GRAMMARIANS. A society of grammarians was formed at Rome so early as 276 B.C. Blair. Apollodorus of Athens, Varro, Cicero, Messala, Julius Cæsar, Nicias, Elius Donatus, Remmius, Palemon, Tyrannion of Pontus, Athenæus, and other distinguished men, were of this class. A Greek grammar was printed at Milan in 1476; Lily's Latin grammar (Brevis Institutio), 1513; Lindley Murray's English grammar, 1795; Cobbett's English grammar, 1818.-Harris's Hermes was published in 1750, Horne Tooke's "Epea Pteroenta,' or the "Diversions of Purley," in 1786, treatises on the philosophy of language and grammar. Cobbett declared Mr. Canning to have been the only purely grammatical orator of his time; and Dr. Parr, speaking of a speech of Mr. Pitt's, said, "We threw our whole grammatical mind upon it, and could not discover one error." The science of grammar has been recently much studied with excellent results. GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, see Education. GRAMPIAN HILLS (central Scotland). At Ardoch, near Mons Grampius of Tacitus, the Scots and Picts under Galgacus were defeated by the Romans under Agricola, 84 or 85. GRAMPOUND (Cornwall) was disfranchised in 1821, for bribery and corrupt practices in 1819. Sir Manasseh Lopez was sentenced by the court of king's bench to a fine of 10,000l. and two years' imprisonment. GRAN, (Hungary). Here the Hungarians defeated the Austrians, 27 Feb. 1849. GRANADA, a city, S. Spain, was founded by the Moors in the 8th century, and formed at first part of the kingdom of Cordova. In 1236, Mohammed-al-Hamar made it the capital of his new kingdom of Granada, which was highly prosperous till its subjugation by the "great captain," Gonsalvo de Cordova, 2 Jan. 1492. In 1609 and 1610 the industrious Moors were expelled from Spain, by the bigoted Philip III., to the lasting injury of his country. Granada was taken by marshal Soult in 1810, and held till 1812. See New Granada. GRANARIES were formed by Joseph in Egypt, 1715 B. C. (Genesis xli. 48.) There were three hundred and twenty-seven grauaries in Rome. Univ. Hist. Twelve new granaries were built at Bridewell to hold 6000 quarters of corn, and two store houses for seacoal to hold 4000 loads, thereby to prevent the sudden dearness of these articles by great increase of inhabitants, 7 James I. 1610. Stow. GRAND ALLIANCE between the emperor and the Dutch States-General (principally to prevent the union of the French and Spanish monarchies in one person), signed at Vienna, 12 May, 1689, to which England, Spain, and the duke of Savoy afterwards acceded. GRANDEES, see Spanish Grandees. GRAND JUNCTION CANAL (central England), joins several others, and forms a water communication between London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull. The canal commences at Braunston, on the west borders of Northamptonshire, and enters the Thames near London. Executed 1793-1805. GRAND JURIES, see Juries. GRANDMONTINES, a monastic order ́established in Limousin, in France, by Stephen, a gentleman of Auvergne, about 1076. It came to England in the reign of Henry I. (1100-35). Tanner. GRAND PENSIONARY, a chief state functionary in Holland, in the 16th century. In the Constitution given by France to the Batavian republic, previously to the erection of the kingdom of Holland, the title was revived and given to the head of the government, 29 April, 1805, Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck being made the grand pensionary; see Holland. GRAND REMONSTRANCE, see Remon strance. GRANICUS (a river N. W. Asia Minor), near which on 22 May, 334 B. C., Alexander the Great signally defeated the Persians. The Macedonian troops (30,000 foot and 5000 horse) crossed the Granicus in the face of the Persian army (600,000 foot and 20,000 horse). Justin. The victors lost fifty-five foot soldiers and sixty horse. Sardis capitulated, Miletus and Halicarnassus were taken by storm, and other great towns submitted to the conqueror. GRANSON, near the lake of Neufchatel, Switzerland, where Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, was defeated by the Swiss, 3 March, 1476. GRAPES. Previously to the reign of Edward tities from