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Battle at Thoury; General Reyan, with the advanced guard of the army of the Loire under general La Motte Rouge, defeats the Germans betweed Chaussy and Thoury, and captures some prisoners and cattle 5 Oct. Fictitious manifesto of the emperor Napoleon III., entitled "les Idées de l'Empereur," advocating peace on moderate terms, dated 26 Sept., published in the imperialist journal in London, La Situation, and in Daily News, 4 Oct.; disclaimed by the emperor

6 Oct.

M. Thiers' mission to foreign courts reported to be quite abortive 6 Oct. Part of the army of Lyons, under general Dupré, defeated by the Badenese under general Von Gegenfeld, near St. Rémy; French loss, about 1500, and 660 prisoners; German loss, about 430, 6 Oct. General Burnside leaves Paris in order to meet count Bismarck 7 Oct. Great sortie from Metz; the Germans surprised; 40,000 French engaged; repulsed after severe conflicts; French loss, about 2000; German, about 600 7 Oct.

Estimated number of French prisoners in Germany, 3577 officers, and 123,700 men

Neu Breisach bombarded

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8 Oct. 8 Oct.

33

Breton volunteers organising by M. Cathelineau ; volunteers in the west organising by general Charette (from Rome) 8 Oct.

German attack on St. Quintin vigorously repulsed, 8 Oct.

Long despatch from count Bernstorff to earl Granville, complaining of the British supplying arms to France

M. Thiers again at Vienna

8 Oct. 8 Oct.

Garibaldi arrives at Tours; enthusiastically received; reviews the national guard at Tours, 9 Oct. Direct mediation declined by Russia, Great Britain, and Spain 10 Oct. Prussian circular to the European powers, regretting the obstinate resistance of the French government to peace, and foretelling the consequences -social disorganisation and much starvation, 10 Oct. Ablis, near Paris, burnt for alleged treachery (killing sleeping soldiers). . 10 Oct. M. Gambetta escapes from Paris by a balloon, 7 Oet.; in his proclamation at Tours, states that Paris possesses 560,000 troops; that cannon are cast daily, and that women are making cartridges; he urges unanimous devoted co-operation in carrying on the war 10 Oct. Part of the army of the Loire defeated at Arthenay, near Orleans, by Bavarians under Von der Tann; about 2000 prisoners taken .10 Oct. To Oct.

Prussian attack on Cherizy repulsed French reply to Bismarck's circular on the negotiations. 10 Oct.

illicit warfare

About 20 villages burnt, and 150 peasants shot for up to 1 Oct. The French fleet appears off Heligoland. 11 Oct. 3000 national guard mobilised at Rouen 11 Oct. 11 Oct.

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Three first shots fired against Paris. Orleans captured by gen. Von der Tann after nine hours' fighting; the army of the Loire defeated retires behind the Loire

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11 Oct.

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13 Oct. All the Vosges district in arms; no regular army; the defiles occupied by the francs-tireurs, 13 Oct. Reported successful sorties; Neu Breisach 'completely invested

13 Oct.

Reported French success at Bagneux, near Paristhe Prussians surprised

13 Oct. St. Cloud fired on by the French and burnt, 13, 14 Oct. about 14 Oct.

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Frequent sorties from Metz Sharp fight at Ecouis; the French escape from being surrounded 14 Oct. Gambetta announces that the Germans are dislodged from their innermost belt round Paris,

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14 Oct.

