The number was raised to 400, in 1662; to 700, in 1694; to 800, in 1715; to 1000, in 1771; to 1100, in 1814 and finally, to 1300, in One-horse hackney carriages (afterwards cabriolets) permitted to be licensed

All restriction as to number ceased, by 2 Will. IV. (the original fare was 18. a mile)

Two hundred Hackney Chairs were licensed
Office removed to Somerset-house
Coach-makers made subject to a licence
Lost and Found Office for the recovery of property
left in hackney coaches, established by act 55
Geo. III.

1831

. 1711

1782

1785

1815

All public vehicles to be regulated by the act 16 & 17 Vict. ce. 33, 127, by which they are placed under the control of the commissioners of police, June and Aug. 1853 By the Metropolitan Carriages Act, passed 12 Aug. 1869, various restrictions respecting the amount of fare, &c., were removed, commencing, 1 Jan. 1870 Further regulations for cabs issued by the home secretary 10 March, 1871 HADRIANOPLE, see Adrianople. HAFSFIORD (Norway). Here Harold Härfager, in a sea-tight, finally defeated his enemies; and consolidated his kingdom, 872. A millenary festival was held throughout Norway, and a monument to his memory at Hangesund, inaugurated by prince Oscar of Sweden, 18 July, 1872.

HAGUE, capital of the kingdom of Holland, once called the finest village in Europe; the place of meeting of the states-general, and residence of the former earls of Holland since 1250, when William II. built the palace here.

Here the states abjured the authority of Philip II. of Spain.

1580

1610

A conference upon the five articles of the remonstrants, which occasioned the synod of Dort Treaty of the Hague (to preserve the equilibrium of the North), signed by England, France, and Holland 21 May, 1659 The De Witts torn in pieces here 24 July, 1672 The French, favoured by a hard frost, took possession of the Hague; the inhabitants and troops declared in their favour; general revolution ensued, and the stadtholder and his family fled to England

The Hague evacuated by the French

The stadtholder returned

19 Jan. 1795 Νον. 1813 Dec.

HAILEYBURY COLLEGE (Herts), wherein students were prepared for service in India; it was founded by the East India Company in 1806; was closed in 1858, and became a college for general education.

HAINAULT, a province in Belgium, anciently governed by counts, hereditary after Regnier I., who died in 916. The count John d'Arsenes became count of Holland in 1299. Hainault henceforth partook of the fortunes of Flanders.

HAINAULT FOREST (Essex), disafforested in 1851. Here stood the Fairlop oak (which see). HAIR. In Gaul, hair was much esteemed, hence the appellation Gallia comata; cutting off the hair was a punishment. The royal family of France held it as a privilege to wear long hair artfully dressed and curled. "The clerical tonsure is of apostolic institution!" Isidorus Hispalensis. Pope Anicetus forbade the clergy to wear long hair, 155. Long hair was out of fashion during the protectorate of Cromwell, and hence the term Roundheads; in 1795; and also 1801.-Hair-powder came into use in 1590; and in 1795 a tax of a guinea was laid upon persons using it, which yielded at one time 20,000l. per annum. The tax was repealed 24 June, 1869, when it yielded about 1000l. a year. See Beard.

HAITI, see Hayti.

HAKLUYT SOCIETY, established for the publication of rare voyages and travels, 15 Dec. 1846, was named after Richard Hakluyt, who published his "Principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries made by the English Nation," in 1589; and died 23 Nov. 1616.

HALIARTUS, a town in Boeotia, near which Lysander the Spartan general was killed in battle with the Thebans, 395 B.C.

HALICARNASSUS, Caria (Asia Minor); the reputed birth-place of Herodotus, 484 B.C.; the site of the tomb of Mausolus, erected 352; was taken by Alexander, 334; see Mausoleum.

HALIDON HILL, near Berwick, where, on 19 July, 1333, the English defeated the Scots, the latter losing upwards of 14,000 slain, among whom were the regent Douglas and a large number of the nobility; a comparatively small number of the English suffered. Edward Balliol thus became king of Scotland for a short time.

