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1847 Ras Ali was ruler of Amhara; Ras Ubie of Tigré and Samien; and Sahela Selassie of Shoa. Population between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000.

Treaty of commerce with the king of Shoa concluded by captain Harris, 16 Nov. 1841.

Mr. Plowden (made British consul at Massowah, 1848), concludes treaty with Ras Ali, ruler of Amhara, 2 Nov. 1849.

Ras Ali deposed by his son-in-law Theodore, who is crowned, and takes the title of negus, or king of kings, 11 Feb. 1855.

Protestant missionaries received, replacing Roman catholies, 1855.

Mr. Plowden (who had joined the party of Theodore)

killed by rebels, Feb.; his friend Bell killed soon after, when avenging him; Theodore overcomes the rebels and massacres about 150 prisoners as a sacrifice to their manes, 1860.

Theodore sends a letter to the queen of England desiring alliance, which arrived 12 Feb. 1863.

Stern and Rosenthal, missionaries, beaten and imprisoned for censuring Theodore in letters intercepted, before Sept. 1863.

Theodore imprisons consul Cameron (on suspicion of his
intriguing with the Turks?) and others, about 22 Nov.
1863; sends them to Magdala, July, 1864.
News of the imprisonment arrives in London, May, 1864.
Mr. Hormuzd Rassam, an Arab Christian, assistant to
col. Merewether, British political resident at Aden,
sent on mission to Abyssinia, arrives at Massowah 20
Aug. 1864.

Mr. Rassam, lieut. Prideaux, and Dr. Blanc arrive at
Matemma from Massowah, 27 Nov. 1865.
Are well received by Theodore, Jan. 1866.
They write that they are well treated; all seized and
imprisoned, about 13 April, 1866.

Mr. Flad sent to England by Theodore to obtain British workmen, April; arrives, July; introduced to queen Victoria, and receives from her an autograph letter, dated 4 Oct. 1866.

Mr. Flad returned with workmen to Massowah, 29 Oct.; Theodore received the queen's letter about 19 Dec. 1866.

Lord Stanley's ultimatum to Theodore, demanding release of the captives in three months, sent 16 April, 1867. (Not received.)

Mr. Flad received by the king; and made to join his family in prison, May, 1867.

Preparations for war; sir Robert Napier appointed commander of an expedition; pioneer force sails from Bombay, 14 Sept. 1867.

A formal letter from the British government sent to Theodore, 9 Sept. 1867. (Suppressed for prudential reasons by Mr. Rassam.)

The king encumbered with baggage, and checked by rebels; Mr. Flad and the king's artisans with him, II Oct. 1867.

Advanced brigade (3500) sail from Bombay, 7, 8 Oct. ; land at Zoulla, 21 Oct. 1867.

Napier's proclamation issued in Abyssinia, 6 Nov. 1867.
Captives at Magdala reported well, 11 Nov. 1867.
Report that the Gallas have joined the revolt against
Theodore, 25 Nov. 1867.

The British parliament meets; the queen's speech

announces the war, 19 Nov. ; 2,000,000l. voted, 26, 27 Nov. 1867.

Arrival of sir R. Napier at Annesley bay, 4 Jan. 1868. Telegram: the army reported well; Theodore hemmed in by rebels, 8 Jan. 1868.

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The captives relieved of their chains March, 1868
Sir R. Napier arrives before Magdala 2 April,
Theodore massacres about 300 native prisoners
9 April,

Battle of Arogee or Fahla; Theodore's troops at-
tack the British first brigade; defeated with
much slaughter (Good Friday)
10 April,
Theodore retires to his stronghold in Magdala, and
requests Mr. Rassam to mediate; lieut. Prideaux
sent to sir R. Napier returns with a letter; Theo-
dore receives it indignantly, and sends an insult-
ing reply; lieut. Prideaux returning, meets Mr.
Rassam with some of the captives proceeding to
the British camp
. 11 April,
Theodore sends a letter of apology offering a present
of cattle; Mr. Rassam understanding this present
to have been accepted, tells the king's ministers;

