the prefects; efforts made to excite warlike ardour in Brittany by M. Cathelineau 26, 27 Sept. The duc d'Aumale consents to become a candidate for the representative assembly, and promises submission to the de facto government for defence about 27 Sept. Attempted insurrection of the red republicans at Lyons; order restored by national guards; general Cluseret disappears 28 Sept. Great order in Paris maintained by the national guard; report from surgeon-major Wyatt, 28 Sept. All between 21 and 40 to be organised as a national garde mobile; all men in arms placed at the disposal of the minister of war 30 Sept. The empress and her son residing at Camden-house, Chiselhurst, Kent Sept. The elections for the constituent assembly (753 members) ordered by the delegates at Tours to take place on 16 Oct. 29 Sept.-1 Oct. Proclamations of general Trochu for maintaining about 1 Oct. Marseilles said to be unsettled: many arrested, 1 Oct. The elections deferred till they can be carried out throughout the whole extent of the republic, by order of the government at Paris 1 Oct. M. Crémieux becomes delegate minister of war at Tours in room of admiral Fourichon, still minister of marine 3 Oct.

order in Paris

20 and 25 years of age pro

Gustave Flourens, heading five battalions of national

guards, marches to the Hótel de Ville and demands chassepots (not to be had) 5 Oct. 1870 Suppression of the schools of the "brethren of the Christian doctrine" by the republicans: much dissatisfaction 8 Oct. All Frenchmen under 60 years of age forbidden to quit France 8 Oct. M. Gambetta escapes from Paris in a balloon, 7 Oct.; arrives at Rouen and declares for "a pact with victory or death," 8 Oct.; arrives at Tours and becomes minister of war as well as of the interior 9 Oct. Address from the comte de Chambord, saying that his whole ambition is to found with the people a really national government 9 Oct. Battalions of amazons said to be forming in Paris

Marshals Canrobert and Le Boeuf and many generals at Wilhelmshöhe I Nov.

.

Proclamation of Gambetta calling on the army to avenge the dishonour at Metz I Nov. The government proclaim a plébiscite in Paris on 3 Nov. to ascertain whether the people maintain the power of the government of national defence 1 Nov. M. Rochefort, member of the defence government, resigns 2 Nov. 3 Nov.

Result of the plébiscite: for the defence government, 557,976; against, 62,638 Resignation of M. Esquiros at Marseilles, succeeded by M. Alphonse Gent

The ex-empress returned to Chiselhurst,'

3 Νον.

3 Nov.

Mobilisation of all able-bodied men between 20 and Nov.

40, ordered

Failure of the negotiations for an armistice, Nov. Felix Pyat and others arrested for the affair of 31 Oct. 6 Nov. "France can do nothing now but carry on with

such courage and strength as remain to her a war

8 Nov.

à outrance."-Guizot. Decree for melting some of the church-bells to make

cannon

10 Nov. Alexander Dumas, novelist and dramatist, dies 10 Dec. The delegate government removed from Tours to Bordeaux 11 Dec.

Proclamation of Napoleon III. "Betrayed by fortune," he condemins the government of 4 Sept.: states that his government was four times confirmed in 20 years; submits to the judgment of time; saying "that a nation cannot long obey those who have no right to command," General election of a national assembly First meeting of the new national assembly, 12 Feb. Supplementary armistice signed 15 Feb.

8 Feb.

8 Feb.

16 Feb.

Garibaldi resigns his election, 13 Feb.; Grévy elected president by 519 out of 538 Termination of the war; the Belfort garrison (12,000) marches out with military honours, 16 Feb. "Pact of Bordeaux:" M. Thiers made chief of the executive power, by agreement of the different parties in the assembly, 17 Feb.; voted, 18 Feb. Thiers' ministry: Dufaure (justice); Jules Favre (foreign), Picard (interior), Jules Simon (public instruction), Lambrecht (commerce), gen. Leflo (war), admiral Pothuan (marine), De Larcy (public works) 17 Feb. The French government recognised by the great powers of Europe . 18 Feb. The duc de Broglie appointed French minister at London 21 Feb. Negotiations for peace between Thiers and Bis22, 23, 24 Feb. Preliminaries of a treaty of peace accepted by MM. Thiers and Favre, and 15 delegates of the national assembly at Versailles (cession of parts of Alsace and Lorraine, including Strasbourg and Metz, and payment of five milliards of franes 200,000,000!.), 25 Feb.; signed 26 Feb. Intense excitement in Paris. 27 Feb. Preliminaries of the treaty accepted by the assembly (546 to 107); the fall of the empire unanimously confirmed; and the emperor stigmatised, 1 March,

