MANGANESE. Black oxide of manganese, long used to decolorise 'glass, and called Magnesia nigra, was formerly included among the ores of iron. Its distinctive character was proved by the researches of Pott (1740), Kaim and Winterl (1770); and Scheele and Bergmann (1774); it was first eliminated by Gahn. Manganese combined with potassium is called mineral chameleon, from its rapid change of colour under certain circumstances. Forchammer employed it as a test for the presence of organic matter in water; and Dr. Angus Smith successfully applied this test to air in 1858. MANICHEANS, a sect founded by Manes, in Persia, about 261. It spread into Egypt, Arabia, and Africa. A rich widow, whose seivant Manes had been, left him much wealth, after which he assumed the title of Apostle, or envoy of Jesus Christ, and announced that he was the paraclete or comforter that Christ had promised to send. He maintained two principles, the one good he called light, the other bad he called darkness. He rejected the Old Testament, and composed a system of doctrine from Christianity and the dogmas of the ancient fire-worshippers. Sapor, king of Persia, believed in him at one time; but afterwards banished him. He was burnt alive by Bahram or Varanes, king of Persia, in 277. His followers spread themselves over the Roman empire, and several sects sprang from them. MANILLA (built about 1573), capital of the Philippine isles, a great mart of Spanish commerce. Manilla was taken by the English 6 Oct. 1762, when the archbishop engaged to ransom it for about a million sterling; never wholly paid. Manilla has suffered greatly by earthquakes. It is stated that nearly 3000 persons perished by one in 1645; In Sept. 1852, the city was nearly destroyed, and on 3 July, 1863, about a thousand lives were lost. The duke of Edinburgh was hospitably entertained here 19 Nov. 1869. MANNHEIM (S. Germany), founded in 1606, became the court residence of the palatine of the Rhine in 1719; but his becoming elector of Bavaria in 1777 caused the removal of the court to Munich. Mannheim surrendered to the French, under command of general Pichegru, 20 Sept. 1795. On 31 Oct. the Austrians under general Wurmser defeated the French near the city. Several battles were fought with various success in the neighbourhood during the wars of Napoleon I. Kotzebue, the popular dramatist, was assassinated at Mannheim, by Sand, a student of Wurtzburg, 2 April, 1819. MANOMETER (Greek, manos, thin), an instrument for measuring the rarity of the atmosphere, gases, and vapours. One is said to have been made by Otto von Guericke about 1660, and the "statical barometer" of Robert Boyle was a simple manometer. Various forms of the apparatus were devised by Ramsden (about 1773), by Roy (1777), by Cazalet (1789), and by Bourdon [and others. A manometer was constructed for the investigation respecting the elasticity of steam conducted by Prony, Arago, Dulong, and Girard, 1830. MANITOBA, see Rupert's Land and Hudson's Bay (N. America), a new colony. A Fenian attack on the colony was suppressed by American troops about 12 Oct. 1871. MANORS are as ancient as the Saxon times, and imply a territorial district with its jurisdiction, rights, and perquisites. They were formerly called baronies, and still are lordships. Each lord was empowered to hold a court called the court-baron for redressing misdemeanors, and settling disputes between the tenants. Cabinet Lawyer. dence of the lord mayor. It is situate at the east MANSION-HOUSE, LONDON. The resiend of the Poultry on the site of the ancient Stocks market. It was built of Portland stone by George Dance the elder, 1739-53; repaired and redecorated, 1867-68; see Mayor. MANSION-HOUSE FRENCH RELIEF FUND for the suf ferers by the siege of Paris, was established at a meeting at the Mansion-house, London 18 Jan. 1871 In four days about 24,000l. had been received; up to 4 March, 113,599.; finally, 126,609l. Col. H. Stuart Wortley and Mr. George Moore went to Paris on 3 Feb. with 68 tons of provisions, and personally superintended their distribution by the clergy, foreign consuls, and others. An official report issued by the lord mayor, dated 7 Nov. 1871, showed a balance of 4679l. in hand. MANSOURAH (Lower Egypt). Here Louis IX. was defeated by the Saracens and taken prisoner, 5 April, 1250. He gave Damietta and 400,000 livres for his ransom. MANTINEA (Arcadia, Greece). Here (1) Athenians and Argives were defeated by Agis II. of Sparta, 418 B.C. (2) And