Nov. Disgraceful riots at the church of St. George's in the East, through the indiscretion of the Tractarian clergyman, the rev. Bryan King, Sept. and Oct. The church (closed for a time) re-opened; fresh disturbances on 6, 13, 20 Nov.; the agitation continued till Mr. King retired; a compromise was effected 29 July, 1860 Metropolitan railway (underground) commenced in spring of Great distress through the severe winter; thousands relieved at the police offices . Dec. 1860, & Jan. 1861 Another strike in the building trades commences, 22 March, A street railway in the metropolis opened near Bayswater 23 March, 22 June, 23 June, 2 Oct. Meeting to establish the "City of London College,' bishop of London in the chair Mr. George Peabody, the American merchant, gives 150,000l. to ameliorate the condition of the poor and needy of London Excitement through the performance of the Davenport brothers Oct.-Dec. Great bullion robbery in Lombard-street, 3 or 4 Dec. Many burglaries in London; great robbery at Walker's, the jewellers, Cornhill 4,5 Feb. 1865 South London industrial exhibition opened by earl of Shaftesbury 1 March, The prince of Wales present at the opening of the main drainage works, at the southern outfall near Erith 4 April, Prince of Wales opens the international reformatory exhibition at Islington 19 May, Cattle plague breaks out in cow houses near Barnsbury, about 27 June, Investigation into the state of the workhouse in firmaries from several paupers dying through neglect Aug. Many turnpikes in the S. suburbs abolished, 31 Oct. Mr. Peabody adds 100,000l. to his gift of 1862, 29 Jan. 1866 City industrial exhibition opened by lord mayor, 6 March, Horrible murder of Sarah Millson in Cannon-street (culprit undiscovered). 11 April, Black-Friday; commercial panic; failure of Overend, Gurney, & Co., Discount Company, on 10 May (see Bank) 11 May, Agra and Masterman's bank stops; great excitement, 6 June, Shocking revelations in London workhouse infirmaries June, et seq. Cholera prevails in east London (see Cholera), Riots in Hyde-park Oct. July-Sept. 23, 24 July, Cannon-street railway station opened 1 Sept. Lord mayor honourably entertained at Brussels by the king of the Belgians. Working classes industrial exhibition at Islington closed 12 Nov. Report of committee at common council recommending enlargement of constituency voting for municipal questions (from about 6700 to 15,000) 12 Nov. Reform demonstration by trades unions; procession of about 25,000 to Beaufort-house grounds, Brompton. 3 Dec. Estimated population of the "City" by day, 283,520; by night, about 100,000 Dec. Severe frost: 40 lives lost by breaking in of ice on ornamental waters in Regent's park 15 Jan. 1867 12 March, 1862 1 May, The International Exhibition opens Thames embankment bill passed, after much discussion Icy night"; many accidents through fall of rain and immediate frost. 22 Jan. London Street Reform Association organised, Jan. Great distress in east London; large subscriptions; Mansion-house Metropolitan Relief Fund established. Metropolitan poor act passed Aug. The masons' strike not over June, Fights in Hyde-park between the Garibaldians and Irish. 28 Sept. & 5 Oct. Public meetings there prohibited Prince and princess of Wales present at the city ball The common council vote 20,000l. and a site in 9 Oct. 26 Jan. 29 March, London conference on Luxembourg question, 7-11 May, First stone laid of Holborn viaduct, 3 June; of new meat market. 5 June, The lord mayor entertained the viceroy of Egypt, 11 June; the Belgians, 12 July; the Sultan, 18 July, The Sultan gives 2500l. to the poor of London, 22 July, Electors for M. P.'s to have 3 votes only, by Reform act passed 15 Aug. liament County Court for the city established by act of par20 Aug. Edw. M'Donnell shot by supposed Fenian, 28 Sept., died. 5 Oct. 1867 Oct. 9 Nov. 6 Dee. Tailors' strike, began 22 April; ;over Lord mayor's state coach not used Common Council undertake erection of another cattle market (for foreign cattle) Premeditated explosion outside Clerkenwell house of detention to release Fenians (7 persons killed and about 50 wounded). 13 Dec. Much excitement through other attempted explosions; about 30,000 special constables sworn in, 17-24 Dec. Mysterious disappearance of the rev. B. Speke in Westminster Great distress in the east of London through want of employment; meeting of employers and employed; work offered to the iron shipwrights at lower wages declined 25 Jan. 52,974 special constables in the metropolis up to Mr. Speke (partially insane) found in (East) London Museum Site act passed The queen lays foundation of the new St. hospital. Western approach street, Holborn Valley, 8 Jan. 1868 28 Jan. Cornwall, 24 Feb. 28 Feb. Thomas's 13 May, opened, 25 June, Part of the Albert (southern) embankment of the Thames opened. 