marck

A strong party of the national guard seize some cannons and transport them to Montmartre and Belleville, to defend themselves against the Germans entering Paris 1 March, The emperor of Germany reviews about 100,000 of his troops at Longchamps near Paris, 1 March, About 30,000 Germans enter Paris, 1 March; remain 48 hours; depart 3 March, Impeachment of the defence government demanded by the party of the left (Victor Hugo, Louis Blanc, Quinet, and others) 6 March, The ex-emperor protests against his deposition, 6 March, The army of the north and other special army corps dissolved 7-10 March,

"

Meeting of national guard in Paris quelled,

The national assembly vote for removal to Versailles (461-104)

10 March, 1871

10 March,

11 March,

Le Vengeur and four other violent journals suppressed in Paris by Vinoy

Blanqui, Flourens, and others condemned for insurrection of 31 Oct. 1870. 12 March, Central committee of republican confederation of national guards (termed "the government of the Buttes") meet; depose Vinoy and appoint Garibaldi general-in-chief 15 March, Insurrection at Paris: the regular troops take possession of the Buttes, Montmartre, and Belleville, for the assembly; the national guard attempt to recover them; after a brief conflict the troops fraternise with the insurgents, who capture and shoot generals Lecomte and Clément Thomas, and take possession of the Hotel de Ville : barricades erected in Belleville and other places; general Vinoy with the gendarmerie retire across the Seine 18 March, The insurgents nominate a central committee of the national guard, headed by Assy, a workman, which takes possession of public offices; Thiers issues a circular, enjoining obedience to the assembly 19 March, The central committee order communal election in Paris, 19 March; and liberate about 11,000 political prisoners in Paris 20 March, The national assembly meet at Versailles; propose conciliatory measures; and appoint a committee to support the government Napoleon III. arrives at Dover

20 March, 20 March,

The Journal des Debuts and other papers renounce the central committee

20 March, 21 March, Requisitions levied on the Paris shop-keepers,

The assembly appeal to the nation and the army,

21 March, Unarmed demonstration of the Friends of Order; they are fired on by the insurgents; 10 killed, 20 wounded 22 March, Lullier arrested by the central committee, 22 March, Admiral Saisset appointed commander

of the national guard for the assembly . 23 March, The 69th regiment of the line retire to Versailles,

23

23 March, The central committee appoint some of their delegates generals 24 March, The insurgents hold central Paris; Saisset returns to Versailles

25 March, Municipal elections at Paris: 200,000 out of 500,000 vote; majority of two-thirds in favour of the insurgents 26 March, The government of the commune proclaimed at the Hôtel de Ville 28 March, Meeting of the conference for the peace at Brussels, 28 March, Gustave Flourens, Blanqui, and Felix Pyat now at the head of the movement: they propose revival of the system of the Italian republics of the middle ages 29 March, The remission of part of the rents due by tenants ordered; the standing army to be named the national guard 29 March, Reign of terror: " Paris has no longer liberty of the press, of public meeting, of conscience, or of person."-Le Soir 1 April,

Military operations commence 9 a.m.; action at

Courbevoie; Flourens marches his troops to Versailles, vid Rueil 2 April, The corps d'armée of general Bergeret at the Rond Point, near Neuilly, stopped by the artillery of Mont Valérien exchange of shot between Fort Issy and Fort Vanves, occupied by the insurgents, and Meudon 3 April, General Duval made prisoner in the engagement at Châtillon and shot; death of Flourens at Chatou; Delescluze, Cournet, and Vermorel succeed Bergeret, Eudes, and Duval on the executive commission; Cluseret, delegate of war, and Bergeret, commandant of Paris forces 4 April, Communist insurrection at Marseilles suppressed, 4 April, General Cluseret commences active operations; military service compulsory for all citizens under 40; the archbishop of Paris arrested, 5 April,