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M. Thiers arrives at Florence; Garibaldi at Besançon. 14 Oct. Gen. Boyer, aide-de-camp to marshal Bazaine, arrives at Versailles and meets count Bismarck, 14 Oct. Gen. Trochu's letter to the mayors of Paris, on reorganising the national guard and repressing the ardent desire for immediate action Soissons surrenders after three weeks' investment and four days' bombardment. French successes before Paris denied by the Prussians, who hold the same position as on 19 Sept. 16 Oct. M. Gambetta proceeds to the army of the Vosges ; gen. Bourbaki appointed commander of the army of the north; gen. Mazière appointed to a command in the army of the Loire 17 Oct. Montdidier attacked by the Germans: 150 mobile guards captured

66

16 Oct.

17 Oct. The emperor Napoleon declares that there can be no prospect of peace, near or remote, on the basis of ceding to Prussia a single foot of French territory; and no government in France can attach its signature to such a treaty and remain in power a single day" 17 Oct. 4000 French attacked and defeated near Châteaudun after ten hours' fighting and the barricaded town stormed 18 Oct. Circular of Jules Favre, asserting that Prussia "coldly and systematically pursues her task of annihilating us. France has now no illusions left. For her it is now a question of existence. We prefer our present sufferings, our perils, and our sacrifices to the consequences of the inflexible and cruel ambition of our enemy. France needed, perhaps, to pass through a supreme trial-she will issue from it transfigured," 18 Oct. Asserted repulse of the Germans at Fort Issy before Paris. Despatch from earl Granville to count Bismarck urging the negotiations for peace on terms lenient to the French 20 Oct Conclusive reply of earl Granville to count Bernstorff's charge of breach of neutrality 21 Oct. Vigorous sortie from Mont Valérien against Versailles; an engagement at Malmaison; the French retire after three hours' fighting, losing about 400 killed and wounded and 100 prisoners; German loss about 230 killed and wounded, 21 Oct. Chartres occupied by the Germans under Wittich, 21 Oct. Intervention of the British government (supported by the neutral powers) to obtain an armistice for the election of a national assembly 21 Oct. Vesoul occupied by the Germans.

18 Oct.

21 Oct.

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Fighting at Vouray, Cussey, &c., in the Vosges;
French "army of the east" defeated
German attack on Châtillon le Duc repulsed by gen.
Cambriels

22 Oct.

M. de Kératry assumes command of the army in Brittany 23 Oct.

St. Quentin taken by the Germans after half an hour's cannonading, 21 Oct.; evacuated by them, 23 Oct. Reported failure of the suggestions concerning an armistice, through Prussia demanding that France should consent to a cession of territory, 24 Oct. Gambetta informs the mayors of towns that "resistance is more than ever the order of the day," 24 Oct. Reported negotiations for the surrender of Metz, 24 Oct. Thiers undertakes the mission to obtain an armistice, about 24 Oct. Capitulation of Schelestadt (2400 prisoners and 120 guns taken). 24 Oct. A girl calling herself a successor of Jeanne d'Arc at Tours 24 Oct. Marshal Bazaine surrenders Metz and his army, conquered by famine" (see Metz) : 27 Oct. The French defeated near Gray (Haute Saône) by Von Werder 27 Oct. About 2000 sick and wounded of both nations in Versailles 27 Oct. Le Bourget, near Paris, recaptured by the French,

28 Oct.

A safe-conduct given to M. Thiers to enter Paris for negotiation 28 Oct. Despatch from count Bismarck to earl Granville, expressing desire for the meeting of a French national assembly to consider terms of peace; but stating that overtures must come from the French, 28 Oct. Badenese troops defeated near Besançon; Prussian attack on Formerie on the Oise repulsed, 28 Oct. Gen. Von Moltke created a count on his 70th birthday. 28 Oct. Vigorous proclamation of Bourbaki to the French army of the north 29 Oct.

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The crown prince and prince Frederick Charles created field-marshals.

Dijon captured after bombardment

29 Oct.

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The franes-tireurs defeated by the Würtembergers between Montereau and Nangis

29 Oct.

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Estimated: 856,000 Germans in France; French

29 Oct.

prisoners in Germany, 223,000

29 Oct.

Le Bourget retaken by the Germans; heavy losses on both sides; about 1200 French prisoners, 30 Oct. Proclamation of Gambetta, accusing Bazaine of treason; the war to go on. 30 Oct. M. Thiers enters Paris

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30 Oct.