30 July, 7 Aug. King's Cross market opened crime founded 1 Oct. 13 Oct. New meat market, Smithfield, inaugurated by the lord mayor, 24 Nov. ; opened to the public, 1 Dec. Mr. Peabody gives another 100,000l. to the poor of London. 5 Dec. London Association for prevention of poverty and .17 Dec. S. London industrial exhibition opened 1 March, 1869 Columbia market, ethnal-green, erected by Miss Burdett Coutts; opened by her 28 April, Statue of Mr. Peabody uncovered, prince of Wales present 23 July, Inauguration of the Holborn viaduct and the new Blackfriars bridge by the queen. 6 Nov. Inauguration of the Victoria (northern) Thames embankment by the prince of Wales. International workmen's exhibition at Islington opened by the prince of Wales 16 July, London ratepayers' school-board association established 8 Oct. New city library and museum founded near Guildhall . 27 Oct. London education board elected 29 Nov. Foundation laid of new general post-office 16 Dec. Mansion-house Relief Fund established for the French (24,00ol. raised in 4 days) 18 Jan. 1871 Royal Albert hall, Kensington, opened by the queen, 29 March, International Exhibition at South Kensington opened by the prince of Wales 1 May, St. Thomas's hospital opened by the queen, 21 June, Hampstead heath purchased by Metropolitan board of works for 45,000l. ; act passed 29 June, The freedom of the city presented to prince Arthur, 13 July, Tolls on the Commercial roads, London, E., ceased, 5 Aug. Queen Victoria-street opened, 4 Nov. ; St. Andrew's street, &c., opened. 20 Nov. New lieutenancy appointed, 1 Nov. 8 Dec. National thanksgiving for the recovery of the prince of Wales; the queen and prince go to St. Paul's, Strike of building trades begun, 1 June (see Strikes); lock-out by the masters begun. 19 June, East London Museum at Bethnal-green opened by the prince and princess of Wales 24 June, Murder of Mrs. Squires and daughter in Hoxton at 10 July, Failure of Gledstanes and Co. (East India firm) for. nearly 2,000,000l. ; announced 22 Aug. Builders' strike and lock-out ends by agreement, about. 27 Aug. New City Library and Museum at Guildhall opened by the lord chancellor. 5 Nov. 27 Feb. LONDON, BISHOPRIC OF, is said to have been founded in the reign of Lucius, about 179, Theanus the first archbishop. Augustin made Canterbury the metropolitan see of England. Mellitus was bishop in 604. The see has given to the church of Rome five saints, and to the realm sixteen lord chancellors and lord treasurers; it was valued in the king's books, at 119l. 88. 4d. per annum. Present income, 10,000l. In 1845 Hertford and part of Essex were taken from the see of London and added to that of Rochester. 1856. Archibald Campbell Tait, translated to Canterbury, Dec. 1868. 1869. John Jackson, from Lincoln, elected 14 Jan. LONDON BRIDGE. One is said to have existed, 978. A bridge built of wood, 1014, was partly burned in 1136. The late old bridge was commenced about 1176, by Peter of Colechurch, and completed in 1209, with houses on each side, connected together by large arches of timber which crossed the street. A fire at the Southwark end brought crowds on the bridge; the houses at the north end caught fire likewise, and prevented their escape and upwards of 3000 persons lost their lives, being either killed, burned or drowned In 1822 the corporation advertised for designs for a new bridge that by John Rennie was approved, and the works were executed by his sons John and George. The first pile was driven 200 feet to the west of the old bridge, 15 March, 1824; the first stone was laid by the lord mayor, alderman Garratt 15 June, 1825 The bridge opened by William IV. and his queen, 1 Aug. 1831 The cost was 506,000l. It was computed that on 17 March, 1859, there passed over London-bridge 20,498 vehicles (of which 4483 were cabs and 4286 omnibuses), and 167,910 persons (107,074 ou foot, and 60,836 in vehicles). LONDON CONFERENCE, of representatives of the chief European powers to reconcile Austria, Prussia, and Denmark, met 25 April to 25 June, 1864, without effect. For the conference in London respecting the treaty of Paris, 1856, see Black Sea. LONDON GATES, see note, p. 409. LONDON INSTITUTION, "for the advancement of literature and the diffusion of useful knowledge," in imitation of the Royal Institution, was founded in 1805 by sir Francis Baring, bart., and others, at 8, Old Jewry, Cheapside, and incorporated 30 April, 1815. Prof. Porson, the first librarian, died 25 Sept. 1808. The present building in Finsbury-circus was opened on 21 April, 1819; the first lecture