Revolution (see France) March, 1846 22 Feb. 1848 1853-62 Paris much improved by Louis Napoleon (probable cost (12,800,000l.) Industrial Exhibition opened by the emperor and empress, 15 May; visited by queen Victoria and prince Albert (the first visit of an English sovereign to Paris since 1422), 24 Aug. ; exhibition closes, 15 Nov. 1855 Conference at Paris respecting the Danubian Principalities (which see); closes Aug. 1858 Bois du Boulogne opened as a garden of acclimatisation 6 Oct. 1860 Remains of Napoleon I. deposited in the Invalides, 31 March, 1861 A building was erected for a permanent industrial exhibition by a company The scheme failed. Boulevard-prince-Eugène opened by the emperor, Oct. 1862 Feb. 1864 7 Dec. 1862 Decree for an international exhibition of the products of agriculture, industry, and the fine arts, at Paris, in 1867; commissioners appointed, 21 Feb. 1864 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION on the Champ de Mars (with a new park, comprising more than 100 acres); the oblong building designed by Leplay (enclosing 35 acres), 1245 feet wide, 1500 feet long, consisting of circles within circles; the external corridor was a belt of iron, 85 feet high and 115 feet wide; opened by the emperor and empress, 1 April, 1867 It was visited by the prince of Wales, the kings of Greece, Belgium, Prussia, and Sweden, the czar of Russia, the viceroy of Egypt, the sultan of Turkey, the emperor of Austria, and other inferior potentates. May-Nov. Attempted assassination of the czar by Berezowski, a Pole 6 June, The czar and the king of Prussia entertained by M. Hausmann, prefect of Paris (cost 36,000l.), 8 June, Departure of the czar, 11 June; of the king of Prussia 14 June, Distribution of prizes to exhibitors by the emperor in the presence of the prince of Wales, the sultan, &c. . 1 July, Berezowski condemned to transportation for life, 15 July, Visit of the emperor of Austria 23 Oct.-2 Nov. Grand banquet to commissioners of international exhibition . 26 Oct. Exhibition finally closed (instead of on 31 Oct.), Sunday, 3 Nov. Abbé Migné's great printing-office burnt, loss about 360,000l. 12 Feb. 1868 M. Hausmann, the prefect of the Seine, reported the budget of the city to exceed 9,200,000l. He resigned Jan. 1870 For the sieges and other recent events, see France and Franco-German War [See France] IMPORTANT TREATIES OF PARIS. 1870-1 Between England, France, Spain, and Portugal ; cession of Canada to Great Britain by France, and Florida by Spain 10 Feb. 1763 Between France and Sardinia; the latter ceding Savoy, &c. 15 May, 1796 Between France and Sweden, whereby Swedish Pomerania and the island of Rugen were given up to the Swedes, who agreed to adopt the French prohibitory system against Great Britain 6 Jan. 1810 Capitulation of Paris: Napoleon renounces the sovereignty of France. 11 April, 1814 Convention of Paris, between France and the allied powers; the boundaries of France to be the same as on the 1st of January, 1792. 23 April, Peace of Paris ratified by France and all the allies, 14 May, Convention of St. Cloud, between marshal Davoust, and Wellington, and Blucher, for the surrender of Paris 3 July, 1815 [The allies entered it on the 6th.] Treaty of Paris, between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, styling Napoleon the prisoner of those powers, and confiding his safeguard to England 2 Ang. Establishing the boundaries of France, and stipu lating for the occupation of certain fortresses by foreign troops for three years 20 Nov. Treaty of Paris, confirming the treaties of Chaumont and Vienna, same day . 20 Nov. Treaty of Paris, to fulfil the articles of the Congress of Vienna 10 June, 1817 Treaty of Paris between Russia and Turkey, England, France, and Sardinia (revised 13 March, 1871; see Russia) 30 March, 1856 Declaration of Paris, signed by European powers, not by United States, March, 1856: 1. Privateering abolished. 2. Neutral flags to exempt an enemy's goods from capture, except contraband of war. 3. Neutral goods under an enemy's flag not to be seized. 4. Blockade to be bin ting must be effective. This declaration was censured in parliament in 1871. Treaty of Paris between England and Persia, 4 March, 1857 Treaty of Paris between the European powers, this name was used even in the time of Edward the Prussia, and Switzerland, respecting Neufchâtel, Confessor, 1041. The first clear account we have of 26 May, 1857 the representatives of the people forming a house of Important commercial treaty between France and England. 