HALIFAX (Yorkshire). The woollen manufactory was successfully established here in the 15th century. The power of the town to punish capitally (by a peculiar engine resembling the guillotine) any criminal convicted of stealing to the value of upwards of thirteen pence halfpenny, ley announced his intention of founding a college was used as late as 1650. In 1857, Mr. J. Crosshere, and Mr. F. Crossley presented the town with a beautiful park.

HALIFAX ADMINISTRATION. Charles, earl of Halifax, was appointed first lord of the treasury, 5 Oct. 1714. He died 19 May, 1715, and was succeeded by Charles, earl of Carlisle, on 10 Oct. following; and Robert Walpole became premier.

Charles, earl of Halifax, first lord of the treasury.
William, lord Cowper, aft. earl, lord chancellor.

Daniel, earl of Nottingham, lord president.

Thomas, earl of Wharton, privy seal.

Edward, earl of Oxford, admiralty.

James Stanhope, afterwards earl Stanhope, and Charles, viscount Townshend, secretaries of state.

Sir Richard Onslow, chancellor of the exchequer.
Dukes of Montrose and Marlborough, lord Berkeley,
Robt. Walpole, Mr. Pulteney, &c.

HALL, principal apartment in medieval mansions. Westminster and Eltham halls are fine

examples; see Westminster Hall.

HALL MARK, see Goldsmiths and Standard.

HALLE (Saxony, N. Germany), first menOtho II. in 981. The orphan-house here was estationed in 801, was made a city by the emperor blished by August Francke, 1698-9. Halle suffered much by the Thirty years' and Seven years' wars. It was stormed by the French, 17 Oct. 1806, and added to the kingdom of Westphalia; but given up to Prussia in 1814.

Lord, and So be it), expressions used in the HALLELUJAH AND AMEN (Praise the Hebrew hymns; said to have been introduced by Haggai, the prophet, about 520 B.C. Their intro

duction into the Christian church is ascribed to St. Jerome, about A.D. 390.

HALYS, a river (Asia Minor), near which a battle was fought between the Lydians and Medes. It was interrupted by an almost total eclipse of the sun, which led to peace, 28 May, 585 B.c. (the

HAM, on the Somme, N. France. The castle was built in 1470 by the constable Louis of Luxembourg, comte de St. Pol, beheaded by Louis XI. 19 Dec. 1475: Here were imprisoned the exministers of Charles X., 1830; and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte after his attempt at Boulogne, from Oct. 1840 till 25 May, 1846, when he escaped.

HAMBURG, a free city, N. W. Germany, founded by Charlemagne, about 809. It joined the Hanseatic league in the 13th century, and became a flourishing commercial city. Population in 1860, 229,941; in 1871, 338,974.

A free imperial city by permission of the dukes of Holstein, 1296; subject to them till 1618; purchased its total exemption from their claims French declared war upon Hamburg for its treachery in giving up Napper Tandy; see Tandy,

1768

Oct. 1799 March, 1801

British property sequestrated
Hamburg taken by the French after the battle of
Jena, in.

Incorporated with France

.

Evacuated by the French on the advance of the Russians into Germany.

Restored to independence by the allies

1806 1810

1813 May, 1814

.

6 Dec. 1860 1 Jan. 1861 21 Aug. 1866

Joined the German empire, Jan. ; its privileges as a free port confirmed 16 April, 1871 HAMPDEN CLUBS, see Radicals, and Chalgrove.

HAMPSTEAD HEATH, N.W. of London; an act authorising the Metropolitan Board of Works to purchase the heath, from sir John Maryon Wilson, bart., passed 29 June, 1871, and the heath was formally taken possession of by the Metropolitan Board of Works, 13 Jan. 1872, 45,000l. being paid. During the prevalence of small-pox in London, in 1871, a temporary hospital was established at Hampstead. Charges of mismanagement having been made against the officers, an official inquiry ensued which lasted 33 days, from 23 Sept. to 3 Nov. Further inquiry ensued respecting the disappearance of a child, Elizabeth Bellue. The medical officers were exonerated from blame, Dec.