here Epaminondas and dæmon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia, 362 B.C. the Thebans defeated the combined forces of LaceEpaminondas was killed in the engagement, and Thebes lost its power among the Grecian states. The emperor Adrian built a temple at Mantinea in honour of his favourite Alcinoüs. The town was also called Antigonia. Other battles were fought in the neighbourhood. MANTUA (N. Italy), an Etruscan city, near which Virgil was born, 70 B.C. Mantua was ruled by the Gonzagas, lords of Mantua, from 1328 to 1708, when it was seized by the emperor Joseph I. It surrendered to the French, 2 Feb. 1797, after a siege of eight months; retaken by the Austrians and Russians, 30 July, 1799, after a short siege. After the battle of Marengo (14 June, 1800), the French again obtained possession of it. It was included in the kingdom of Italy till 1814, when it was restored to the Austrians, who surrendered it to the Italians, 11 Oct. 1866, after the peace. MANUFACTURES, see Silk, Cotton, &c. MAPLE-TREE. The acer rubrum, or scarlet maple, was brought here from N. America, before 1656. The deer Negundo, or ash-leaved maple, before 1688. From the Acer saccharinum (introduced here in 1735) the Americans make very good sugar. MAPS, see Charts, and Mercator. MARANON, see Amazon. MARATHON (in Attica). Here, on 28 or 29 Sept. 490 B.C., the Greeks, only 11,000 strong, defeated the Persian army amounting to about 110,000. The former were commanded by Miltiades, Aristides, and Themistocles. Among the slain (about 6400) was Hippias, the instigator of the war. The Persian army was forced to retreat to Asia; see Greece. MARBLE. Diponus and Scyllis, statuaries of Crete, were the first artists who sculptured marble, and polished their works; all statues previously being of wood, about 568 B.C. Pliny. The edifices or monuments of Rome were constructed of, or ornamented with, tine marble. The ruins of Palmyra are chiefly of white marble. The marble arch, London, erected at Buckingham palace, 1830, was removed to Hyde-park, March, 1851. MARIAN PERSECUTION, see Protestants. MARIGNANO (now MALEGNANO), N. Italy, near Milan. Three battles have been fought near here-1. Francis I. of France defeated the duke of Milan and the Swiss, 13, 14 Sept. 1515; above 20,000 men were slain. This conflict has been called the Battle of the Giants.-2. Near here was fought the battle of Pavia (which see), 24 February, 1525.-3. After the battle of Magenta, 4 June, 1859, the Austrians entrenched themselves at Malegnano. The 16,000 men to dislodge them, which he did with a emperor sent marshal Barraguay d'Hilliers with loss of about 850 killed and wounded, on 8 June. wounded, and 900 prisoners, out of 18,000 engaged. The Austrians are said to have lost 1400 killed and MARINER'S COMPASS, see Compass, and Magnetism. MARBURG (W. Germany). The cathedral MARINES were first established with the obwas founded, 1231; and the first Protestant univer-ject of forming a nursery to man the fleet. An order sity in 1527. It suffered much during the Seven in council, dated 16 Oct. 1664, authorised 1200 solyears' war, 1753-60. diers to be raised and formed into one regiment. In Ro MARCH, the first month of the year, until 1684, the third regiment of the line was called the Numa added January and February, 713 B.C. mulus, who divided the year into months, gave to this month the name of his supposed father, Mars; though Ovid observes, that the people of Italy had the month of March before the time of Romulus, but placed it differently in the calendar. The year formerly commenced on the 25th of this month; see Year. MARCHES. The old boundaries between England and Wales, and England and Scotland. The Lords Marchers of the Welsh borders had viceregal authority; the wardens of the Scotch marches were subordinate officers. These powers were abolished, 1536, and 1689. MARCHFELD (Austria). Here Ottocar II. of Bohemia was defeated and slain by his rival, the emperor Rodolph of Hapsburg, 26 Aug. 1278; see Bohemia. MARCIONITES, followers of Marcion, a heretic, about 150, who preceded the Manichees, and taught similar doctrines. Care. MARCOMANNI, a people of Southern Germany, expelled the Boii from Bohemia, and, united with other tribes, invaded Italy about 167, but were repelled by the emperors Antoninus and Verus. They were defeated by the legion called, from a fabled miracle, the Thundering Legion, 179; and finally driven beyond the Danube by Aurelian, 271. MARENGO (N. Italy). Here the French army, commanded by Bonaparte, after crossing the Alps into Piedmont, attacked the Austrians, 14 June, 1800; his army was retreating, when the arrival of general Dessaix turned the fortunes of the day. The slaughter on both sides was dreadful. By a treaty between the Austrian general Melas and Bonaparte, signed 15 June, the latter obtained twelve strong fortresses, and became master of Italy. MARESCHALS or MARSHALS, in France, were the esquires of the king, and originally had the command of the vanguard to observe the enemy and to choose proper places for its encampment. Till the time of Francis I., in 1515, there were but two marshals, who had 500 livres per annum in war, but no stipend in time of peace. The number was afterwards greatly increased. Napoleon's marshals were renowned for skill and courage; see Marshal. Marine Regiment; but the system of having soldiers exclusively for sea service was not carried into effect until 1698, when two marine regiments were formed. More regiments were embodied in subsequent years; each 1000 strong. In 1759 they numbered 18,000 and in 1741 the corps consisted of ten regiments, men. In the latter years of the French war, ending in 1815, they amounted to 31,400, but there were frequently more than 3000 supernumeraries. The jollies, as they are called, frequently distinguished themselves. The 66 Royal Marine Forces" (so named 1 May, 1802), now comprehend artillery and light infantry. The vote for 1857 was for 16,000 marines, inclusive of 1500 artillery. P. H. Nicolas. MARINO, SAN, a republic in central Italy. Its origin is ascribed to St. Marinus, a hermit, who resided here in the 5th century. Its independence was confirmed by pope Pius VII. in 1817. Population, in 1858, about 8000; in 1869, 7303. MARIOLATRY, worship of the virgin Mary, began in the 4th century, greatly increased in the 10th. MARITIME EXHIBITION at Havre opened by representatives of the government I June, 1868 a similar exhibition was opened at Naples by the prince of Piedmont, 17 April, 1871. and the name mark-lubs is still retained in Denmark. MARK, a silver coin of the northern nations, In England, the mark means the sum of 138. 4d., and the name is retained in law courts. Market, London, 1868. MARK'S, St. (Venice). The church was erected in 829; the piazza in 1592. were MARLBOROUGH, STATUTES OF, enacted in the castle of Marlborough, Wiltshire, 1267.-MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, Pall Mall, London, was built by Wren for the duke of Marlborough, 1709-10; was bought for the princess Charlotte and prince Leopold in 1817; held by queen Adelaide till 1849, and became the residence of the prince of Wales, 1863. MAROCCO, see Morocco. MARONITES, Christians in the East, followers of one Maron in the 5th century; they are said to have embraced the errors of the Jacobites Nestorians, and Monothelites. About 1180 they numbered 40,000, living in the neighbourhood of mount Libanus, and were of service to the Christian kings of Jerusalem. They were reconciled to the church of Rome soon after. For an account of the massacres of the Maronites in 1860, see Druses. MAROONS, a name given in Jamaica to runaway negroes. When the island was conquered from the Spaniards, a number of their negroes fled to the hills and became very troublesome to the colonists. A war of eight years' duration ensued, when the Maroons capitulated on being permitted to retain their free settlements, about 1730. In 1795 they again took arms, but were 'speedily put down and many were transported. Brande. MAR-PRELATE TRACTS, virulently attacking episcopacy, were mostly written, it is believed, by Henry Penry, who was cruelly executed, 29 May, 1593, for writing seditious words against the queen (found about his person when seized). The tracts appeared about 1586. Some had very singular titles: such as "An Almand for a Parrat," "Hay any Worke for Cooper?" &c. They were collected and reprinted in 1843. MARQUE, LETTERS OF, see Privateer. MARQUESAS ISLANDS (Polynesia) were discovered in 1595 by Mendana, who named them after the viceroy of Peru, Marquesa de Mendoça. They were visited by Cook in 1774, and were taken possession of by the French admiral Dupetit Thouars, I May, 1842. MARQUIS, a dignity, called by the Saxons markin-reve, by the Germans markgrave, took its original from mark or March, a limit or bound (see Marches); the office being to guard or govern the frontiers of a province. Marquis is next in