commune

of Versailles

Extension of action to Neuilly and Courbevoie; severe decree concerning complicity with Versailles, and arrest of hostages; Dombrowski succeeds Bergeret as commandant of Paris; the guillotine burnt on the Place Voltaire 6 April, 1871 Federals abandon Neuilly; commission of barricades created and presided over by Gaillard Senior; military occupation of the railway termini by the insurgents 8 April, Insurgents repulsed in an attempt to take Chatillon; forts Vanves and Montrouge disabled; Mont Valérien shells the Avenue des Ternes; Bergeret arrested by order of the commune, 9 April, Marshal MacMahon, commander-in-chief for the assembly, distributes his forces, and commences the investment of Fort Issy 11 April, Versailles batteries established on Châtillon; the Orleans railway and telegraph cut, communications of the insurgents with the south intercepted; decree ordering the fall of the column Vendôme 12 April, Publication of the reports of the sittings of the 13 April, The redoubt of Gennevilliers taken; the troops of Versailles advance to the Chateau de Bécon, a post of importance; Assy at the bar of the commune . 14 April, The national assembly pass the new municipal bill (419-18). 14 April, Complementary elections; organisation of a courtmartial under the presidence of Rossel, chief officer of the staff 16 April, Capture and fortification of the Chateau de Becon by the Versailles troops 17 April, Station and houses at Asnières taken by the army 18 April, The communists appeal to the nation, 19 April, Bagneux occupied by the Versaillais; reorganisation of commissions; Eudes appointed inspectorgeneral of the southern forts; transfers his quarters from Montrouge to the palace of the Legion of Honour. 20 April, The Versailles batteries at Breteuil, Brimborion, Meudon, and Moulin de Pierre trouble the federal fort Issy, and battery between Bagneux and Châtillon shells fort Vanves; truce at Neuilly from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; the inhabitants of Neuilly enter Paris by the Porte des Ternes, 25 April, Capture of Les Moulineaux, outpost of the insurgents, by the troops, who strongly fortify themselves on the 27th and 28th 26 April, Cemetery and park of Issy taken by the Versaillais in the night; freemasons make a new attempt at reconciliation; the commune levies a sum of two millions of francs from the railway companies, 29 April, A flag of truce sent to fort Issy by the Versaillais, calling upon the federals to surrender; general Eudes puts fresh troops in the fort, and takes the command; Cluseret imprisoned at Mazas by order of the commune; Rossel appointed provisional delegate of war 30 April, The Versaillais take the station of Clamart and the Château of Issy; creation of the committee of public safety; members; Antoine Arnauld, Léo Meillet, Ranvier, Félix Pyat, Charles Gérardin; alleged massacre of communist prisoners, 1 May, Lacretelle carries the redoubt of Moulin Saquet, 3 May, Colonel Rossel appointed to the direction of military affairs, defines the military quarters of Dombrowski, La Cécilia, Wroblewski, Bergeret, and Eudes 5 May, Central committee of the national guard charged with administration of war; the Chapelle Expiatoire condemned to destruction-the materials to be sold by auction 5 May, Concert at the Tuileries in aid of the ambulances. Suppression of newspapers 6 May, Battery of Montretout (70 marine guns) opens fire; Thiers exhorts the Parisians to rise against the 8 May, Morning: insurgents evacuate the fort Issy; the committee of public safety renewed; members: Ranvier, Antoine Arnauld, Gambon, Eudes, Delescluze; Rossel resigns 8 May,

commune

.

"

.

"