HAMPTON COURT PALACE (Middlesex), built by cardinal Wolsey on the site of the manor-house of the knights-hospitallers, and in 1525 presented to Henry VIII.; perhaps the most splendid offering ever made by a subject to a sovereign. Here Edward VI. was born, 12 Oct. 1537; here his mother, Jane Seymour, died, 24 Oct. following; and here Mary, Elizabeth, Charles, and others of our sovereigns resided. Much was pulled down, and the grand inner court built by William III. in 1694, when the gardens, occupying 40 acres, were laid out. The vine was planted 1769. Here was held, 14-16 Jan. 1604, the CONFERENCE be tween the Puritans and the Established church clergy, which led to a new translation of the Bible; see Conference.

to the crown, in parva baga (a little bag). Hence the names Hanaper and Petty Bag Office. The office was abolished in 1842.

HANAU (Hesse-Cassel), incorporated 1303. Here a division of the combined armies of Austria and Bavaria, of 30,000 men, under general Wrede, encountered the French, 70,000 strong, under Napoleon I., on their retreat from Leipsic, 30 Oct. 1813. The French suffered very severely, though the allies were compelled to retire. The county of Hanau was made a principality in 1803; seized by the French in 1806; incorporated with the duchy of Frankfort in 1809; restored to Hesse in 1813;

which was annexed to Prussia in 1866.

HANDEL'S COMMEMORATIONS. The first was held in Westminster abbey, 26 May, 1784; king George III. and queen Charlotte, and above 3000 persons being present. The band contained 268 vocal and 245 instrumental performers, and the receipts of three successive days were 12,746. These concerts were repeated in 1785, 1786, 1790, and 1791.

Second great commemoration, in the presence of king William IV. and queen Adelaide, when there were 644 performers, 24, 26, 28 June, and 1 July, 1834. Great Handel festival (at the Crystal Palace) on the centenary of his death, projected by the Sacred Harmonic Society. Grand Rehearsal at the Crystal Palace, 15, 17, 19 June, 1857, and 2 July, 1858. Performances: Messiah, 20 June; Selections, 22 June; Israel in Egypt, 24 June, 1859, when the prince consort, the king of the Belgians, and 26,827 persons were present. There were 2765 vocal and 393 instrumental performers, and the performance was highly successful. The receipts amounted to about 33,000l., from which there were deducted 18,000l. for expenses; of the residue (15,000l.), two parts accrued to the Crystal Palace Company, and one part to the Sacred Harmonic Society. Handel's harpsichord, original scores of his oratorios, and other interesting relics, were exhibited. Handel festivals (at the Crystal Palace): 4000 performers; highly successful; 23, 25, 27 June, 1862; again, 26, 28, 30 June, 1865; again, 15, 17, 19 June, 1868 (about 25,000 present: also, 19, 21, 23 June, 1871 (about 84,000 persons subscribed).

HANDKERCHIEFS, wrought and edged with gold, used to be worn in England by gentlemen in their hats, as favours from young ladies, the value of them being from five to twelve pence for each in the reign of Elizabeth, 1558. Stow's Chron. Paisley handkerchiefs were first made in 1743.

in setting apart his successor Joshua (Num. xxvii. HANDS, imposition of, was performed by Moses23), in reception into the church, and in ordination, by the apostles (Acts viii. 17; 1 Tim. iv. 14).

HANGING, DRAWING, AND QUARTERING, said to have been first inflicted upon William Marise, a pirate, a nobleman's son, 25 Hen. III., 1241. Five gentlemen attached to the duke of Gloucester were arraigned and condemned for treason, and at the place of execution were hanged, cut down alive instantly, stripped naked, and their bodies marked for quartering, and then pardoned, 25 Hen. IV. 1447. Stow. The Cato-street conspirators (which see) were beheaded after death by hanging, I May, 1820. Hanging in chains was abolished in 1834; see Death.