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the rest of the captives, with their property, sent to the British camp . 12 April, 1868 Theodore rejects the terms offered; Magdala bombarded and stormed; Theodore kills himself 13 April, ["I fail to discover a single point of view from which it is possible to regard his removal with regret."-Sir R. Napier Magdala burnt to the ground Death of Theodore's queen Henry Dufton of the " shot by Shosho robbers Immediate return of the troops;-all had embarked, 2 June,

at Dover

18 June,] 17 April, 10 May,

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28 May,

Intelligence department"

2 July,

Troops arrive at Plymouth, 21 June; sir R. Napier [Cattle said to have been employed in the expedi tion: 45 elephants, 7417 camels, 12,920 mules and ponies, 7033 bullocks, 827 donkeys. Natives also were largely employed in the transport service.]

Theodore's son Alamayou, aged 7, arrives at Plymouth, 14 July; presented to queen Victoria, 16 July, Pension of 350l. to col. Cameron [he died 30 May, 1870]: 5000l. given to Mr. Rassam; 2000l. to Dr. Blanc; 200ol. to lieut. Prideaux; announced 23 Dec.,

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26 Jan., 1869

Prince Alamayou sailed to India for education (returned to England end of 1871) Expenses of the war: 5,000,000l. voted 18 Dec., 1868; 3,300,000l. more voted 4 Mar., Report of a commission on the expenses of the expedition disclosed much waste, attributed to urgency and divided authority

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Aug. 1870 21 June, 1871 11 July,

War between Gobazye, king of Amhara, and Kassa, king of Tigré; Kassa victor. Gobazye beaten and taken prisoner Kassa proposes to be crowned emperor and negus of all Abyssinia, 21 Nov.; punishes the Catholic missionaries for partisanship; and forms alliance with Egypt.

Kassa crowned king at Axum

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July, 14 Jan. 1872

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ACADEMIES. Academia was a shady grove without the walls of Athens (bequeathed by Academus for gymnastic exercises), where Plato first taught philosophy, and his followers took the title of Academics, 378 B. C. Stanley.-Rome had no academies.-Ptolemy Soter is said to have founded an academy at Alexandria, about 314 B. C. derahman I., caliph of Spain, founded academies about A.D. 773. Theodosius the Younger, Charlemagne, and Alfred are also named as founders of academies. Italy is celebrated for its academies; and Jarckius mentions 550, of which 25 were in Milan.

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1758.

Madrid, the Royal Spanish, 1713; History, 1730; Painting and the Arts, 1753.

Manheim, Sciences, 1755; Sculpture, 1775.

Mantua, the Vigilanti, Sciences, 1704.

Marseilles, Belles Lettres, 1726.

Massachusetts, Arts and Sciences, 1785.

Milan, Architecture, 1380; Sciences, 1719.

Munich, Arts and Sciences, 1759; Sciences, 1779

Naples, Rossana, 1540; Mathematics, 1560; Sciences, 1695; Herculaneum, 1755.

New York, Literature and Philosophy, 1814.
Nismes, Royal Academy, 1682.

Padua, for Poetry, 1613; Sciences, 1792.
Palermo, Medical, 1645.

Paris, Sorbonne, 1253: Painting, 1391; Music, 1543 and 1672; French (by Richelieu), 1635; Fine Arts, 1648; Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (by Colbert), 1663; Sciences (by Colbert), 1666; Architecture, 1671; Surgery, 1731; Military, 1751: Natural Philosophy, 1796, see Institute. Parma, the Innominati, 1550.

Perousa, Insensati, 1561; Filigirti, 1574.
Philadelphia, Arts and Sciences, 1749.
Portsmouth, Naval, 1722; enlarged, 1806.
Rome, Umoristi, 1611; Fantascici, 1625; Infecondi, 1653:
Painting, 1665; Arcadi, 1690; English, 1752; Lincei,
about 1600; Nuovi Lincei, 1847.
St. Petersburg, Sciences, 1725; Military, 1732; the School
of Arts, 1764.