23 Jan. 1860 commons, was in the 43rd Hen. III. 1258, when it Convention between France and Italy for withwas settled by the statutes of Oxford, that twelve drawal of French troops from Rome 15 Sept. 1864 persons should be chosen to represent the commons in the three parliaments, which, by the sixth statute, PARISHES. Their boundaries in England were to be held yearly. Burton's Annals. The were first fixed by Honorius, archbishop of Canter-general representation by knights, citizens, and bury, 636. They were enlarged, and the number burgesses, took place 49 Hen. III. 1265. Dugdale's of parishes was consequently reduced in the 15th Summons to Parliament, edit. 1685; see Commons century, when there were 10,000. The parishes of and Lords. The power and jurisdiction of parliaEngland and Wales now amount to 11,077. Parish ment are so transcendent and absolute, that it canregisters were commenced in 1538. Acts were not be confined, either for causes or persons within passed in 1844 and 1856 by which new parishes may any bounds. It hath sovereign and uncontrollable be formed out of too extensives ones; acts amended authority in making and repealing laws. It can in 1869. The appointment of parish constables was regulate or new-model the succession to the crown made unnecessary by an act passed Aug. 1872. See (as was done in the reigns of Henry VIII. and Registers, and Benefices. William III.). It can alter and establish the religion of the country, as was done in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. Sir Edward Coke. The fourth edition of May's "Practical Treatise on Parliament" was published in 1859; see Triennial and Septennial. First summons of barons by writ directed to the bishop of Salisbury, by John Parliament of Merton PARKESINE. A new substance, composed of gun-cotton, obtained from various vegetable bodies, and oil. It can be formed with the properties of ivory, tortoiseshell, wood, india-rubber, gutta-percha, &c. It is the invention of Mr. Alexander Parkes, of Birmingham, and was shown by him at the Exhibition in 1862. In Dec. 1865, at the Society of Arts, parkesine was proved to be an excellent electric insulator, and therefore likely to be suitable for telegraphic purposes. PARK LANE MURDER, see Trials, 1872. PARKS. The Romans attached parks to their villas. Fulvius Lupinus, Pompey, and Hortensius, among others, had large parks. In England, the first great park of which particular mention is made, was that of Woodstock, formed by Henry I., 1125. Queen Caroline, consort of George II., inquired, it is said, of the first Mr. Pitt (afterwards earl of Chatham), how much it would cost to shut up the parks as private grounds. He replied, "Three crowns, your majesty." The design was never afterwards entertained. See Finsbury, Southwark, Green, Hyde, James's, St., Regent's, Victoria, Alexandra, Battersea, and People's Parks. Acts for the establishment of public parks in England and Ireland were passed 12 July, 1869 The Parks' Regulation act, passed 27 June, 1872 By new regulations, Hyde, Battersea, Regent's, and Victoria parks are the only metropolitan parks in which public addresses may be given, under certain restrictions Oct. 1872 These regulations (much objected to; broken, and offenders fined) were modified by the home secretary Feb. 1873 PARK'S TRAVELS. Mungo Park set sail on his first voyage to Africa, under the patronage of the African society, to trace the source of the river Niger, 22 May, 1795; and returned 22 Dec. 1797, after having fruitlessly encountered great danger. He again sailed from Portsmouth on his second voyage, 30 Jan. 1804, appointed to a new expedition by government; but never returned. His murder at Broussa on the Niger was well authenticated. PARLIAMENT (from the French parlement, discourse) derives its origin from the Saxon general assemblies, called Wittenagemot. The name was applied to the assemblies of the state under Louis VII. of France, about the middle of the 12th century, but it is said not to have appeared in our law till its mention in the statute of Westminster I., 3 Edw., 1272: and yet Coke declared in his Institutes, and spoke to the same effect, when speaker (1592), that 1205 1236 An assembly of knights and burgesses (the mad First assembly of the commons as a confirmed repre- . 