Treaty of peace with Germany signed at Frankfort,
10 May, 1871
Cannon from the fort Issy taken to Versailles ;
decree for the demolition of M. Thiers' house;
Delescluze appointed delegate of war, 10 May,
Thiers opposed; offers to resign; the assembly vote
confidence in him (495-10).
11 May,
Troops take possession of the Couvent des Oiseaux
at Issy, and the Lyceum at Vanves; Auber, the
composer, dies, aged 89
12 May,
Triumphal entry of the troops into Versailles with
flags and cannon taken from the convent; evacua-
tion of the village of Issy completed; fort Vanves
taken by the troops
13 May,
Vigorous cannonade from the batteries of Courbe
voie, Bécon, Asnières, on Levallois and Clichy;
both villages evacuated; commencement of the
demolition of house of M. Thiers.
14 May,
Report of the re-armament of Montmartre, 15 May,
The column Vendome overthrown
16 May,
Secession from the communist government; a
central club formed; a battalion of women formed,
17 May,
Stringent conscription in Paris about 17 May,
Silver ornaments in churches seized; explosion of
a cartridge factory near the Champ de Mars;
above 100 killed
17 May,
The assembly adopt the treaty of peace, 18 May,
Rochefort brought a prisoner to Versailles; last
sitting of the commune
21 May,
Noon, explosion of the powder magazine of the
Manège d'Etat-Major (staff riding-school); the
hostages transferred from Mazas to La Roquette;
Assy arrested in Paris by the Versaillais; the
assembly votes the re-erection of the column
Vendôme; M. Ducatel, at the risk of his life,
having signalled that the way was clear, the
Versailles troops enter Paris by the gates of St.
Cloud and Montrouge, 2 p.m., 21 May; take
possession of the south and west, and about
10,000 prisoners, after some conflicts 22 May,
Montmartre taken by Douai and Ladmirault :
death of Dombrowski. Morning: Assy arrives]
at Versailles; execution of gendarmes and Gus-
tave Chaudey at the prison of Sainte-Pélagie.
Night the Tuileries set on fire; Delescluze and
the committee of public safety hold permanent
sittings at the Hôtel de Ville
23 May,
Morning: Palais Royal, Ministry of Finance,
Hotel de Ville, &c., set on fire. I p.m., the
powder magazine at the Palais du Luxembourg
blown up; the committee of public safety organ-
ise detachments of fusee-bearers; petroleum
pumped into burning buildings; Raoul Rigault
shot in the afternoon by the soldiers. Evening:
execution in the prison of La Roquette of the
archbishop, abbé Deguerry, president Bonjean,
and 64 others, hostages.
24 May,
The forts Montrouge, Hautes-Bruyères, Bicêtre
evacuated by the insurgents; the death of Deles-
cluze reported; executions in the Avenue
d'Italie of the Pères Dominicans of Arcueil,
25 May,

16 priests and 38 gendarmes shot at Belleville by
the insurgents; many women fighting, and cast-
ing petroleum into fires, shot
26, 27 May,
The Buttes Chaumont, the heights of Belleville,
and the cemetery of Père Lachaise carried by the
troops; taking of the prison of La Roquette by
the marines; deliverance of 169 hostages; the
investment of Belleville complete; last position
captured by MacMahon; fighting ends,
5 p.m., 28 May,
Federal garrison of Vincennes surrendered at dis-
cretion
29 May,
Reported results of seven days fighting in Paris:
regular troops, 877 killed, 645 wounded, 183 miss-
ing; insurgents, about 50,000 dead, 25.000 pri-
soners; nearly all the leaders killed or prisoners;
about a fourth part of Paris destroyed 22-27 May,
Estimated loss of property through the insurrection,
32,000,000l.
April, May,
Thiers' decree for disarming Paris and abolishing
the National Guard of the Seine
29 May,
Victor Hugo expelled from Belgium
30 May.
Reported wholesale execution of prisoners by the
marquis de Gallifet; Paris put under martial law;
about 50,000 insurgents still at large 30 May,