Stockholm, of Science, 1741; Belles Lettres, 1753; Agriculture, 1781; Royal Swedish, 1786.

Toulon, Military, 1682.

Turin, Sciences, about 1759; Fine Arts, 1778.

Turkey, Military School, 1775

Upsal, Royal Society, Sciences, 1720.

Venice, Medical, &c., 1701.

Verona, Music, 1543; Sciences, 1780.

Vienna, Sculpture and the Arts, 1705; Surgery, 1783; Oriental, 1810.

Warsaw, Languages, and History, 1753.

Washington, United States, America, 1863.
Woolwich, Military, 1741.

ACADIA, see Nova Scotia.

ACANTHUS, the foliage forming the volutes of the Corinthian capital, ascribed to Callimachus, about 540 B.C.

ACAPULCO, Mexico. A Spanish galleon, from Acapulco, laden with gold and precious wares (estimated at above 1,000,000l. sterling), taken by commodore Anson, who had previously acquired booty in his voyage amounting to 600,000l., June, 1743. He arrived at Spithead in the Centurion, after having circumnavigated the globe, 15 June, 1744.

ACARNANIA, N. Greece. The people became prominent in the Peloponnesian war, having invited the help of the Athenians against the Ambracians, 432 B.c. The Acarnanians were subdued by the Lacedæmonians in 390; they took part with Macedon against the Romans in 200, by whom they were defeated in 197, and subjugated in 145.

ACCENTS were first introduced in the Greek language by Aristophanes of Byzantium, a grammarian and critic who taught at Alexandria about 264 B.C. Accents were first used by the French in the reign of Louis XIII. (about 1610).

ACCESSION, THE, i.e., that of the House of Hanover to the throne of Great Britain, in the person of George I., elector of Hanover, son of Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. He succeeded, I Aug., 1714, by virtue of the act of settlement passed in the reign of William III., 12 June, 1702, which limited the succession to his mother (as a Protestant) in the event of queen Anne dying without issue.

ACCESSORIES TO CRIMES. The law respecting them consolidated and amended in 1861.

ACCIDENTS, see under Coal, Fires, Railways &c. For compensation for accidents, see Campbell's Act and Passengers. In 1865, it was computed that, in one year, about 250 persons are killed, and 1200 injured, in the streets of London.

ACCIDENTAL DEATHS IN ENGLAND AND WALES.

1856, 9716 1860, 9225 | 1864, 10,997 | 1868, 11,033 1857, 8930 1861, 9213 1865, 11,397 1869, 10,725 1858, 8947 1862, 90051866, 11,262 1870, 10,906 1859, 9241 1863, 9952 1867, 11,172 1871, 11,316

ACCLIMATISATION OF ANIMALS. This has been prosecuted with great vigour since the establishment of the Zoological society of London in 1829, and of the Société d'Acclimatation in Paris. Numbers of European animals have been naturalised in Australia; the camel has been conveyed to Brazil (1859); alpacas are bred at Paris; and ostriches in Italy (1859). On 6 Oct. 1860, the Bois de Boulogne, near Paris, was opened as a zoological garden, containing only acclimatised animals. An English acclimatisation society was founded 10 June, 1860, by hon. Grantley Berkeley, Mr. J. Crockford, Mr. F. Buckland, &c., and the prince of Wales became president in April, 1865. It was not successful. An acclimatising garden was established at Melbourne, Australia, in Feb. 1861, and efforts made to naturalise English birds, fishes, &c.

ACCORDION, a small wind-instrument with keys, introduced into England from Germany about 1828.

ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL IN CHANCERY, &c., an office instituted in 1726, and abolished by an act passed 6 Aug. 1872. In 1841, the office of accountant-general of the court of exchequer was abolished, and the duties transferred to the accountant in chancery.

ACCOUNTANTS' INSTITUTE established at a meeting, 30 July, 1870. William Quilter in the chair. A meeting to establish the "Accountants' society" was held 11 Jan. 1872.