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Garibaldi defending Dôle (Jura) with about 7500 31 Oct.

men

M. Thiers receives powers from the French defence government to treat for an armistice, and has interviews with count Bismarck, 31 Oct. and 1 Nov. Gen. Bourbaki attempting to form an army of the north, near Lille Oct.-Nov. Thionville invested I Nov. The franes-tireurs dispersed in several slight engagements between Colmar and Belfort, 2, 3 Nov. Letter from marshal Bazaine repelling the charge of treason 2 Nov. Count Bismarck offers an armistice of 25 days for the election of a French national assembly, 3 Nov. Defeat of an attempted revolution in Paris: see France 3 Nov. M. Favre declares to the national guard that the government has sworn not to yield an inch of territory, and will remain faithful to this engagement 3 Nov. Proclamation of Garibaldi to the army of the Vosges, and appealing to other nations, about 3 Nov. "Campagne de 1870: par un Officier attaché à l'état major-général" (a pamphlet ascribed to the emperor), appears in the Daily Telegraph, 4 Nov.

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Firm circular from M. Favre to French diplomatic representatives, about

The Germans enter Montbeliard (Doubs)

The Germans, under gen. Von der Tann, defeated between Coulmiers and Baccon, near Orleans, retire to Thoury

9 Nov. M. Thiers' report of the unsuccessful negotiations for an armistice dated 9 Nov. Reported naval victory of the Prussian steamer Meteor over the French steamer Bouvet off Havannah 9 Nov. Continued fighting: Orleans retaken by general D'Aurelle de Paladines; French losses, 2000; Germans about 700, and 2000 prisoners 10 Nov. Capitulation of Neu Breisach, 5000 prisoners and 100 guns taken 10 Nov. The French repulsed near Montbeliard on the Swiss frontier 10 Nov. Von der Tann's army reinforced by 30,000, now 70.000, the grand duke of Mecklenburg commander; the Loire army about 150,000, but only 12,000 regulars.

. 12 Nov. Bankers at Berlin and Frankfort arrested for dealing in French war loan. about 12 Nov. Dole, near Dijon, occupied by the Germans, 13 Nov. Calm, truthful proclamation of gen. Trochu, at 14 Nov.

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19 Nov. The national guard at Evreux repulse a German attack.

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19 Nov. The German army under prince Frederick Charles and the grand duke of Mecklenburg (135,000) said to be retreating towards Paris 19 Nov. Paris engirdled with a second line of investment, 20 Nov. French attempt to release La Fère repulsed with heavy loss . 20 Nov. Several balloons from Paris captured about 20 Nov. French mobile guard defeated at Bretoncelles,

Bombardment of Thionville begun. "" Ham occupied by the Prussians.

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21 Nov.

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22 Nov. . 22 Nov. Prince Frederick Charles takes up a position near Orleans

24 Nov.

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Thionville, in flames, capitulates, with about 2000 prisoners 24 Nov. 1870 The Germans repulsed near Amiens and near Stagil,

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24 Nov. 27 Nov.

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Nuits near Dijon captured by the Badenese under Von Werder, after a severe conflict

Sharp engagement at Frèteval; which is taken and abandoned by the Germans

14 Dec.

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14 Dec.

18 Dec.

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20 Dec.

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20 Dec.