Flanders, where they were first cultivated VI. grapes were brought to England in large quanabout 1276. The vine was introduced into England in 1552; being first planted at Bloxhall, in Suffolk. In the gardens of Hampton-court palace is a vine, stated to surpass any in Europe; it is 72 feet by 20, and has in one season produced 2272 bunches of grapes, weighing 18 cwt.; the stem is 13 inches in girth; it was planted in 1769. Leigh. GRAPHIC, illustrated weekly journal established, 4 Dec. 1869. GRAPHITE (from the Greek graphein, to write), a peculiar form of mineral carbon, with a trace of iron, improperly termed black lead and plumbago. In 1809 sir Humphry Davy investigated into the relations of three forms of carbon, the diamond, graphite, and charcoal. A rude kind of black lead pencil is mentioned by Gesner in 1565. Interesting results of sir B. C. Brodie's researches bition of 1862. on graphite appeared in the International Exhi GRAPHOTYPE, a new process for obtaining Witt Clinton Hitchcock in 1860. It was described blocks for surface-printing, the invention of Mr. De by Mr. Fitz-Cook at the Society of Arts, 6 Dec. 1865. Drawings are made on blocks of chalk with a silicious ink; when dried, the soft parts are brushed away, and the drawing remains in relief; stereotypes are then taken from the block. GRATES. The Anglo-Saxons had arched hearths, and chafing-dishes were in use until the introduction of chimneys about 1200; see Chimneys, and Stores. GRAVELINES (N. France). Here the Spaniards, aided by an English fleet, defeated the French on 13 July, 1558. GRAVELOTTE, BATTLE OF, 18 Aug. 1870. See Metz. GRAVITATION, as a supposed innate power, was noticed by the Greeks, and also by Seneca, who speaks of the moon attracting the waters, about 38. Kepler investigated the subject about 1615; and Hooke devised a system of gravitation about 1674. The principles of gravity were demonstrated by Galileo at Florence, about 1633; but the great law on this subject, laid down by Newton in his "Principia," in 1687, is said to have been proved by him in 1670. The fall of an apple from a tree in 1666 is said to have directed his attention to the subject. On 15 July, 1867, M. Chasles laid before the Paris Academy of Sciences some letters alleged to be from Newton to Pascal and others tending to show that to Pascal was due the theory of gravitation. The authenticity of these letters was authoritatively denied, and their forgery and his own delusion were acknowledged by M. Chasles before the academy 13 Sept. 1869. GREAT BETHEL, see Big Bethel. GREAT BRITAIN, the name given in 1604 to England, Wales, and Scotland (which see). GREAT BRITAIN, EASTERN, &c., see under Steam. The Eastern Counties Railway assumed the name of GREAT EASTERN in 1862.The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY Company was incorporated in 1846. Their station at King's-cross, London, was opened in Oct. 1852.-The GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY, between London and Bristol, was opened 30 June, 1841. GREAT EXHIBITION, see Exhibition. GREAT SEAL OF ENGLAND. The first seal used by Edward the Confessor was called the broad seal, and affixed to the grants of the crown, 1048. Baker's Chron. The most ancient seal with arms on it is that of Richard I. James II., when fleeing from London in 1688, dropped the great seal in the Thames. The great seal of England was stolen from the house of lord chancellor Thurlow, in Great Ormond-street, and carried away, with other property, 24 March, 1784, a day before the dissolution of parliament; it was never recovered, and was replaced the next day. A new seal was brought into use on the union with Ireland, I Jan. 1801. A new seal for Ireland was brought into use and the old one defaced, 21 Jan. 1832. Persian conquests in Ionia Persian invasion, 504; Thrace and Macedonia Athens and Sparta resist the demands of the king of Persia. 