was delivered by Mr. W. T. Brande, on 5 May following. Mr. W. R. Grove, Q.C. (afterwards justice) (the inventor of the Voltaic battery which bears his name), was the first professor of experimental philosophy, 1840-6. The institution possesses an excellent library, lectureroom, and laboratory. LONDON GAZETTE, see Newspapers. LONDON LIBRARY (circulating), at first in Pall-mall, now in St. James's-square, was founded by lord Eliot and others, 24 June, 1840, and opened I May, 1841. The latest catalogue was printed in 1865. LONDON PHILANTHROPIC SO CIETY was founded 1841, to supply bread and coal to the poor. LONDON STEAMER, see Wrecks, &c. LONDON STONE. A stone said to have been placed by the Romans in Cannon-street, then the centre of the city, 15 B.C. London stone was known before the time of William I. It was removed from the opposite side of the way in 1742; and again moved to its present position in the wall of St. Swithin's church, 1798. It was against this stone that Jack Cade struck his sword, exclaiming "Now is Mortimer lord of this city!" 1450. sphere, and the islands of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.' The first acquisition to be made by the order were Cuba and the Sandwich Islands. The knowledge of the existence of this society reached England in Aug. 1852. LONG ISLAND or FLATBUSII (N. America), Battle of, 27 Aug. 1776, between the British troops under sir William Howe, and the revolted Americans, who suffered a severe defeat, after a wellfought action, losing 2000 men killed and wounded and 1000 prisoners. LONGEVITY. Methuselah died, aged 969, 2349 B.C. (Gen. v. 27). Golour M'Crain of the Isle of Jura, one of the Hebrides, is said to have kept reign of Charles I., being the oldest man on any180 Christmasses in his own house, and died in the thing approaching to authentic records for upwards of 3000 years. Greig. "In 1014 died Johannes de Temporibus, who lived 361 years (!)" Stow. Thomas Parr, a labouring man of Shropshire, was brought to London by the earl of Arundel, in 1635, and said to be in his 153rd year, and in perfect health; he died 15 Nov. in the same year. Henry Jenkins, of Yorkshire, died in 1670, and was buried in Bolton churchyard, 6 Dec. aged 169 years (?) The researches of sir G. Cornewall Lewis, professor Owen, Mr. Wm. J. Thoms (in his "Human Longe of lives extending much beyond a century can be Died. 1759. James Sheil, Irish yeoman 1774. Aged. 152 143 136 146 William Beeby, Dungarvon (an ensign who served at the battles of the Boyne and Aughrim) LONDON, UNIVERSITY OF. The "Lon-vity," May, 1873) and others, have disproved many don university' was founded by the exertions of lord Brougham, Thomas Campbell, and others; the deed of settlement dated II Feb. 1826. The building was commenced 30 April, 1827 (when the first stone was laid by the duke of Sussex); and was opened by an inaugural lecture from professor Bell, 1 Oct. 1828. On 28 Nov. 1836, two charters were granted by one the "London university was changed to "University college," and by the other the University of London was established, with a chancellor and other officers. New charters were granted to the latter on 5 Dec. 1837 and 21 April, 1858. It has power to grant degrees to students of the universities of the united kingdom, and of many collegiate establishments. Its offices were long in Burlington-house, Piccadilly, London. The university was enfranchised by the Reform act of 1867, and Robert Lowe was elected the first M.P. 17 Nov. 1868. The new buildings in Burlington-gardens, erected by Mr. Pennethorne, were inaugurated by the queen II May, 1870. University Hall, Gordon-square, was founded in 1847. LONDONDERRY or DERRY (N. Ireland), mentioned 546. An abbey here was burned by the Danes in 783. A charter was granted to the London companies in 1615. The town was surprised, and sir George Powlett, the governor, and the entire garrison were put to the sword by rebels, in 1606. It was besieged by O'Neill in 1641. A grant was made of Derry, with 210,000 acres of land, to various companies in London, in 1619, when it took its present name. The siege of Derry by James II.'s army commenced 20 April, 1689. The garrison and inhabitants were driven to the extremity of famine; but under the rev. George Walker, they defended it until the siege was raised by gen. Kirke, on 30 July. James's army, under the French general Rosen, retired with the loss of about 9000 men. LONE STAR, a secret society formed in 1848, in Alabama and other southern states of the North American Union, for the "extension of the institutions, power, influence, and commerce of the United States over the whole of the western hemi 1780. Robert Mac Bride, Herries 1785. 