21 Dec.

La Fère surrenders, after two days' bombardment, with about 70 guns and 2000 men The Garibaldians defeated near Pasques (Côté d'Or) by Von Werder 27 Nov The French army of the north defeated by Manteuffel between Villers Bretonneux and Soleur, near Amiens . 27 Nov. Amiens occupied by Von Geben after a severe engagement 28 Nov. Severe engagement near Beaune la Rolande (Loiret) between part of the army of the Loire under D'Aurelle de Paladines and the Germans under Voigts Rhetz; prince Frederick Charles arrives and turns the day; the French retire; heavy loss on both sides 28 Nov. M. de Kératry resigns his command, accusing M. Gambetta of misconduct, 28 Nov.; Bourbaki appointed to command an army corps. 29 Nov. Fruitless endeavours of the army in Paris and the army of the Loire to unite 29 Nov.-4 Dec. Sorties from various parts of Paris repulsed with loss 29 Nov. Great sortie of 120,000, under generals Trochu and Duerot, who cross the Mare; severest conflict between Champigny-sur-Marne, Brie-sur-Marne, and Villiers-sur-Marne; the French retain the taken possessions, but their advance is checked; great loss on both sides (chiefly Saxons and Würtembergers engaged) 30 Nov. The contest resumed at Avron; the Germans retake Champigny and Brie; the French retreat 2 Dec. Duerot bivouacks in the woods of Vincennes, 3 Dec. he issues a final order of the day, referring to two days' glorious battles 4 Dec. The army of the Loire: Chanzy defeated by the grand duke of Mecklenburg at Bazoche des Hautes, 2 Dec.; near Chevilly (the French report these engagements indecisive). 3 Dec. Prince Frederick Charles dislodges an encampment in the forest of Orleans. 3 Dec. General D'Aurelle de Paladines entrenched before Orleans; proposes to retreat; the government opposes him, but yields; he determines to await the attack; part of his army defeated by prince Frederick Charles, and the grand duke of Mecklenburg; he retreats with about 100,000 men; Orleans threatened with bombardment; surrenders at midnight 4 Dec. The Germans said to be in pursuit of D'Aurelle de Paladines (superseded) 5 Dec. 10,000 prisoners, 77 guns, and 4 gun-boats captured at Orleans 5 Dec. 6 Dec. General order of the king of Prussia, "We enter on a new phase of the war. Every attempt to break through the investment or relieve Paris has failed"

Rouen occupied by Manteuffel

6 Dec. The grand duke of Mecklenburg attacks gen. Chanzy and the army of the Loire near Beaugeney; indecisive, 7 Dec.: the Germans victorious, taking about 1100 prisoners and six guns, and occupying Beaugency (severe loss to Germans), 8 Dec. Gen. Manteuffel's army in two parts, one occupies Evreux, and marching to Cherbourg; the other marching to Havre 8 Dec. Continued severe engagements between the Germans and the army of the Loire; the defeated French retreat (7 battles in 9 days) 9, 10 Dec. Vigorous siege of Belfort; obstinately defended, 9 Dec. Pamphlet (attributed to the emperor Napoleon) published under the name of his friend, the marquis de Gricourt, throwing the blame of the war upon the French nation early in Dec. Fighting along the whole line of the army of the Loire, under general Chanzy and others; it retreats, but obstinately resists 5-10 Dec. Brilliant action by De Chanzy 11 Dec. The delegate government transferred from Tours to Bordeaux; Gambetta remains with the army of 11 Dec.

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Tours partially shelled; submits, but not occupied by Germans 21 Dec. Chanzy and part of the army of the Loire said to have reached Le Mans and joined the Bretons, about 21 Dec. Seven hours' battle at Pont à Noyelles between Manteuffel and the army of the north under Faidherbe: both claim the victory; Faidherbe retreats 23 Dec. Six English colliers, said to have had Prussian permits, after delivering coal at Rouen, are sunk in the Seine at Duclair near Havre by the Prussians for strategic reasons 21 Dec. Explanation given by Bismarck and compensation promised. 26 Dec. Chanzy, in a letter to the German commandant at Vendôme, accuses the Germans of cruelly pillaging St. Calais, and, denying his defeat, says, “We have fought you and held you in check since 4 Dec." 26 Dec. Trochu said to be making Mont Valérien a vast citadel. 27 Dec. Mont Avron, an outlying fort near Paris, after a day's bombardment, abandoned and occupied by the Germans 29 Dec. Alleged defeat of the Germans by detachment of Chanzy's army near Montoire 27 Dec. Several small engagements in Normandy-reported successful to the French 28-31 Dec.