HANGO BAY (Finland). On 5 June, 1855, a boat commanded by lieut. Geneste left the

HARMONIUM, a keyed instrument, resembling the accordion, the tones being generated by the action of wind upon metallic reeds. The Chinese were well acquainted with the effects produced by vibrating tongues of metal. M. Biot stated, in 1810, that they were used musically by M. Grenié; and in 1827-29, free reed stops were employed in organs at Beauvais and Paris. The best known harmoniums in England are those of Alexandre and Debain, the latter claiming to be the original maker of the French instrument. In 1841, Mr. W. E. Evans, of Cheltenham, produced his English harmonium, then termed the Organ-Harmonica, and by successive improvements he produced a fine instrument, with diapason quality, and great rapidity of speech, without loss of power. English Cyclopædia.

HARNESS, chariots and the leathern dressings used for horses to draw them, are said to have been the invention of Erichthonius of Athens, who was made a constellation after his death, under the name of Bootes (Greek for ploughman), about 1487 B.C.

HARO, CRY OF (Clameur de Haro), traditionally derived from Raoul, or Rollo, of Normandy, ancestor of our Norman princes of England. Rollo administered justice so well, that injured persons cried "à Raoul !" The cry was raised in a church in Jersey in 1859.

HARP. Invented by Jubal, 3875 B.c. (Gen. iv. 21). David played the harp before Saul, 1063 B.C. 1 Sam. xvi. 23. The Cimbri, or English Saxons, had this instrument. The celebrated Welsh harp was strung with gut; and the Irish harp, like the more ancient harps, with wire. Erard's improved harps were first patented in 1795.

One of the most ancient harps existing is that of Brian Boroimhe, monarch of Ireland: it was given by his son Donagh to pope John XVIII., together with the crown and other regalia of his father, in order to obtain absolution for the murder of his brother Teig. Adrian IV. alleged this as being one of his principal titles to the kingdom of Ireland in his bull transferring it to Henry II. This harp was given by Leo X. to Henry VIII., who presented it to the first earl of Clanricarde: it then came into possession of the family of De Burgh; next into that of Mac Mahon of Clenagh, county of Clare; afterwards into that of MacNamara of Limerick; and was at length deposited by the right hon. William Conyngham in the College Museum, Dublin, in 1782.

HARPER'S FERRY (Virginia), see United States, 1859-62.

HARRISON'S TIME-PIECE, made by John Harrison, of Foulby, near Pontefract. In 1714, the government offered rewards for methods of determining the longitude at sea; Harrison came to London, and produced his first time-piece in 1735; his second in 1739; his third in 1749; and his fourth, which procured him the reward of 20,000l. offered by the Board of longitude, a few years He obtained 10,000l. of his reward in 1764,

after.

and other sums, more than 24,000l. in all, for fur| ther improvements in following years.

In the patent museum at South Kensington is an eightday clock made by Harrison in 1715. It strikes the hour, indicates the day of the month, and with one exception (the escapement) its wheels are entirely made of wood. The clock was going in 1871.

HARROGATE (Yorkshire). The first or old spa in Knaresborough forest was discovered by capt. Slingsby in 1571: a dome was erected over the well by lord Rosslyn in 1786. Two other chalybeate springs are the Alum well and the Towit spa. The sulphureous well was discovered in 1783. The theatre was erected in 1788. The Bath hospital was erected by subscription in 1825.

HARROW-ON-THE-HILL SCHOOL (Middlesex), founded and endowed by John Lyon in 1571. To encourage archery, the founder instituted a prize of a silver arrow to be shot for annually on the 4th of August; but the custom has been abolished. Lord Palmerston, sir R. Peel, the statesman, and lord Byron, the poet, were educated here. The school building suffered by fire, 22 Oct. 1838. The school arrangements were modified by the public schools act, 1868. Charles II. called Harrow church "the visible church.”