ACCUSERS. By occult writers, such as Agrippa, accusers are the eighth order of devils, whose chief is called Asteroth, or Spy. In Revelation, ch. xii. 10, the devil is called "the accuser of the brethren."-False accusers were to be hanged, by 24 Henry VI. 1446; and burnt in the face with an F, by 37 Henry VIII. 1545. Stow.

ACELDAMA, a field said to have been the one bought with the thirty pieces of silver given to Judas Iscariot for betraying Christ, is still shown to travellers. Matthew xxvii. 8; Acts i. 19.—This name was given to an estate purchased by Judge Jeffreys after the "bloody assizes" in 1685.

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ACHAIA (N. Peloponnesus), Greece, said to have been settled by Achæus, the son of Xuthus, about 1330 B.C. () The kingdom was united with Sicyon or subject to the Etolians until about 284 B.C. The Achæi, descendants of Achæus, originally inhabited the neighbourhood of Argos; but when the Heraclida drove them thence, they retired among the Ionians, expelled the natives, and seized their thirteen cities, viz. Pellene, Ægira, Ægium, Bura, Tritea, Leontium, Rhypes, Cerynea, Olenos, Helice, Patræ, Dyme, and Phara, forming the ACHEAN LEAGUE.

Achaia invaded by Epaminondas

B.C. 366

The ACHEAN LEAGUE revived by four cities about 280, and by others

Aratus made prætor

275, 274

The league joined by Corinth (captured 243), Megara, &c.

245

242-228

Supported by Athens and Antigonus Doson
The Achæans defeated at Ladocea, by the Spartans,
under Cleomenes III., 226; totally defeat them at
Sellasia

229

221

The Social war begun; battle of Caphyæ in Arcadia Aratus defeated

220

The Peloponnesus ravaged by the Etolians

219

Peace of Naupactus

217

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213

208

Alliance of the league with the Romans

198

Philopomen defeated by Nabis iu a naval battle All the Peloponnesus joins the league

194 191

War with Messene: Philopoemen made prisoner and

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ACHONRY, SLIGO (N. Ireland), a bishopric founded by St. Finian, who erected the church of Achad, or Achonry, about 520, and conferred it on his disciple Nathy (Dathy, or David), the first bishop. The see, held with Killala, since 1612, was united with Tuam in 1834.

ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, in which colour is got rid of, were invented by John Dollond, and described in Phil. Trans. of the Royal Society, London, 1753-8.

ACIDS (now defined as salts of hydrogen) are generally soluble in water, redden organic blues, decompose carbonates, and destroy the properties of alkalies, forming alkaline salts. The number of

acids was increased by the Arabs; Geber (8th century) knew nitric acid and sulphuric acid. Theories of the constitution of acids were put forth by Becher (1669), Lemery (1675), and Stahl (1723). After the Lavoisier (1778), concluded that oxygen was a condiscovery of oxygen by Priestley, Aug. 1774, stituent of all acids; but about 1810 Davy, GayLussac, and others, proved the existence of acids free from oxygen. In 1816 Dulong proposed the binary or hydrogen theory of acids, and in 1837 Liebig applied the theories of Davy and Dulong to explain the constitution of several organic acids. Oxygen acids were termed anhydrides by Gerhardt (died 1856). Many acids have been discovered through the advance of organic chemistry. Watts. Latin church, unknown to the Greek church for ACOLYTES, an inferior order of clergy in the four hundred years after Christ.

ACOUSTICS (from akouō, Greek, I hear), the science of sound, so named by Sauveur in the 17th century. The formation of sound in the air by the vibrations of the atmosphere, strings, &c., was explained by Pythagoras about 500 B.C., and by Aristotle, 330 B.C.

The speaking trumpet said to have been used by Alexander the Great, 335 B.C.

Galileo's discoveries, about A.D. 1600.