544 508 496 491 28 Sept. 490 Aug. 480 20 Oct. 39 Persian The Persians defeated at Marathon GREECE, anciently termed Hellas. The Greeks are said to have been the progeny of Javan, fourth son of Japheth. Greece was so called from an ancient king, Græcus, and Hellas from another king, Hellen, the son of Deucalion. From Hellen's sons, Dorus and Æolus, came the Dorians and Eolians; another son Xuthus was father of Achæus and Ion, the progenitors of the Achæans and Ionians. Homer calls the inhabitants indifferently Myrmidons, Hellenes, and Achaians. They were also termed Danai, from Danaus, king of Argos, 1474 B.C. Greece anciently consisted of the peninsula of the Peloponnesus, Greece outside of the Peloponnesus, Thessaly, and the islands. The principal states of Greece were Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, Arcadia, and afterwards Macedon (all which see). The limits of Modern Greece are much more confined. Greece became subject to the Turkish empire The sea-fight at Cnidus in the 15th century. The population of the kingdom, established in 1829, 96,810: in 1861, 1,096,810, with the Ionian isles (added in 1864), about 1,348,522; in 1870, 1,457,894. Sicyon founded (Eusebius) Uranus arrives in Greece (Lenglet) Revolt of the Titans; War of the Giants 22 Sept. 479 War between Corinth and its colony Corcyra. The peace of Antalcidas 466 459 448 435 431-404 Rise and fall of the Theban power in Greece 415-413 400 399 304 387 · 370-360 362 353 Dispute with France accommodated 21 June, 29 Insurrections against Turkey in Thessaly and Epi- Agitation in the Ionian isles for annexation to Attempted assassination of the queen by Darios, an 18 Sept. The Morea gained by the Greeks Missolonghi taken by Greeks. Independence of Greece proclaimed. Siege of Corinth by the Turks Jan. Great earthquake in the Peloponnesus 11 April, The Greeks victors at Thermopylæ, &c. 13 July, Jan. 1862 Massacre at Cyprus Corinth taken. National congress at Argos July, 16 Sept. 10 April, 1823 Leopold of Bavaria proposed as heir to the throne, Victories of Marco Botzaris, June; killed 10 Aug. Lord Byron lands in Greece to devote himself to its April, The royal troops enter the citadel of Nauplia; insurgents removed 25 April, Change of ministry: Colocotroni becomes premier, 7 June, Insurrection begins at Patras and Missolonghi, 17 Oct.; a provisional government, established at Athens, deposes the king, 23 Oct.; he and the queen fly arrive at Corfu, 27 Oct; the European powers neutral; general submission to provisional government 31 Oct. Great demonstrations in favour of prince Alfred of Great Britain, who is proclaimed king at Lamia in Phthiotis, 22 Nov.; great excitement in his favour at Athens · 4 Dec. 22 Dec. The national assembly elects M. Balbis president, 29 Jan; and declares prince Alfred king of Greece by 230,016 out of 241,202 votes 3 Feb. 1863 Military revolt of lieut. Canaris against Bulgaris and others, who resign, 20 Feb. ; a new ministry appointed under Balbis 23 Feb. The assembly decides to offer the crown to prince William of Schleswig-Holstein, 18 March; proclaim him as king George I. 30 March, Protocol between the three protecting powers, France, England, and Russia, signed at London, consenting to the offer of the crown on condition of the annexation of the Ionian isles to Greece, 5 June, The king of Denmark accepts from the aged admiral Canaris the Greek crown for prince William, whom he advises to adhere to the constitution and gain the love of his people 6 June, Military revolt at Athens, suppressed 30 June9 July, The king arrives at Athens, 30 Oct.; takes the oath to the constitution 31 Oct. The Balbis ministry formed 28 April, 1864 Protocol annexing the Ionian isles to Greece, signed by M. Zaimis and sir H. Storks, 28 May; the Greek troops occupy Corfu, 2 June; the king arrives there New ministry under Canaris formed 25 Sept. The king gives up one-third of his civil list to relieve the treasury Roufos Νον. An economical financial policy proposed; a new ministry formed. Brigandage prevails; frequent ministerial changes under Deligeorges, Comioundouros, Bulgaris, and Oct. 1865-June, 1866 New ministry under Bulgaris and Roufos, 23 Jan. Chambers vote payments to themselves; suddenly dissolved by the king 3 Feb. Aug.