honour to a duke. The first Englishman on whom the title was conferred was the favourite of king Richard II., Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, created marquis of Dublin, and placed in parliament between the dukes and earls, 1385. James Stewart, second son of James III. of Scotland, was made marquis of Ormond, in 1476, without territories, afterwards earl of Ross. MARRIAGE was instituted by God (Gen. ii.), and confirmed by Christ (Mark x.), who performed a miracle at the celebration of one (John ii.). Matrimonial ceremonies among the Greeks are ascribed to Cecrops, king of Athens, 1554 B.C. See Age. Law favouring marriage passed at Rome. Priests forbidden to marry after ordination Marriage in Lent forbidden B.C. 18 325 A. D. 366 It was forbidden to bishops in 692, and to priests in 1015; and these latter were obliged to take the vow of celibacy 1073 The celebration of marriage, as a sacrament, in churches ordained by pope Innocent III. about 1199; and so affirmed by the council of Trent. Marriages solemnised by justices of the peace under an act of the commons 1547 . 1653 1695 1753 1784 New marriage act, 1822; partially repealed Acts prohibiting marriages by Roman Catholic priests in Scotland, or other ministers not belonging to the church of Scotland, repealed Act to render the children of certain marriages within forbidden degrees of kindred legitimate; such marriages in future prohibited (Lyndhurst's act) The present marriage act for England, authorising marriages without religious ceremony, by regis 1823 1835 1834 A bill to suppress irregular marriages in Scotland (see Gretna) passed in A court established for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes, which has the power of giving sentence of judicial separation for adultery, cruelty, or desertion without cause for two years and upward (see Divorce) 1857 The Marriage Law Reform association instituted (to legalise a marriage with a deceased wife's sister), 15 Jan. 1851. A bill for this purpose passed the commons, 2 July; was rejected by the lords, 23 July, 1858; again rejected, 1862; and again by the commons, 2 May, 1866; and 30 April, 1870, rejected by the lords (77-73) 19 May, 1870; passed by commons, 9 March, rejected by the lords (9771), 27 March, 1871; passed by commons in 1872, 1873; and rejected by the lords (49-74), 14 March, 1873 These marriages made legal by the legislature at Melbourne ROYAL MARRIAGE ACT was passed in 1772, in consequence of the marriage of the duke of Gloucester, the king's brother, with the widow of the earl Waldegrave, and of the duke of Cumberland with the widow of colonel Horton and daughter of lord Irnham. [By this act, none of the descendants of George II., unless of foreign birth, can marry under the age of 25, without the consent of the king; at and after that age, the consent of parliament is necessary to render the marriage valid.] The narriage of the duke of Sussex with the lady Augusta Murray, solemnised in 1793, was pronounced illegal, and the claims of their son, sir Augustus d'Este, declared invalid, by the house of lords, 9 July, 1844. H. R. H. the princess Louise was married to the marquis of Lorne by the queen's consent, 21 March, 1871. *Of these marriages, it is stated in the registrar's returns that 47.570 men and 70,601 women could not write, and that they signed the marriage register with their marks.-In France, the marriages were 208,893 in 1820; 243,674 in 1825: and 259,177 in 1830. As respects Paris, 7754 marriages were, bachelors and maids, 6456; bachelors and widows, 368; widowers and maids, 708; widowers and widows, 222. Approximative. He HALF MARRIAGE. Semi-Matrimonium. Among the ment. MARRIAGES BY SALE. Among the Babylonians, at a cer- MAR'S INSURRECTION. John, earl of Mar proclaimed James III. at Braemar, Aberdeenshire, 6 September, 1715. He was defeated at Sheriffmuir, 13 Nov., and escaped from Montrose with the Pretender, 4 Feb. 1716. MARSAGLIA (Piedmont, N. Italy). Here the imperialists under prince Eugene and the duke of Savoy were defeated by the French under Catinat, 4 Oct. 1693. MARSEILLAISE HYMN. The words and music are ascribed to Rouget de Lille, or L'Isle, a French engineer officer, who composed it at the request of marshal Luckner, in 1791, to cheer the conscripts at Strasburg. It derived its name from a body of troops from Marseilles marching into Paris in 1792 playing the tune. The author was pensioned by Louis Philippe, 1830. MARSEILLES. The ancient