His theorem of the harmonic curve demonstrated by Dr. Brook Taylor, in 1714; further perfected by D'Alembert, Euler, Bernouilli, and La Grange, at various periods of the eighteenth century.

Hooke calculated the vibration of sounds by the striking of the teeth of brass wheels, 1681.

Sauveur determined the number of vibrations belonging to a given note, about 1700.

Velocity of sound said to be 1473 feet in a second, by Gassendi; 1172 feet by Cassini, Romer, and others: 968 feet by Newton; 1090 feet, at the temperature of 32° Fahrenheit, by Tyndall; the velocity increases with the rise of temperature.

Chladni (who raised acoustics to an independent science) published his important discoveries on the figures produced in layers of sand by harmonic chords, &c., in 1787, and since.

Cagniard-Latour invented the Sirène (which see) 1819. Savart determined the range of the perception of the human ear to be from 7 to 24,000 vibrations a second, 1830.

Biot, Savart, Wheatstone, Lissajous, Helmholtz, Tyndall, and others in the present century have greatly increased our knowledge of acoustics.

ACRE, a land measure, formerly of uncertain quantity, and differing in various parts of the country, was reduced to a standard by Edward I., about 1305. In 1824 the standard acre was ordered by statute to contain 4840 square yards.

ACRE, Acca, anciently Ptolemais, in Syria, was taken by the Saracens in 638; by the crusaders under Baldwin I. in 1104; by Saladin in 1187; and again by Richard I. and other crusaders, 12 July, 1191, after a siege of 2 years, with a loss of 6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 earls, 500 barons, and 300,000 soldiers. It was then named St. Jean d'Acre. It was retaken by the Saracens in 1291, when 60,000 Christians perished, and the nuns, who had mangled their faces, to preserve their chastity, were put to death. Acre was gallantly defended by Djezzar Smith, who resisted twelve attempts by the French, Pacha against Bonaparte, till relieved by sir Sidney between 16 March and 20 May, 1799, when Bonaparte retreated. Acre, as a Turkish pachalic, was seized 27 May, 1832, by Ibrahim Pacha, who had revolted. On 3 Nov. 1840, it was stormed by the allied fleet under sir Robert Stopford, and taken after a bombardment of a few hours, the Egyptians losing upwards of 2000 in killed and wounded, and 3000

prisoners, while the British had but 12 killed and Statutes first printed in the reign of Richard III., 1483. 42 wounded; see Syria and Turkey.

ACROPOLIS, the ancient citadel of Athens, built on a rock. Near it stood the temple of Minerva, the Parthenon, which see. Other cities had similar fortresses.

ACROSTIC, a poem in which the first or last letters of each line, read downwards, form a word, is said to have been invented by Porphyrius Optalianus in the 4th century. Double acrostics became very popular in 1867.

ACS OR ACZ (Hungary). The Hungarians under Görgey were defeated here by the Austrians and Russians, on 2 and 10 July, 1849.

ACT OF SETTLEMENT, &c.; see Accession, Succession, Supremacy, and Uniformity Acts.

ACTA DIURNA; see Newspapers.

ACTA SANCTORUM ("acts of the saints"), a work begun by the Jesuits. The first volume appeared in 1643: the publication was interrupted in 1734, when the fifty-third volume was published, but was resumed in 1846, and has advanced in the order of months as far as October. The writers have been named Bollandists, from John Bolland, who published the first two volumes.

ACTINOMETER, an instrument to measure the_heating_power of the solar rays, invented by sir John F. Herschel, and described by him in 1825. See Sun.

ACTIUM, a promontory of Acarnania, W. Greece, near which was fought, 2 Sept. 31 B.C. (the battle between the fleet of Octavius Cæsar, and that of Marc Antony and Cleopatra, which decided the fate of Antony; 300 of his galleys going over to Cæsar. This victory made Octavius master of the world, and the Roman empire is commonly dated I Jan. 30 B.C. (the Actian Era). The conqueror built Nicopolis (the city of victory), and instituted the Actian games.