-Dec. Great agitation in favour of the Cretan insurrection Manifesto of the so-named " Greek nation," issued of Russia Their cordial reception at Athens New ministry under Moraitinis, 1 Jan. ; under Bul- born. 2 Aug. Greek vessel Enosis fires on Turkish vessels and enters port of Syra 14 Dec. Rupture between Turkey and Greece in consequence of Greek armed intervention in Candia (which see) formation of roads and other improvements. [The Laurium mines had been purchased by M. Syngros, a Greek capitalist, supported by the banks] 25 Feb. 1873 London 52nd anniversary of Greek independence kept in 5 April, KINGS OF GREECE. 1832. Otho I., prince of Bavaria; born, 1 June, 1815: elected king, 7 May, 1832; under a regency till June, 1835; married, 22 Nov. 1836, to Maria Frederica, daughter of the grand-duke of Oldenburg; deposed, 23 Oct. 1862; died in Bavaria, 26 July, 1867. 1863. George I. (son of Christian IX. of Denmark), king of the Hellenes; born 24 Dec. 1845; accepted the crown, 6 June, 1863; declared of age, 27 June, 1863; married grand-duchess Olga of Russia, 27 Oct. 1867. Heir: Constantine, duke of Sparta, born 2 Aug. 1868. GREEK ARCHITECTURE, see Architec Rise of monachism 180-254 24 Nov. about 300 " of Georgia or Iberia 318 First council of Nice (see Councils). 325 Rivalry between Rome and Constantinople begins about 340 about 376 431 Close of the school of Athens; extinction of the Platonic theology 461 529 Dec. After a conference of representatives of the Western powers at Paris, Jan., their requisitions were accepted, and diplomatic relations between Turkey and Greece resumed 26 Feb. 1869 Prince and princess of Wales visit Athens, 19 April, Law authorising the cutting the isthmus of Corinthi passed. New ministry under M. Zaimis. . Concession to cut a canal through the isthmus of Corinth granted to a French company . April, Lord and lady Muncaster and a party of English travellers seized by brigands at Oropos, near Marathon; lord Muncaster and the ladies sent to treat; 25,000l. demanded as ransom, with free pardon 11 April, The brigands retreating, and surrounded by troops, kill Mr. Vyner, Mr. Lloyd, Mr. Herbert, and the count de Boyl 21 April, Great excitement; the king shows great liberality; but many influential persons are charged with connivance at brigandage May, June, Several brigands killed; seven captured, tried and condemned, 23 May; five executed. 20 June, A new ministry under M. Deligeorges 19 July, Greek college opened at Bayswater, London, W. I Oct. The Jacobite sect established in Syria by Jacobus Baradæus Pope Gregory II. excommunicates the emperor Leo, which leads to the separation of the Eastern (Greek) and Western (Roman) churches. 729 Image worship condemned 734 Foundation of the church in Russia: conversion of princess Olga, 955; of Vladimir The Maronites join the Roman church 988 1182 Re-union of Eastern and Western churches at the council of Lyons, 1274; again separated. Proposed union with the Church of England The patriarchate of Moscow established, 1582; suppressed in 1277 1723 The archimandrite Nilos, representing Constantinople and 4 patriarchates, visits London on behalf of the Greek clergy in the Danubian principalities 1762 1863 . Bulgaris minister, 7 Jan.; resigns; Deligeorges again minister The Laurium mines of lead, zinc, &c., were purchased by MM. Roux and Serpieri and a company, 1863; and worked profitably; roads being made and a village built. The mines having been heavily taxed and scoriæ claimed by the government, Joss ensued; the company's offer to sell the mines to the government was accepted, but payment evaded by the legislature. Hence arose disputes with France and Italy, and ministerial changes in Greece autumn, Speech of the king to the legislature, announcing The pope's invitation to an oecumenical council, 8 Dec. 1869, firmly declined by the patriarch of Constantinople. . about 3 Oct. 1868 Letter from the patriarch Gregory to the archbishop of Canterbury acknowledging receipt of English prayer-book, and objecting to some of Articles," dated 8 Oct. 1869 Greek church at Liverpool consecrated by an archbishop 16 Jan. 1870 GREEK EMPIRE, see Eastern Empire. GREEK FIRE, a combustible composition (now unknown, but thought to have been principally naphtha), thrown from engines, said to have been invented by