Capitulation of Mézières with 2000 men and 106 guns

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Severe battles near Bapaume between the army of the North under Faidherbe and the Germans under Manteuffel and Von Goeben; victory claimed by both, the French retreat 2. 3 Jan. Indecisive conflict near Dijon le Mans: between general Chanzy and prince Frederick Charles,

6 Jan. Daujoutin, S. of Belfort, stormed by Germans, 6 Jan. Bombardment of eastern front of Paris, and of the southern forts, 4 Jan. ; forts of Issy and Vanvres silenced 6 Jan. Fortress of Roeroy taken by the Germans, 5, 6 Jan. General Roy defeated near Jumiéges

7

Jan. Von Goeben in the north, Manteuffel sent to the east about 7 Jan. Conflicts (in the east) between Von Werder and Bourbaki at Villarais, south of Vesoul 9, 10 Jan. Bombardment of Paris, many buildings injured, and people killed: the French government appeal to foreign powers

9, 10 Jan. Capitulation of Peronne with garrison 9 Jan. Chanzy retreating; defeated near Le Mans by prince Frederick Charles and the grand duke of Mecklenburg II Jan. Prince Frederick Charles enters Le Mans; after 6 days' fighting, (about 20,000 French prisoners made; German loss about 3400) 12 Jan. Vigorous sorties from Paris repulsed 13 Jan. Chanzy retreating, 14 Jan.; defeated near Vosges, 15, 16 Jan. Indecisive conflicts between Bourbaki and Von Werder, near Belfort 15, 16 Jan. St. Quentin recaptured by Isnard under Faidherbe, 16 Jan. Bourbaki defeated near Belfort after three days' fighting, 15-17 Jan. ; retreats south 18 Jan. The grand duke of Mecklenburg enters Alençon, Bombardment of Longwy begun

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taken

Faidherbe defeated near St. Quentin; after seven hours' fighting; by Von Geben, 4000 prisoners 19 Jan. 1871 Great sortie from Paris of Trochu and 100,000 men repulsed with loss of about 1000 dead and 5000 wounded

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19 Jan.

19 Jan.

22 Jan.

22 Jan.

22 Jan.

Bourbaki hard pressed by Von Werder
Armistice for two days at Paris refused
Bombardment of St Denis and Cambrai
Faidherbe asserts that the German successes are
exaggerated

Resignation of Trochu; Vinoy, governor of Paris,

23, 24 Jan. Favre opens negotiations with Bismarck 24 Jan. Longwy capitulates; 4000 prisoners, 200 guns, 25 Jan. Letter from M. Guizot to Mr. Gladstone proposing the demolition of fortresses on both sides of the Rhine; and the maintenance of the balance of power by congresses; published 26 Jan. Capitulation of Paris; armistice for 21 days signed by count Bismarck and Jules Favre 28 Jan. The forts round Paris occupied by the Germans, 29 Jan. Advance of German troops into France suspended, 30 Jan. Bourbaki and his army about 80,000, driven by Manteuffel into Switzerland near Pontarlior, about 6000 having been captured 30 Jan., 1 Feb. French loss about 350,000 men, 800 guns Dijon occupied by the Germans

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in Jan. 1 Feb. 13 Feb.

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Belfort capitulates with military honours Negotiations for peace between Thiers and Bismarck 22-24 Feb.

Preliminaries of a treaty accepted by Thiers, Favre, and 15 delegates from the national assembly; it includes cession of parts of Lorraine, including Metz and Thionville and Alsace less Belfort; and payment of 5 milliards of franes, 200,000,000l., 25 Feb., signed 26 Feb., accepted by the national assembly 1 March, German loss in battles throughout the war; killed or died soon after, 17,570; died of wounds eventually 10,707; total killed and wounded 127.867.