HARTLEY COAL MINE (Northumberland). On 16 Jan. 1862, one of the iron beams, about 12 tons weight, at the mouth of the ventilating shaft, broke and fell, destroyed the brattice, divided the shaft, and carried down sufficient timber to kill two men who were ascending the shaft, and buried alive 202 persons, men and boys. Several days elapsed before the bodies could be removed. Much sympathy was shown by the queen and the public, and about 50,000l. were collected for the bereaved families. The coroner's verdict asserted the necessity of two shafts to coal mines, and recommended that the beams of colliery engines should be of malleable instead of cast iron.

HARTWELL (Buckinghamshire), the retreat of Louis XVIII., king of France, 1807-14. He landed in England at Yarmouth, 6 Oct. 1807, took up his residence at Gosfield-hall, in Essex, and afterwards came to Hartwell, as the count de Lille. His consort died here in 1810. On his restoration, he embarked at Dover for France, 24 April, 1814; see France.

HARUSPICES, priests or soothsayers, of Etruscan origin, who foretold events from observing entrails of animals. They were introduced to Rome by Romulus (about 750 B.C.), and abolished by Constantine, A.D. 337, at which time they were seventy

in number.

HARVARD COLLEGE (Massachusetts, North America) was founded by the general court at Boston, on 28 Oct. 1636. It derived its name from John Harvard, who bequeathed to it his library and a sum of money in 1638.

HASTINGS, a cinque-port, Sussex; said to owe its name to the Danish pirate Hastinge, who built forts here, about 893; but Mr. Kemble thinks it was the seat of a Saxon tribe named Hastingas. At Senlac, now Battle, near Hastings, more than 30,000 were slain in the conflict between Harold II. of England and William duke of Normandy, the former losing his life and kingdom, 14 Oct. 1066, his birthday. He and his two brothers were interred at Waltham abbey, Essex. The new town, St. Leonard's-on-Sea, was begun in 1828. A new pier

British steamer Cossack, with a flag of truce to land some Russian prisoners. They were fired on by a body of riflemen, and five were killed, several wounded, and the rest made prisoners. The Russian account, asserting the irregularity to have been on the side of the English, was not substantiated.

HANOVER (N. W. Germany), successively an electorate, and a kingdom, chiefly composed of territories which once belonged to the dukes of Brunswick (which see). Population in 1859, 1,850,000; in 1861, 1,888,070. It was annexed to Prussia, 20 Sept. 1866.

Hanover became the ninth electorate

Suffered much during the seven years' war
Seized by Prussia

Occupied and hardly used by the French,
Delivered to Prussia in

A. D. 1692 1756-63

3 April, 1801 5 June, 1803 1805

1807 1810 6 Nov. 1813 12 Oct. 1814 viceroy,

The duke of Cambridge appointed and a representative government established,

Nov. 1816

. Oct. 1821 20 June, 1837

He granted a constitution with electoral rights, 1848; which was annulled in obedience to the decree of the federal diet

12 April, 1855

The king claims from England crown jewels, which belonged to George III. (value about 120,000l.), 1857; by arbitration, the jewels given up, Jan. 1858 Stade dues given up for compensation, 12 June, 1861 In the war the king takes the side of Austria; and the Prussians enter and occupy Hanover,

13 June, et seq. 1866 The Hanoverians defeat the Prussians at Langensalza, 27 June; but are compelled to surrender, 29 June, Hanover annexed to Prussia by law, 20 Sept. ; promulgated 6 Oct. Protest of the king of Hanover addressed to Europe 23 Sept. Arrangement with Prussia by a treaty ratified 18 Oct. 1867 The king celebrates his "silver wedding" at Hietzing, near Vienna, expressing hopes of recovering his kingdom, &c. 18 Feb. 1868 Part of his property sequestrated by Prussia, March, Still further, in consequence of his maintaining a Hanoverian legion (the king protested against it), Feb. 1869 1692. Ernest-Augustus, youngest son of George, that son of William, duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, who obtained by lot the right to marry (see Bruns wick). He became bishop of Osnaburg in 1662, and in 1679 inherited the possessions of his uncle John, duke of Calenberg; created ELECTOR of Hanover in 1692.