وو

Severe letter from prince Napoleon Jerome to Jules Favre, dated 31 May, 1871 Changes in the ministry; resignation (and reappointment of some) of those who had been members of the government of defence 6 June, Solemn funeral of Darboy, archbp. of Paris 7 June, Abrogation of the laws of proscription by the assembly (484-103); elections of the due d'Aumale and the prince de Joinville declared valid 8 June, Important speech of Thiers for maintaining the republic at present 8 June Imposition of new taxes (463,000,000 francs) and a loan proposed by M. Pouyer Quertier 12 June Gen. Trochu's powerful speech defending the " government of national defence" 13, 14 June, Army of reserve ordered to be dissolved 14 June, Financial measures of M. Pouyer Quertier opposed by Dufaure and the free-traders about 14 June, Theatres and public places reopened in Paris about 20 June, Letter from M. Guizot to M. Grévy recommending political moderation to all parties, and maintenance of the present government, published 22 June, The loan of 2 milliards francs (80,000,000l.) decreed 26 June; subscription opened, 27 June; about 4 milliards subscribed for in France alone 28 June 132 members elected for the assembly; includes Gambetta, and a few legitimists and Bonapartists; the rest support the government. 2 July, Letter from the comte de Chambord at Chambord, professing devotion to France, and adhesion to modern policy and liberality; but declining to give up the white flag of Henry IV.; he retires to Germany to avoid all pretext for agitation, dated 5 July, The government said to have 500 votes in the assembly; bill for new taxes passed (483 to 5) 8 July, 20,000,000l. part of the indemnity, paid to the Gerabout 14 July, Prince Napoleon Jerome expelled from France (at Havre) 15 July, M. Devienne, president of the court of cassation, acquitted of blame for settling disputes relative to an imperial scandal (in Nov. 1860) . 21 July, Jules Favre, foreign minister, resigns about 23 July; succeeded by Charles de Remusat about 3 Aug. Full compensation for losses claimed by the invaded provinces refused by Thiers, who acknowledges no debt, but proposes to act generously Aug. Trial of communist prisoners at Paris, begun about 8 Aug. Great dissensions in the assembly between the monarchists and republican parties; resignation of Thiers not accepted, 24 Aug.; prolongation of his power and the sovereign and constituent authority of the assembly voted (443 to 227) about 25 Aug. Thiers' powers prolonged, and nominated president of the French republic by the assembly; (the RivetVitet proposition), 491-93 31 Aug. Sept.

mans

French postage increased Société de Prevoyance established to counteract the Internationale; becomes permanent Sept. Ferré and Lullier sentenced to death, others to transportation or imprisonment, 2 Sept. ; 3 women (pétroleuses) sentenced to death for throwing petroleum on fires. 5 Sept. Bill for making the whole nation bear the losses of the invaded provinces adopted by the assembly 6 Sept. Rossel, communist general, sentenced to death 8 Sept. Message from Thiers to the assembly; consideration of the budget adjourned 12 Sept.; read 13 Sept. Disarmament of the national guard begun at Lyons, &c. . 14 Sept. Bill introduced concerning treaty with Germany relating to tariff on goods from Alsace and Lorraine, and the reducing German troops in France to 50,000 men, 14 Sept.; adopted by the assembly (533-33); the session declared closed, 2 a.m. 17 Sept. Sept.

Courts-martial on communists go on. "Permanent Committee" of 25 of different parties appointed by the assembly to watch over the course of the government during the recess (17 Sept.-4 Dec.). 15 Sept.

25,000 communists yet to be tried; about half to be set free 15 Sept. 1871 Evacuation of Paris forts by the Germans begun about 20 Sept. Rochefort (of "La Lanterne," and "Le Mot d'Ordre,") sentenced to life-imprisonment. 21 Sept. Difficulty in settling the Alsace and Lorraine treaty 21 Sept. M. Pouyer Quertier, the French finance minister, arrives at Berlin 8 Oct.

M. Lambrecht, minister of the interior, dies suddenly, 8 Oct. ; succeeded by M. Casimir Perier 10 Oct. Tranquil election of above 2000 general councillors Oct.

. 21 Oct.

Convention for evacuation of 6 departments, and finance convention of Alsace and Lorraine signed, 12 and 13 Oct. ; exchanged Count Benedetti publishes an apology, attacking the Prussian government; count Bismarck replies (in "Official Journal") disproving his assertions 22 Oct. Dispute with Tunis settled about 25 Oct. Prince Napoleon resigns his seat in the councilgeneral of Corsica; and denounces intimidation 28 Oct. Νον.

Insurrection in Algeria ended

Eight of the murderers of generals Lecomte and Thomas condemned 18 Nov. Rossel, Ferré, and Bourgeois, communist leaders, shot at Satory in presence of 3000 soldiers 28 Nov. Gaston Crémieux executed at Marseilles Territory held by Germans put into state of siege

.