1797. Charles Macklin, actor, London Catherine Lopez, of Jamaica 1813. Mrs. Meighan, Donoughmore 1816. Jane Lewson, Coldbath-fields, Clerkenwell Kildare 130 130 116 27 Aug. 133 1853. Mrs. Mary Power (aunt of Rd. Lalor Shiel), Ursuline convent, Cork 20 March, 116 116 1858. James Nolan, Knockardrane, Carlow. EXAMPLES FURNISHED BY DR. J. WEBSTER, F.R.S. Died. 1652. Dr. W. Meade, Ware, Herts. John Hill, Leadhills, near Edinburgh. 1775. Widow Jones, Campbell Aged. 1481 127 136 172 132 130 131 . 136 . 130 121 . 125 . 13) 12) 1784. Mary Cameron, Braemar, Aberdeen 122 LONGITUDE, determined by Hipparchus, at Nice, who fixed the first degree in the Canaries, 162 B.C. Harrison made a time-keeper, in A.D. 1759, which in two voyages was found to correct the longitude within the limits required by the act of parliament 12 Anne, 1714; and obtained the Edw. M'Donnell shot by supposed Fenian, 28 Sept., died. Tailors' strike, began 22 April; over 5 Oct. 1867 Oct. 9 Nov. 6 Dec. Lord mayor's state coach not used Great distress in the east of London through want 28 Jan. Part of the Albert (southern) embankment of the New meat market, Smithfield, inaugurated by the . S. London industrial exhibition opened 1 March, Columbia market, ethnal-green, erected by Miss Burdett Coutts; opened by her 28 April, Statue of Mr. Peabody uncovered, prince of Wales present 23 July, Inauguration of the Holborn viaduct and the new Blackfriars bridge by the queen. 6 Nov. Inauguration of the Victoria (northern) Thames embankment by the prince of Wales. International workmen's exhibition at Islington opened by the prince of Wales New city library and mus 1869 13 July, 1870 16 July, London ratepayers' school-board association established 8 Oct. museum founded near Guild. 27 Oct. 29 Nov. hall London education board elected Foundation laid of new general post-office 16 Dec. Mansion-house Relief Fund established for the French (24,00ol. raised in 4 days) 18 Jan. 1871 Royal Albert hall, Kensington, opened by the queen, 29 March, International Exhibition at South Kensington opened by the prince of Wales 1 May, St. Thomas's hospital opened by the queen, 21 June, Hampstead heath purchased by Metropolitan board of works for 45,000l. ; act passed 29 June, The freedom of the city presented to prince Arthur, 13 July, Tolls on the Commercial roads, London, E., ceased, 5 Aug. Queen Victoria-street opened, 4 Nov. ; St. Andrew's street, &c., opened. LONDON, BISHOPRIC OF, is said to have been founded in the reign of Lucius, about 179, Theanus the first archbishop. Augustin made Canterbury the metropolitan see of England. Mellitus was bishop in 604. The see has given to the church of Rome five saints, and to the realm sixteen lord chancellors and lord treasurers; it was valued in the king's books, at 119. 8s. 4d. per annum. Present income, 10,000l. In 1845 Hertford and part of Essex were taken from the see of London and added to that of Rochester. LONDON BRIDGE. One is said to have existed, 978. A bridge built of wood, 1014, waz partly burned in 1136. The late old bridge was commenced about 1176, by Peter of Colechurch, and completed in 1209, with houses on each side, connected together by large arches of timber which crossed the street. A fire at the Southwark end brought crowds on the bridge; the houses at the north end caught fire likewise, and prevented their escape and upwards of 3000 persons lost their lives, being either killed, burned or drowned In 1822 the corporation advertised for designs for a new bridge that by John Rennie was approved, and the works were executed by his sons John and George. The first pile was driven 200 feet to the west of the old bridge, 15 March, 1824; the first stone was laid by the lord mayor, alderman Garratt 15 June, 1825 The bridge opened by William IV. and his queen, 1 Aug. 1831 It was computed that on 17 March, 1859, there passed over London-bridge 20,498 vehicles (of which 4483 were cabs and 4286 omnibuses), and 167,910 persons (107,074 on foot, and 60,836 in vehicles). The cost was 506,000l. LONDON CONFERENCE, of representatives of the chief European powers to reconcile Austria, Prussia, and Denmark, met 25 April to 25 June, 1864, without effect. For the conference in London respecting the treaty of Paris, 1856, see Black Sea. LONDON GATES, see note, p. 409. LONDON INSTITUTION, "for the advancement of literature and the diffusion of useful knowledge," in imitation of the Royal Institution, was founded in 1805 by sir Francis Baring, bart., and others, at 8, Old Jewry, Cheapside, and incorporated 30 April, 1815. Prof. Porson, the first librarian, died 25 Sept. 1808. The present building in Finsbury-circus was opened on 21 April, 1819; the first