ELECTORS.

[He married, in 1659, the princess Sophia, daughter of Frederick, elector palatine, and of Elizabeth, the daughter of James I. of England. In 1701, Sophia was declared next heir to the British crown, after William III., Anne, and their descendants.]

1698. George-Lewis, son of the preceding; married his cousin Sophia, the heiress of the duke of Brunswick-Zell; became king of Great Britain, 1 Aug. 1714, as GEORGE 1.

1727. George-Augustus, his son (GEORGE II. of England). 11 June.

1760. George-William-Frederick, his grandson (GEORGE III. of England), 25 Oct.

1837. Ernest-Augustus, duke of Cumberland, brother to William IV. of England, on whose demise he succeeded (as a distinct inheritance) to the throne of Hanover, 20 June.

1851. George V. (born 27 May, 1819), son of Ernest; ascended the throne on the death of his father, 18 Nov. His states annexul to Prussia, 20 Sept. 1866.

Heir: Prince Ernest-Augustus, born 21 Sept. 1845.

HANSE TOWNS. The Hanseatic league (from hansa, association), formed by port towns in Germany against the piracies of the Swedes and Danes: began about 1140; the league signed 1241. At first it consisted only of towns situate on the coasts of the Baltic sea, but in 1370 it was composed of sixty-six cities and forty-four confederates. The league proclaimed war against Waldemar, king of Denmark, about the year 1348, and against Eric in 1428, with forty ships and 12,000 regular troops, besides seamen. On this several princes ordered the merchants of their respective kingdoms to withdraw their effects. The Thirty years' war in Germany (1618-48) broke up the strength of the association, and in 1630 the only towns retaining the name were Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen. The league suffered also by the rise of the commerce of the Low Countries in the 15th century. Their privileges by treaty in England were abolished by Elizabeth in 1578.

HAPSBURG (HABSBURG or HABICHTSBURG), HOUSE OF, the family from which the imperial house of Austria sprang in the 11th century, Werner being the first named count of Habsburg, 1096. Hapsburg was an ancient castle of Switzerland, on a lofty eminence near Schintznach. Rodolph, count of Hapsburg, became archduke of Austria, and emperor of Germany, 1273; see Austria, and Germany.

HARBOURS. England has many fine natural harbours; the Thames (harbour, dock, and depôt), Portsmouth, Plymouth, &c. Acts for the improvement of harbours, &c., were passed in 1847, 1861, and 1862.

HARFLEUR, seaport, N.W. France, taken by Henry V., 22 Sept. 1415.

HARLAW (Aberdeenshire), the site of a desperate indecisive battle between the earl of Mar, with the royal army, and Donald, the lord of the Isles, who aimed at independence, 24 July, 1411. This conflict was very disastrous to the nobility, some houses losing all their males.

HARLEIAN LIBRARY, containing 7000 manuscripts, besides rare printed books, bought by secretary Harley, afterwards earl of Oxford and Mortimer, 1705, et seq., is now in the British Museum. A large portion of his life and wealth was spent on the collection. He died 21 May, 1724. The Harleian Miscellany, a selection from the MSS. and Tracts of his library, was published in 1744 and 1808.

HARLEY ADMINISTRATION, see Ox

ford.

HARMONIC STRINGS, said to have been invented by Pythagoras about 540 B.C., through hearing four blacksmiths working with hammers, in harmony, whose weights he found to be six, musical glasses, were first "arranged" by an Irish eight, nine, and twelve.-The HARMONICA, or gentleman named Puckeridge, and improved by Dr. Franklin in 1760.