30 Nov.

Meeting of the national assembly Sixteen political parties said to exist Thiers reads his message to the assembly; deprecates free trade, but proposes moderate protection of French manufactures 7 Dec. Sharp despatch from count Bismarck in reference to the acquittal of murderers of Germans at Melun and Paris 7 Dec. After some discussion with M. Thiers, the due d'Aumale and prince de Joinville take their seats in the assembly 19 Dec. A committee of the assembly decide against the assembly removing to Paris 22 Dec. Joseph Lemettre condemned to death for 27 crimes (chiefly atrocious murders).

Income-tax proposed and negatived

Vautram, a government candidate, elected
for Paris, and not Victor Hugo
The duc de Persigny dies

Death of Arles Dufour, of Lyons, St. Simonian and free-trader about 22 Jan. The government taxes voted 22 Jan. Conviction of the assassins of archbishop Darboy and others (on 24 May, 1871), 1 to death 23 Jan. Manifesto of the comte de Chambord; his mind unchanged; he will not become a legitimate king by revolution 29 Jan. Abrogation of the commercial treaties with Great Britain and Belgium determined on Feb. Sardou's play, "Rabagas," satirising the radicals ; causes much excitement 1 Feb. Proposed return of the assembly to Paris negatived (377-318); resignation of Casimir Perier, minister

of the interior

.2 Feb. Feb. Five Communists sentenced to death for murder of the Dominicans on 25 May.

League for commercial liberty formed

Blanqui condemned to transportation to a fortified

17 Feb.

prison

about 17 Feb.

M. Rouher elected a member of the assembly about

15 Feb. Universal subscription to pay the indemnity to the Germans begins Feb. Manifesto in favour of a constitutional monarchy signed by about 280 of the "Right," about 21 Feb.

Assassins of generals Clement and Thomas executed
22 Feb. 1872

Janvier de la Motte, a prefect, prosecuted for forgery,
&c., by government, acquitted; M. Pouyer Quer-
tier, who gives evidence in his favour, resigns,
about 5 March,
Joseph Lemettre executed
5 March,
The treaty of commerce with Great Britain (1860),
denounced (to cease in 12 months) 15 March,
War budget of 27,000,000l. (formerly 10,000,000l.)
proposed
March,
Publishers of "Figaro" convicted of libel against
general Trochu; moderate punishment 2 April,
Abolition of passports for British subjects an-
nounced
10 April,
Law against the International Society placarded
22 April,

In a letter, the ex-emperor takes upon himself the
whole responsibility of the surrender at Sedan
12 May,

Rouher in the assembly repels the due d'Audiffret
Pasquier's severe attack on the empire 21 May,
Three inore condemned communists shot
The duc d'Aumale speaks in the chamber in favour
of the army organisation bill.

Marshal Vaillant dies

25 May,

28 May, .4 June, Thiers threatens to resign at opposition in the chamber about 9 June, Interview of delegates of the majority (the right) in the assembly with Thiers (respecting his policy); much censured 20 June, Budget for 1873; deficiency, 4,800,000l. ; 8,000,000l. to be raised; Thiers advocates duty on raw materials, and opposes income-tax, 26 June, et seq. The majority in the assembly propose MacMahon as president in room of Thiers July, New convention between Germany and France respecting speedy payment of the indemnity and evacuation of territory, signed 29 June, Anniversary of the destruction of the Bastille celebrated by public dinners; important moderate speech by Gambetta at Ferté-sous-Jouarre, 14 July, Announcement of a public loan of 120,000,000l. at 61 per cent. 26 July, Three communists (murderers of hostages) executed at Satory 25 July, The loan subscribed for, nearly 12 times the amount, chiefly in France Thiers' financial measures carried (taxes on raw materials, &c ); the session of the assembly closed 3 Aug.

July,

Meeting of Guizot and Thiers at Val Richer 11 Sept. Arrest of Edmond About at Saverne, by the Germans, on account of a newspaper article (written Oct. 1871), 14 Sept.; released 21 Sept. Three more communist murderers shot at Satory 15 Sept.

.