Callinicus, an engineer of Heliopolis, in Syria, in the 7th century, to destroy the Saracens' ships, which was effected by the general of the fleet of Constantine Pogonatus, and 30,000 Y men were killed. A so-called "Greek fire," probably a solution of phosphorus in bi-sulphide of carbon, was employed at the siege of Charleston, U.S., in Sept. 1863. GREEK LANGUAGE. The study was revived in western Europe about 1450; in France, 1473; William Grocyn, or Grokeyn, an English professor of this language, introduced it at Oxford, about 1491, where he taught Erasmus, who himself taught it at Cambridge in 1510. Wood's Athen. Oron. England has produced many eminent Greek scholars, of whom may be mentioned Richard Bentley, died 1742; professor Richard Porson, died 1808; Dr. Samuel Parr, died 1825; and Dr. Charles Burney, died 1817. about B.C. 962-927 about Xenophon. 572 559 525-456 443 522-439 427 ships till the following year, when the company's ships brought them home. Tindal. The Greenland Fishing company was incorporated in 1693.-Hans Egede, a Danish missionary, founded a new colony, called Godhaab, or Good Hope, in 1720-3; and Scoresby surveyed Greenland in 1821; and captain other missionary stations have been since established. Graah, by order of the king of Denmark, in 1829-30. GREENOCK (W. Scotland). Charters were granted in 1635 and 1760 to John Shaw, of the barony of Greenock. It was a fishing station till 1697, when the Scottish Indian and African comthus drew the attention of sir John Shaw, its pany resolved to erect salt-works in the Frith, and superior, to its maritime advantages. It was made a burgh of barony in 1757, and a parliamentary burgh in 1832. The erection of the new quay was entrusted, about 1773, to James Watt, who was born here in 1736. The East India harbour was built 1805-19, and Victoria harbour 1846-50. GREEN PARK (near Buckingham palace, 480-406 London) forms a part of the ground enclosed by 495-405 Henry VIII. in 1530, and is united to St. James's 470-404 and Hyde-parks by the road named Constitution443-359 hill. Over the arch at the entrance, the Wellington 429-347 436-338 statue was placed in 1846. On the north side was 384-322 a reservoir of the Chelsea water-works, filled up in 382-322 1856. B.C. 50-A.D. about 30 100 disabled seamen admitted 204 273 Athenæus Lucian Herodian Longinus Julian, emperor 331-363 (See Fathers, and Philosophy.) GREENBACKS, a name given, from the colour of some notes, to the paper currency first issued by the United States government, in 1862. Sums as low as 1 d., 21d., and 5d., &c. were represented the precious metals being exceedingly scarce. GREEN-BAG INQUIRY took its name from a Green Bag, full of documents of alleged seditions, laid before parliament by lord Sidmouth, 3 Feb. 1817. Secret committees presented their reports, 19 Feb.; and bills were brought in on the 21st to suspend the Habeas Corpus act, and prohibit seditious meetings then frequent. GREEN CLOTH, BOARD OF, in the department of the lord-steward of the household, included an ancient court (abolished in 1849), which had jurisdiction of all offences committed in the verge of the court. GREENLAND, an extensive Danish colony in north America, discovered by Icelanders, under Eric Raude, about 980, and named from its verdure. It was visited by Frobisher in 1576. The first ship from England to Greenland was sent for the whalefishery by the Muscovy company, 2 James I. 1604. In a voyage performed in 1630, eight men were left behind by accident, who suffered incredible hard William III. and Mary converted the palace into a hospital for seamen, 1694, and added new buildings, erected by Wren 1696 1705 1735 6 Dec. 1775 The estates of the attainted earl of Derwentwater A charter granted to the commissioners 2 Jan. 1779 . The chapel rebuilt 1789 June, 1797 The payment abolished in 1829, and that of "the merchant seamen's" sixpence also in . The hospital had lodging for 2710 seamen and a The office of the commissioners was abolished 1834 1853 April, 1857 1865 1867 Reported annual income, 155.532l. The patients of the Dreadnought seamen's hospital Acts for the application of the revenues were passed |