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German troops enter Paris and remain 48 hours, 1-3 March, They quit Versailles 12 March, Conference for peace open at Brussels, 28 March Treaty of peace signed at Frankfort, 10 May; ratified by the French national assembly 18 May,

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FRANCS-TIREURS, free shooters, took an active part in the Franco-Prussian war from about 14 Aug. 1870; and more especially after the surrender of MacMahon's army at Sedan, 2 Sept. Their conduct was much censured.

FRANKENHAUSEN, N. Germany: near this place Philip, landgrave of Hesse, and his allies defeated the insurgent peasantry headed by Munzer the anabaptist, 15 May, 1525.

FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, central Germany, founded in the 5th century; was the residence of Charlemagne in 794; walled by Louis I. 838; a capital city, 843; an imperial city, 1245. Union of Frankfort: treaty between France, Sweden, Prussia, and other German states led to war with Austria

22 May, 1744 2 Jan. Captured by Custine, 28 Oct.; retaken by the Prussians

Frankfort captured by the French by a surprise,

1759

2 Dec. 1792

Bombarded by the French; surrendered to Kleber, 16 July,

Made part of the confederation of the Rhine
A grand duchy under Carl von Dalberg
Republic restored; appointed capital of the Ger-
manic confederation

1796 1806 1810

1815 Vain attempts at insurrection by students, April 1833 May, 1834 The Frankfort diet publish a federative constitution, 30 March, 1848 The plenipotentiaries of Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Würtemburg, Mecklenburg, &c., here

constitute themselves the council of the Germanic diet 1 Sept. 1850 The German sovereigns (excepting the king of Prussia) met at Frankfort (at the invitation of the emperor of Austria), to consider a plan of federal reform, 17 Aug.; the plan was not accepted by Prussia 22 Sept. 1863 Meeting of diet of Germanic confederation; condemn the treaty of Gastein The diet adopts the Austrian motion, that Prussia has broken the treaty; the Prussian representative declares the confederation at an end, and proposes a new confederation 14 June, 1866 Entered by the Prussians, who exact heavy supplies, 16 July,

1 Oct. 1865

Annexed to Prussia by law of 20 Sept.; promulgated at Frankfort; (the legislative corps and 15,000 citizens protest against it) 8 Oct. Visited by the king of Prussia; an ancient cathedral, St. Bartholomew (founded 1315, completed 1512), destroyed by fire 14, 15 Aug. 1867 Frankfort supported Prussia in the war July, 1870 Treaty of peace between France and Germans, signed here

10 May, 1871

Riots through rise in price of beer; suppressed by N. German soldiers: 37 of the people killed; about 100 wounded about 22, 23 April 1873 Population in Dec. 1867, 78,277; see Germany.

FRANKFORT-ON-THE-ODER (N. Germany); a member of the Hanseatic league, suffered much from mauraders in the middle ages, and in the thirty years' war. The university was founded in 1506, and incorporated with that of Breslau in 1811. Near Frankfort, 12 Aug, 1759, Frederick of Prussia was defeated by the Russians and Austrians; see Cunnersdorf.

FRANKING LETTERS, passing letters free of postage, was claimed by parliament about 1660. The privilege was restricted in 1839, and abolished on the introduction of the uniform penny postage, 10 Jan. 1840. The queen was amongst the first to relinquish her privilege.

FRANKLIN, the English freeholder in the middle ages; see the Franklin's Tale," in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (written about 1364). FRANKLIN, SEARCH FOR. Sir John Franklin, with captain Crozier and Fitzjames, in H. M. ships Erebus and Terror (carrying in all 138 discovery and survey, from Greenhithe, on 24 May, persons), sailed on his third arctic expedition of 1845; see North-west Passage. Their last despatches were from the Whalefish islands, dated 12 July, 1845. Their protracted absence caused intense anxiety, and several expeditions were sent from England and elsewhere in search of them, and coals, provisions, clothing, and other necessaries, were deposited in various places in the Arctic seas by our own and by the American government, by

lady Franklin, and numerous private persons. The Truelove, captain Parker, which arrived at Hull, 4 Oct. 1849, from Davis's Straits, brought intelligence (not afterwards confirmed) that the natives had seen sir John Franklin's ships in the previous March, frozen up by the ice in Prince Regent's inlet. Other accounts were equally illusory. Her majesty's government, on 7 March, 1850, offered a reward of 20,000l. to any party of any country, that should render efficient assistance to the crews of the missing ships. Sir John's first winter quarters were found at Beechy island by captains Ommanney and Penny.