Massilia (S. France), a maritime city, founded by the Phocæans about 600 B C.; an ally of Rome, 218 B.C. Cicero styled it the Athens of Gaul, on account of its excellent schools. Taken by Julins Cæsar after a long siege. . B. C. A. D. MARSHALS. Two were appointed in London to clear the streets of vagrants, and to send the sick, blind, and lame to asylums and hospitals for relief, 1567. Northouck. MARSHALS, BRITISH FIELD-. This rank was first conferred upon John, duke of Argyll, and George, earl of Orkney, by George II. in 1736. Sir John Fox Burgoyne was made field-marshal in Jan. 1868; see Mareschal. MARSHALS OF FRANCE, appointed by Napoleon I. during his wars, 1804-14. Arrighi, duke of Padua. Augereau, duke of Castiglione. Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo; afterwards king of Berthier, prince of Neufchatel and Wagram, committed Bessières, duke of Istria. Davoust, prince of Eckmühl and duke of Auerstadt. Junot, duke of Abrantes; suicide, 1813. Lannes, duke of Montobello, killed at Aspern, 1809. Marmont, duke of Ragusa. Massena, prince of Essling and duke of Rivoli. Mortier, duke of Treviso, killed by Fieschi, 28 July, 1835- Victor, duke of Belluno. MARSHALSEA COURT, having jurisdiction in the royal palace, was very ancient, of high dignity, and coeval with the common law. Since the decision of the case of the Marshalsea (see lord Coke's 10 Rep. 68) no business has been done in this court; but it was regularly opened and adjourned at the same time with the Palace court, the judges and other officers being the same. These courts were removed from Southwark to Scotland-yard in 1801, were abolished by parliament, and discontinued 31 Dec. 1849; see Prisons. MARSI, a brave people of Southern Italy, who, after several contests, yielded to the Romans, about 301 B.C. During the civil wars they and their allies rebelled, having demanded and been refused the rights of Roman citizenship, 91 B.C. After many successes and reverses, they sued for and obtained peace and the rights they required, 87 B.C. The Marsi being Socii of the Romans, this was called the Social war. MARSTON MOOR (near York). The Scots and parliamentary army were besieging York, when prince Rupert, joined by the marquis of Newcastle, determined to raise the siege. Both sides drew up on Marston-moor, on 2 July, 1644, and the contest was long undecided. Rupert, commanding the right wing of the royalists, was opposed by Oliver Cromwell, at the head of troops disciplined by himself. Cromwell was victorious; he drove his op839 ponents off the field, followed the vanquished, returned to a second engagement and a second victory. The prince's artillery was taken, and the royalists never recovered the blow. 49 470 1214 1251 By Euric the Visigoth 1482 The plague rages 1649 It carried off 50.000 of the inhabitants. The bishop Belsunce devotedly exerted himself to relieve the sufferers Revolutionary commotions here Marseilles opposes the revolutionary government, and is reduced 30 April, 1789 1720-1 MARTELLO TOWERS or MORTELLA TOWERS, were circular buildings erected in the beginning of the present century, on the southern coast of England, and other parts of the empire, defences against invasion. MARTIAL LAW, see Courts-Martial, and laws, and tickets of admission to a masquerade at Military Law. MARTINESTI, see Rimnik. MARTINIQUE (French West Indies), discovered in 1493 or 1502; settled by France, 1635. This and the adjacent isles of St. Lucia and St. Vincent, and the Grenadines, were taken by the British from the French in Feb. 1762. They were restored to France at the peace of the following year. They were again taken, 16 March, 1794; restored at the peace of Amiens in 1802; again captured 23 Feb. 1809. A revolution in this island in favour of Napoleon was finally suppressed by the British, I June, 1815, and Martinique reverted to its French masters. Severe earthquakes occurred here in 1767 and 1839. MARTINMAS, 11 Nov., the feast of St. Martin, bishop of Tours, in the 4th century, is quarter day in parts of the north of England and in Scotland. The high sheriffs of England and Wales are nominated on the morrow of St. Martin, 12 Nov. MARTINS' HALL, ST. (Long Acre, London), was opened as a concert-room for Mr. John Hullah, on 11 Feb. 1850; burnt down 26 Aug. 1860; rebuilt, 1861; opened as the New Queen's Theatre, by Mr. Alfred Wigan, 24 Oct. 1867. MARTYRS. Stephen the first Christian martyr, was stoned, 37. The festivals of the martyrs, of very