ACTON BURNEL, or Shrewsbury. At the parliament held here by Edward I., Oct. 1283, the "statute of merchants" against debtors was enacted.

ACTRESSES appear to have been unknown to the ancients; men or eunuchs performing the female parts. Charles II. is said to have first encouraged the public appearance of women on the stage in England, in 1662; but Anne, queen of James I., had previously performed in a theatre at court. Theat. Biog. Mrs. Colman was the first English public actress; she performed the part of Ianthe in Davenant's "Siege of Rhodes," in 1656. Victor.

ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, supposed to have been written by Luke in continuation of his Gospel. It terminates A.D. 63.

ACTS OF PARLIAMENT, OR STATUTES, see Parliament. The following are among the most celebrated early statutes:Provisions of Merton, 1235-6. Statute of Marlborough, 1267.

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of Bigamy, 1275-6.

of Gloucester, the earliest statute of which any record exists, 6 Edw. I. 1278.

of Mortmain, 1279.

Statute of Merchants or Acton-Burnel, 1283.

Quo Warranto, Oct. 1280.

Statutes of Wales, 1284.

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of Westminster, 1275, 1285, 1290.

Statutes of the Realm, from Magna Charta to George I., printed from the original records and MSS. in 12 vols. folio, under the direction of commissioners appointed in 1801, 1811-28.

The statutes passed during each session were formerly printed annually in 4to and 8vo, now in 8vo only. Abstracts are given in the Cabinet Lawyer. Between 1823 and 1829, 1126 acts were wholly repealed, and 443 repealed in part, chiefly arising out of the consolidation of the laws by Mr. (afterwards sir Robert) Peel; of these acts, 1344 related to the kingdom at large, and 225 to Ireland solely; and in 1856 many obsolete statutes (enacted between 1285 and 1777) were repealed.

By the Statute Law Revision Act of 1861, 770 acts were wholly repealed, and a great many partially. By the similar act of 1863, a great number of enactments were repealed, commencing with the Provisions of Merton, 20 Henry III. (1235-6), and ending with 1 James II. (1685).

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Acts of parliament abbreviation bill" introduced by Lord Brougham 12 Feb., passed 10 June, 1850.

1410 acts (passed between 1689 and 1770) partially or wholly repealed, 1867. Chronological Table and Index to the Statutes to the end of 1869," published 1870. New Index to acts 1800-65, printed, 1868. Publication of the revised edition of the statutes, begun 1870.

The greatest number of acts passed in any one year since 1800 was 570, in 1846 (the railway year); 402 were local and personal, 51 private, and 117 public acts. In 1841. only 13 were passed (the lowest number), of which two were private. In three instances only, the annual number was under a hundred. The average number of the first ten years of the present century was 132 public acts. In the ten years ending 1850, the average number of acts, of public interest, was 112.

The

number of public general acts passed in 1851 was 106;

in 1852, 88; in 1853, 137; in 1854, 125; in 1855, 134; in 1856, 120; in 1857, 86; in 1858, 109; in 1859, 101; in 1860, 154; in 1861, 134; in 1862, 114; in 1863, 125; in 1864, 121; in 1865, 127; in 1866, 122; in 1867, 146; in 1868, 130; in 1869, 117; in 1870, 112; in 1871, 117; in 1872, 98.

ACTS, in dramatic poetry, first employed by the Romans. Five acts are mentioned by Horace (Art of Poetry) as the rule (about 8 B.C.).

ACTUARY, ACTUARIUS, the Roman accountant. The Institute of Actuaries founded in 1848, publishes its proceedings in the "Assurance Magazine."

ADAM AND EVE, ERA OF, in the English Bible, 4004 B.C.; see Creation.

ADAMITES, a sect said to have existed about ligious assemblies, asserting that if Adam had not 130, and to have been quite naked in their resinned there would have been no marriages. Their chief was named Prodicus; they defied the elements, rejected prayer, and said it was not necessary to confess Christ. Eusebius. A sect with this name arose at Antwerp in the 12th century, under Tandemus or Tanchelin, whose followers, 3000 soldiers and others, committed many crimes. It became extinct soon after the death of its chief; but another of the same kind, named Turlupins, appeared shortly after in Savoy and Dauphiny. A Fleming named Picard, revived this sect in Bohemia, about 1415; it was suppressed by Ziska, 1420.