Attempted celebration of the anniversary of the establishment of the first French republic; banquet at Chambery stopped

39

New commercial treaty with Great Britain signed at London 5 Nov. 1872 Re-assembling of the national assembly, 11 Nov.; Thiers in his message declares that the republic is the legal government; and that to exist it must be conservative; and proposes changes 12 Nov. Service of prayer on behalf of the assembly 17 Nov. Fruitless attack of general Changarnier on Thiers' policy and Gambetta's speech at Grenoble: motion to pass to order of the day; majority for government, 150; (300 did not vote) 18 Nov. M. Kerdrel proposes a commission to consider Thiers' proposals for changes; adopted 19 Nov. Thiers threatens to resign; crisis 19, 20 Nov. Report of the commission read by M. Batbie, claiming the right of the assembly to frame a constitution with a responsible ministry; the president not to speak in the assembly, &c. ; he advocated gouvernement de combat Amendment proposed by Dufaure, minister of justice, accepting ministerial responsibility, rejected by the committee 28 Nov. M. Thiers addresses the assembly; declares he prefers the English to the American system; but that a monarchy in France is at present impossible; that he is faithful to the republic; and that he wishes to render it conservative; and that he has for two years served his country with boundless devotion; Dufaure's amendment carried by 370-334 (union of royalists with Bonapartists against the radicals)

26 Nov.

29 Nov. Vote of censure on the home minister (Lanfrane) carried; 305-299; he resigns 30 Nov. Agitation respecting the appointment of the commission of 30, proposed by Dufaure; it consists of 19 for the right, 11 for the government, 6 Dec. ; changes in the ministry announced 8 Dec.

Manifesto of the left, proposing a dissolution of the assembly by legal means

Negatived by the assembly (490-201)

Powerful speech of Thiers to the commission of 30

Execution of Poitevin, a traitor

22 Sept.

Sept.

"

M. Thiers and the ministry in Paris Progress of Gambetta in the south; violent speech at Grenoble against Thiers 27 Sept. Pilgrimage of about 20,000 persons to the grotto of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes, on account of alleged miracles (the Virgin was said to have appeared to two girls, 14 Feb. 1858). 6 Oct. Report that the Russian minister remonstrated on Gambetta's speech at Grenoble

Oct.

The supreme council of war constituted; includes MacMahon, Canrobert, duc d'Aumale, and other eminent generals; first meeting, Thiers present 9 Oct. Prince Napoleon and princess Clothilde come to Paris; expelled by order of the government (he protests). 12 Oct. Letter from the comte de Chambord to M. de la Rochette, protesting against a republic, and asserting that France can be saved by a monarchy alone; that she is catholic and monarchical, and cannot, therefore, perish; dated 15 Oct. Elections for vacancies in the assembly; radical republicans mostly elected 20 Oct. The Germans evacuate Haute Marne and other departments Oct., Nov. Banquet of the monarchical party at Bordeaux 31 Oct.

10 Dec. 14 Dec.

16 Dec. 23 Dec.

6 Jan. 1873

Death of Napoleon III. at Chiselhurst
Bonapartist manifesto; "the emperor is dead, but
the empire is living and indestructible"
The " 30 committee considering Tallon's project

for a constitution

"

15 Jan.

Jan.

26 Jan.

Three communist murderers shot at Satory 22 Jan. Reported recognition of the comte de Chambord as king by the Orleans princes Powerful speech of Thiers before the commission of 2 Feb. 30 against their proposed changes The commission of 30 close their meetings 8 Feb. Letter of the comte de Chambord published; destroys all hopes of the fusion of the Bourbons Feb. Debate begins on the report of the commission, which reserves the legislative rights of the present assembly, and the adherence to the provisional state in accordance with the "pacte de Bordeaux," 27 Feb.; powerful speech of Thiers in favour of this "truce of parties," adopted (475— 199). 4 March, Convention for the total evacuation of the departments in Sept. on payment of indemnity, signed at Berlin 15 March, Declaration in the assembly that M. Thiers has deserved well of his country" 17 March, M. Grévy resigns the presidency on account of the conduct of the party of the right, 2 April; M. Buffet, a liberal Bonapartist, elected in opposition to Martel the government candidate, 4 April, M. Barodet, radical, ex-mayor of Lyons, elected member of the assembly for Paris by a large majority over the minister de Remusat. 27 April, Thiers' ministry defeated; he resigns; Marshal MacMahon appointed president 24 May,

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SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE.

MEROVINGIAN RACE.

Pharamond (his existence doubtful).