ancient date, took their rise about the time of Polycarp, who suffered martyrdom about 169. St Alban is the English protomartyr, 286; see Persecutions, Protestants, and Diocletian Era. The Martyrs' Memorial, Smithfield, erected by the Protestant Alliance, was inaugurated II March, 1870. The Martyrs' memorial Church, St, John'sstreet, Clerkenwell, was consecrated 2 June, 1871. MARYLAND, named after queen Henrietta Maria, one of the first thirteen United States of North America, was granted in 1632 to lord Baltimore, and settled by a company of English Romanists in 1634. It contains the district of Colombia, in which Washington is situate. It continued in the Union when the other slave states seceded in 1860 and 1861. The confederate army, under general Lee, after their victory at Bull Run, 30 Aug. 1862, crossed the Potomac and entered Maryland. They were followed by the federal army under McClellan. Severe conflicts ensued, especially on 17 Sept., at Antietam Creek, with great loss on both sides, each claiming the victory. The confederates retired into Virginia in good order, and it is said with much booty. MASKS. Poppaa, the wife of Nero, is said to have invented the mask to guard her complexion from the sun; but theatrical masks were in use among the Greeks and Romans. Horace attributes them to Eschylus; yet Aristotle says the inventor and time of their introduction were unknown.Modern masks, and muffs, fans, and false hair for the women, were devised in Italy, and brought to England from France in 1572. Stow; see Iron Mask. MASQUERADES were in fashion in the court of Edward III., 1340; and in the reign of Charles, 1660, masquerades were frequent among the citizens. The bishops preached against them, and made such representations as occasioned their suppression, 9 Geo. I. 1724. They were revived and carried to a shameful excess in violation of the Ranelagh were on some occasions subscribed for at twenty-five guineas each, 1776. Mortimer. At the close of a bal masqué. 5 March, 1856, Coventgarden theatre was destroyed by fire. MASS, in the Roman church, is the office or prayers used at the celebration of the Eucharist, in memory of the passion of Christ, and to this every part of the service alludes. The general division consists in high and low; the first is that sung by choristers, and celebrated with the assistance of a deacon and sub-deacon; low masses are those in which the prayers are rehearsed without singing. Mass was first celebrated in Latin about 394; it was introduced into England in the 7th century. Prostration was enjoined at the elevation of the host in 1201. Dr. Daniel Rock, in "The Church of our Fathers" (1849), describes an ancient MS. of "The Service of the Mass, called the Rite of Salisbury," compiled for that cathedral, by St. Osmund and others, during the 12th century. The English communion service was adopted in 1549; see Missal, and Ritualism. BEFORE CHRIST. Of all the Carthaginians in Sicily, 397. 2000 Tyrians crucified and 8ooo put to the sword for not surrendering Tyre to Alexander, 331. Of 2000 Capuans, friends of Hannibal, by Gracehus, 211. A dreadful slaughter of the Teutones and Ambrones, near Aix, by Marius, the Roman general, 200,000 being left dead on the spot, 102. The Romans throughout Asia, women and children not excepted, massacred in one day, by order of Mithridates, king of Pontus, 88. A great number of Roman senators massacred by Cinna, Marius, and Sertorius, 87. Again, under Sylla and Catiline, his minister of ven geance, 82. At Perusia, Octavianus Cæsar ordered 300 Roman senators and other persons of distinction to be sacrificed to the manes of Julius Cæsar, 40. AFTER CHRIST. At the destruction of Jerusalem, 1,100,000 of Jews are Cassius, a Roman general, under the emperor M. At Alexandria, many thousands of citizens were massacred by order of Antoninus, 215. The emperor Probus is said to have put to death 400,000 of the barbarian invaders of Gaul, 277. Of the Gothic hostages by Valens, 378. Of Thessalonica, when 7000 persons invited into the circus were put to the sword, by order of Theodosius, 390. Of the circus factions at Constantinople, 532. Of the Albigenses and Waldenses, commenced at Toulouse, Of the Swedish nobility, at a feast, by order of Christian II., 1520. Of Protestants at Vassy, 1 March, 1562. Of 70,000 Huguenots, or French Protestants, in France (see St. Bartholomew), 24 Aug. 1572. Of the Christians in Croatia by the Turks, when 65,000 were slain, 1592. |