ADDA, a river N. Italy, passed by Suwarrow after defeating the French, 27 April, 1799.

ADDINGTON ADMINISTRATION. Mr. Pitt, having engaged to procure Roman Catholic

Statute forbidding the levying of taxes without the con- emancipation to promote the union with Ireland,

sent of parliament, 1297.

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of Præmunire, 1306.

and being unable to do so as a minister, resigned 3 Feb. 1801. A new ministry was formed by Mr.

Addington, March-July, 1801; after various changes separate articles headed with the name of the PREit terminated about 10 May, 1804.

Henry Addington,* first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer.

Lord Eldon, lord chancellor.

Duke of Portland, lord president.

Earl of Westmoreland, lord privy seal.

Lord Pelham, home secretary.

Mr. R. B. Jenkinson (lord Hawkesbury, 1803; and earl of Liverpool, 1808), foreign secretary.

Lord Hobart, colonial secretary.

Earl St. Vincent, first lord of admiralty.

Earl of Chatham, ordnance.

Charles Yorke, secretary-at-war.

Vicount Lewisham, Lord Auckland, &c.

ADDISCOMBE COLLEGE, near Croydon, Surrey, purchased by the East Indian company in 1809, for the education of candidates for the scientific branches of the Indian army, was closed in 1861.

ADDLED PARLIAMENT,

ment.

ADDRESSERS, see Abhorrers.

see Parlia

ADELAIDE, the capital of South Australia, was founded in 1836. It contained 14,000 inhabitants in 1850, and 18,259 in 1855. It was made a bishopric in 1847. It was visited by the duke of Edinburgh, 1 March, 1869.

ADELPHI (Greek for brothers) several streets on the south side of the Strand, London, erected about 1768 by the brothers, John, Robert, James, and William Adam, after whom the streets are named. ADELPHI THEATRE, built 1806, rebuilt 1858; see under Theatres.

ADEN, a free port on the S. W. corner of Arabia, where in Dec. 1836 a British ship was wrecked and plundered. The sultan promised compensation, and agreed to cede the place to the English. The sultan's son refusing to fulfil this agreement to captain Haynes, a naval and military force, under captain H. Smith, of the Volage, was dispatched to Aden, which captured it, 19 Jan. 1839. It is now a garrison and coal depôt for Indian steamers, &c.

ADIGE, a river in N. Italy, near which the Austrians defeated the French on 26, 30 March, and 5 April, 1799.

ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND AND OF GREAT BRITAIN. Until the Restoration, 1660, there was not any cabinet in the modern sense. The sovereign was aided by privy councillors, varying in number, the men and offices being frequently changed. The separation of the cabinet from the privy council became greater during the reign of William III., and the control of the chief, now termed the " premier," began in the reign of Anne. "The era of ministries may most properly be reckoned from the day of the meeting of the parliament after the general election of 1698." Macaulay. For a fuller account of each, since 1700, see

*Born 1757; became viscount Sidmouth, Jan. 1805; held various offices afterwards, and died in 1844. His circular to the lords lieutenants, dated 27 March, 1817, directing them to adopt severe measures against the authors of blasphemous and seditious pamphlets, was greatly censured, and not carried into effect.

+ Till 1850 the cabinet council usually consisted of the following twelve members: First lord of the treasury: lord chancellor; lord president of the council; chancellor of the exchequer; lord privy seal; home, foreign, and colonial secretaries; first lord of the admiralty; president of the board of trade; president of the board of

MIER, given below in italics

HENRY VIII-Abp. Warham; bps. Fisher and Fox; earl of Surrey, &c. . A.D. 1509 Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, &c. 1514

1529

1532

Earl of Surrey; Tunstall, bishop of London, &c. . 1523
Sir Thos. More; bps. Tunstall and Gardiner, and
Cranmer (afterwards abp. of Canterbury)
Abp. Cranmer; lord Cromwell, aft. earl of Essex;
Thos. Boleyn, earl of Wiltshire, &c. .
Thomas, duke of Norfolk; Henry, earl of Surrey;
Thomas, lord Audley; bishop Gardiner; sir
Ralph Sadler, &c.