1. H.M.S. Plover, capt. Moore (afterwards under capt. Maguire), sailed from Sheerness to Behring's Straits, in search 1 Jan. 1848 2. Land expedition under sir John Richardson and Dr. Rae, of the Hudson's Bay Company, left England 25 March, Sir John Richardson returned to England

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[Returned in 1851.]

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7. The AMERICAN expedition in the Advance and Rescue, under lieut. De Haven and Dr. Kane (son of the judge), towards which Mr. Grinnell subscribed 30,000 dollars, sailed for Lancaster Sound and Barrow's Straits; after drifting in the pack down Baffin's Bay, the ships were released in 1851 uninjured 25 May, 1850 8. The Felix, sir John Ross, fitted out chiefly by the Hudson Bay Company, sailed to the same locality, 22 May, 9. H. M.S. North Star, commander Saunders, which had sailed from England in 1849, wintered in Wolstenholme Sound, and returned to Spithead, 28 Sept. 10. H.M.S. Herald, captain Kellett, C. B., which had sailed in 1848, made three voyages to Behring's Straits, and returned in Lieut. Pim went to St. Petersburg with the intention of travelling through Siberia to the mouth of the river Kolyma; but was dissuaded from proceeding by the Russian government

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1851

18 Nov. 1851

[The Enterprise and Investigator (see No. 4 above) not having been heard of for two years.] 11. Sir Edward Belcher's expedition, consisting of -Assistance, sir Edward Belcher, C. B.; Resolute, captain Kellett, C. B.; North Ster, capt. Pullen; Intrepid, capt. M'Clintock; and Pioneer, eapt. Sherard Osborn, sailed from Woolwich 15 April, 1852 [This expedition arrived at Beechy Island 14 Aug. 1852. The Assistance and Pioneer proceeded through Wellington Channel, and the Resolute and Intrepid to Melville Island; the North Star remaining at Beechy Island.]

LADY FRANKLIN'S EQUIPMENTS. Lady Franklin, aided by a few friends (and by the "Tasmanian Tribute" of 1500l.), equipped four expeditions (Nos. 12, 13, 14, 16).

12. Prince Albert, capt. Forsyth, sailed from Aberdeen to Barrow Straits

[Returned 1 Oct. 1850.]

.

5 June, 1850

13. The Prince Albert, Mr. Kennedy, accompanied by lieut. Bellot, of the French navy, and John Hepburn, sailed from Stromness to Prince Regent's Inlet

[Returned Oct. 1852.)

under Dr. Kane

4 June, 1851

1853

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14. The Isabel, commander Inglefield, sailed for the head of Baffin's Bay, Jones's Sound, and the Wellington Channel, 6 July; and returned Nov. 1852 15. Mr. Kennedy sailed again in the Isabel, on a renewed search to Behring's Straits 16. H.M.S. Rattlesnake, coinmander Trollope, despatched to assist the Plover, capt. Maguire (who succeeded capt. Moore), at Point Barrow in April; met with it Aug. 17. The second AMERICAN expedition, the Advance, early in June, 18. The Phoenix (with the Breadalbone transport), commander Inglefield, accompanied by lieut. Bellot, sailed in May; he returned, bringing despatches from Sir E. Belcher, &e. Oct. The Investigator and sir E. Belcher's squadron were safe; but no traces of Franklin's party had been met with. Lieut. Bellot was unfortunately drowned in August while voluntarily conveying despatches for sir E. Belcher. Capt. M'Clure had left the Herald (10) at Cape Lisburne, 31 July,