lecture was delivered by Mr. W. T. Brande, on 5 May following. Mr. W. R. Grove, Q.C. (afterwards justice) (the inventor of the Voltaic battery which bears his name), was the first professor of experimental philosophy, 1840-6. The institution possesses an excellent library, lectureroom, and laboratory. LONDON GAZETTE, see Newspapers. LONDON LIBRARY (circulating), at first in Pall-mall, now in St. James's-square, was founded by lord Eliot and others, 24 June, 1840, and opened I May, 1841. The latest catalogue was printed in 1865. LONDON PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY was founded 1841, to supply bread and coal to the poor. LONDON STEAMER, see Wrecks, &c. LONDON STONE. A stone said to have been placed by the Romans in Cannon-street, then the centre of the city, 15 B.C. London stone was known before the time of William I. It was removed from the opposite side of the way in 1742; and again moved to its present position in the wall of St. Swithin's church, 1798. It was against this stone that Jack Cade struck his sword, exclaiming "Now is Mortimer lord of this city!" 1450. LONDON, UNIVERSITY OF. The "London university' was founded by the exertions of lord Brougham, Thomas Campbell, and others; the deed of settlement dated 11 Feb. 1826. The building was commenced 30 April, 1827 (when the first stone was laid by the duke of Sussex); and was opened by an inaugural lecture from professor Bell, 1 Oct. 1828. On 28 Nov. 1836, two charters were granted: by one the "London university was changed to "University college," and by the other the University of London was established, with a chancellor and other officers. New charters were granted to the latter on 5 Dec. 1837 and 21 April, 1858. It has power to grant degrees to students of the universities of the united kingdom, and of many collegiate establishments. Its offices were long in Burlington-house, Piccadilly, London. The university was enfranchised by the Reform act of 1867, and Robert Lowe was elected the first M.P. 17 Nov. 1868. The new buildings in Burlington-gardens, erected by Mr. Pennethorne, were inaugurated by the queen 11 May, 1870. University Hall, Gordon-square, was founded in 1847. LONDONDERRY or DERRY (N. Ireland), mentioned 546. An abbey here was burned by the Danes in 783. A charter was granted to the London companies in 1615. The town was surprised, and sir George Powlett, the governor, and the entire garrison were put to the sword by rebels, in 1606. It was besieged by O'Neill in 1641. A grant was made of Derry, with 210,000 acres of land, to various companies in London, in 1619, when it took its present name. The siege of Derry by James II.'s army commenced 20 April, 1689. The garrison and inhabitants were driven to the extremity of famine; but under the rev. George Walker, they defended it until the siege was raised by gen. Kirke, on 30 July. James's army, under the French general Rosen, retired with the loss of about 9000 sphere, and the islands of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.' The first acquisition to be made by the order were Cuba and the Sandwich Islands. The knowledge of the existence of this society reached England in Aug. 1852. LONG ISLAND or FLATBUSH (N. America), Battle of, 27 Aug. 1776, between the British troops under sir William Howe, and the revolted Amerifought action, losing 2000 men killed and wounded cans, who suffered a severe defeat, after a welland 1000 prisoners. LONGEVITY. Methuselah died, aged 969, 2349 B.C. (Gen. v. 27). Golour M'Crain of the Isle 180 Christmasses in his own house, and died in the of Jura, one of the Hebrides, is said to have kept reign of Charles I., being the oldest man on anything approaching to authentic records for upwards of 3000 years. Greig. "In 1014 died Johannes de Temporibus, who lived 361 years (!)" Stow. Thomas Parr, a labouring man of Shropshire, was brought to London by the earl of Arundel, in 1635, and said to be in his 153rd year, and in perfect health; he died 15 Nov. in the same year. Henry Jenkins, of Yorkshire, died in 1670, and was buried in Bolton churchyard, 6 Dec. aged 169 years (?) The researches of sir G. Cornewall Lewis, professor Owen, Mr. Wm. J. Thoms (in his "Human Longealleged cases of longevity; and few statements vity," May, 1873) and others, have disproved many of lives extending much beyond a century can be relied on. There were no records of baptism till the 16th century. LONGITUDE, determined by Hipparchus, at Nice, who fixed the first degree in the Canaries, 162 B.C. Harrison made a time-keeper, in A.D. 1759, which in two voyages was found to correct the longitude within the limits required by the act of parliament 12 Anne, 1714; and obtained the |