1540

Lord Wriothesley; Thomas, duke of Norfolk; lord
Lisle; sir William Petre; sir William Paget, &c. 1544
EDWARD VI. Lord Wriothesley, now earl of
Southampton, lord chancellor (expelled); Edward,
earl of Hertford, lord protector, created duke of
Somerset; John, lord Russell; Henry, earl of
Arundel; Thomas, lord Seymour; sir Wm. Paget;
sir Wm. Petre, &c.

. 1547

John Dudley, late lord Lisle and earl of Warwick, created duke of Northumberland; John, earl of Bedford; bishop Goodrich, sir William Cecil, &c. MARY.-Stephen Gardiner, bp. of Winchester; Edmund Bonner, bp. of London; William, marq. of Winchester; sir Edwd. Hastings, &c. ELIZABETH.-Sir Nicholas Bacon; Edward lord Clinton; sir Robert Dudley, aftds. earl of Leicester; sir William Cecil, aftds. lord Burleigh William, lord Burleigh (minister during nearly all the reign); sir N. Bacon, &c.

Lord Burleigh; sir Thomas Bromley; Robert Devereux, earl of Essex (a favourite); earl of Leicester; earl of Lincoln; sir Walter Mildmay; sir Francis Walsingham, &c.

Lord Burleigh; Robert, earl of Essex; sir Christopher Hatton, &e.

Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, afterwards earl of Dorset ; Sir Thomas Egerton, afterwards lord Ellesmere and viscount Brackley; sir Robert Cecil, &c.

1551

1554

1558

1572

1579

1587

• 1599

JAMES I.-Thomas, earl of Dorset ; Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Charles, earl of Nottingham; Thomas, earl of Suffolk; Edward, earl of Worcester; Robert Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury, &c. 1603 Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury; Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Henry, earl of Northampton; Charles earl of Nottingham; Thomas, earl of Suffolk, &c. 1609 Henry, earl of Northampton; Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Edward, earl of Worcester; sir Ralph Winwood; Charles, earl of Nottingham; Robert, viscount Rochester, afterwards earl of Somerset, &e.

Thomas, lord Ellesmere: Thomas, earl of Suffolk; Charles, earl of Nottingham; Sir George Villiers (a favourite), afterwards viscount Villiers, and successively earl, marquis, and duke of BuckSir Henry Montagu, afterwards viscount Mandeingham

ville and earl of Manchester. Lionel, lord Cranfield, afterwards earl of Middlesex; Edward, earl of Worcester; John, earl of Bristol; John Williams, dean of Westminster; George Villiers, now marquis of Buckingham; sir Edward Conway, &c.

CHARLES I.-Richard, lord Weston, afterwards earl of Portland; sir Thomas Coventry, afterwards lord Coventry; Henry, earl of Manchester (suc

1612

1615,

1620

1621

In 1850

control; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. the number was fifteen, and included the secretary-atwar, the postmaster-general, and the chief secretary for Ireland. In the Palmerston-Russell cabinet (which see), the president of the poor-law-board replaced the secretary for Ireland. The average duration of a ministry has been set down at four, five, and six years; but instances have occurred of the duration of a ministry for much longer periods: sir Robert Walpole was minister from 1721 to 1742 (21 years); Mr. Pitt, 1783 to 1801 (18 years); and lord Liverpool 1812 to 1827 (15 years). Several ministries have not lasted beyond a few months. as the Coalition Ministry in 1783, and the "Talents' Ministry in 1806. The "Short-lived" Administration lasted 10 to 12 Feb. 1746.

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