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1850. On 8 Oct. the ship was frozen in, and so continued for nine months. On 26 Oct. 1850, while on an excursion party, the captain discovered an entrance into Barrow's Straits, and thus established the existence of a N. E.-N. W. passage. In Sept. 1851, the ship was again fixed in ice, and so remained till lieut. Pim and a party from capt. Kellett's ship, the Resolute (11), fell in with them in April, 1853. The position of the Enterprise (4) was still unknown.

A monument to Bellot's memory was erected at Greenwich. His "Journal" was published in 1854 Dr. Rae, in the spring of 1853, again proceeded towards the magnetic pole; and in July, 1854, he reported to the Admiralty that he had purchased from a party of Esquimaux a number of articles which had belonged to sir J. Franklin and his party-namely, sir John's star or order, part of a watch, silver spoons, and forks with crests, &c. He also reported the statement of the natives, that they had met with a party of white men about four winters previous, and had sold them a seal; and that four months later, in the same season, they had found the bodies of thirty men (some buried), who had evidently perished by starvation; the place appears, from the description, to have been in the neighbourhood of the Great Fish river of Back. Dr. Rae arrived in England on 22 Oct. 1854, with the relics, which have since been deposited in Greenwich hospital. He and his companions were awarded 10,oool. for their discovery.

19. The Phonix, North Star, and Talbot, under the command of capt. Inglefield, sailed in May, and returned in Oct. 1854

Sir E. Belcher (No. 11), after mature deliberation, in April, 1854, determined to abandon his ships, and gave orders to that effect to all the captains under his command; and capt. Kellett gave similar orders to capt. M'Clure, of the Investigator. The vessels had been abandoned in June* when the crews of the Phonix and Talbot (under capt. Inglefield) arrived (19). On their return to England all the captains were tried by court martial and honourably acquitted 17-19 Oct. 1854 Capt. Collinson's fate was long uncertain, and another expedition was in contemplation, when intelligence came, in Feb. 1855, that he had met the Rattlesnake (16) at Fort Clarence on 21 Aug. 1854, and had sailed immediately, in hopes of getting up with capt. Maguire in the Plover (1), which had sailed two days previously. Capt. Collinson having failed in getting through the ice in 1850 with capt. M'Clure, returned to HongKong to winter. In 1851 he passed through Prince of Wales's Straits, and remained in the Arctic regions without obtaining any intelligence of Franklin till July, 1854, when, being once more released from the ice, he sailed for Fort Clarence, where he arrived as above mentioned. Captains Collinson and Maguire arrived in England May, 1855 20. The third AMERICAN expedition in search of Dr. Kane, in the Advance, consisted of the Release and the steamer Arctic, the barque Eringo, and another vessel under the command of lieut. H. J. Hartstene, accompanied by a brother of Dr. Kane as surgeon, 31 May, 1855 [On 17 May, 1855, Dr. Kane and his party quitted the Advance, and journeyed over the ice, 1300 miles, to the Danish settlement; on their way home in a Danish vessel, they fell in with lieut. Hartstene, 18 Sept.; and arrived with him at New York, 11 Oct. 1855. Dr. Kane visited England in 1856; he died in 1857.]

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The Hudson's Bay Company, under advice of Dr. Rae

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Capt. Kellett's ship, the Resolute, was found adrift 1000 miles distant from where she was left, by a Mr. George Henry, commanding an American whaler, who brought her to New York. The British government having abandoned their claim on the vessel, it was bought by order of the American congress, thoroughly repaired and equipped, and entrusted to capt. H. J. Hartstene, to be presented to queen Victoria. It arrived at Southampton, 12 Dec. 1856; was visited by her majesty on the 16th; and formally surrendered on the 30th.

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