20 Jan. 1265 First regular parliament (according to many historians), 22 Edw. I. First a deliberate assembly; it becomes a legisla- The commons elect their first speaker, Peter De la 1294 1308 Parliament of only one day (Richard II. deposed) 29 Sept. 1399 "Parliamentum Indoctum" at Coventry (lawyers ex- sented .6 Oct. 1404 1413 1430 1459 1509 1542 1547 Francis Russell, son of the earl of Bedford, was the first peer's eldest son who sat in the house of commons The Addled Parliament; remonstrated with James I. respecting benevolences; dissolved by him in anger 1549 5 April, 1614 The parliament in which were first formed the Court and Country parties, 1614, disputes with James I. Charles I. dissolves parliament, which does not meet for eleven years June, 1620 The Long Parliament (which voted the house of lords as useless) first assembled. 1629 3 Nov. 1640 The bishops excluded from voting on temporal mat ters. A peer sat as a member of the commons * When the royal assent is given to a public bill, the clerk says "Le roi [or la reine] le veut." If the bill be If a private bill, he says "Soit fait comme il est désiré." which is a mild way of giving a refusal. It is singular Long Parliament COMMONWEALTH 5 May . 1640 3 Nov. " 20 April. 1653 1654 22 Jan. . 1655 1656 4 Feb. 1659 Aug. 1853 1855 The two houses began to communicate by letter Nov. Her Majesty authorised to proclaim prorogation of parliament during the recess, by act passed 12 Aug. 1867 New Reform bill received royal assent 15 Aug. Great dissatisfaction in the commons at the smallness of their building; a committee's report (proposing changes or a new house) printed' Changes in mode of dealing with private bills in court of referees Vote by proxy in the house of lords abolished by Reform acts for Scotland and Ireland, and Parlia *Termed the "Palace of Westminster." The first con- i tract for the embankment of the river was taken in 1837. by Messrs Lee; this embankment, faced with granite, is 886 feet in length, and projected into the river in a line with the inner side of the third pier of old Westminsterbridge. Sir Charles Barry (born 1795, died 1860) was the architect of the sumptuous pile of buildings raised since 1840. The whole stands on a bed of concrete twelve feet thick; to the east it has a front of about rooo feet, and covers an area of nine statute acres. It contains 1100 apartments, 100 staircases, and two miles of passages or corridors. The great Victoria tower at the south-west extremity is 346 feet in height, and towers of less magnitude crown other portions of the building. CHARLES II. Pensionary Parl. JAMES II. 3 Sept. 17 Sept. 27 Jan. 6 May 25 April 8 May 22 April 1659 16 March. 1660 1660 29 Dec. 1661 24 Jan. 6 March. 1679 21 March. 1681 19 May 10 July 1679 28 March. 1681 22 July 1685 22 Jan. 1689 1687 WILLIAM III. 20 March. 1690 11 Oct. 7 July 19 July 11 Nov. 1658 - 1700 1701 26 Nov. 27 Sept. 1790 20 May 1796 16 Nov 15 Dec. 1806 29 April 1807 22 June 1807 24 Sept. 1812 24 Nov . 1812 10 June 14 Jan. 1819 GEORGE IV. 23 April 1820 2 June 14 NOV 26 Oct. 1830 WILLIAM IV. 22 April 14 June 1831 3 Dec. . 29 June . 1833 30 Dec. 1834 17 July 1837 15 Nov. 1837 23 June 1841 19 Aug. 1841 23 July 1847 18 Nov. 1847 I July 4 Nov. 1852 1852 21 March. 1857 1 April 31 May 1 Feb. 10 Dec. 1859 . 1806 1868 1818 1826 1830 1831 1832 1859 6 July 1865 11 Nov. 1868 PARLIAMENT OF IRELAND, it is said, began with conferences of the English settlers on the hill of Tara, in 1173. Writs for knights of the shire were issued in 1295. The Irish parliament met last on 2 Aug. 1800; the bill for the union having passed. PARLIAMENT OF SCOTLAND consisted of barons, prelates, and abbots, and occasionally of burgesses. A great national council was held at Scone by John Balliol, 9 Feb. 1292; and by Robert Bruce at Cambuskenneth, in 1326. A house of commons was never formed in Scotland. The parliament of Scotland sanctioned the act of union on 16 Jan. 1707, and met for the last time on 22 April, same year. PARLIAMENT OF PARIS was made the chief court of justice in France by Philip IV.; at his suggestion it revoked a bull of pope Boniface VIII., 1302. It was suppressed by Louis XV., 1771; restored by Louis XVI., 1774; demanded a meeting of the states-general in 1787; and was suspended by the national assembly, 3 Nov. 1789; see Com mune. It was 1714 PARMA (N. Italy). founded by the ancient Etrurians. It took part with the Lombard league in the wars with the German emperors. made a duchy (with Placentia), 1545. United to Spain by Philip V.'s marriage with Elizabeth Farnese Battle near Parma: the confederates, England, France, and Spain, against the emperor; both armies claimed the victory Battle near the Trebbia; the French under Macdonald, defeated by Suwarrow, with the loss of 10,000 men and four generals 19 June, 1799 The duke of Parina made king of Etruria Feb. 1801 Parma united to France: with Placentia and Guastalla conferred on Maria Louisa, ex-empress, by treaty of Fontainebleau. 5 April, 1814 29 June, 1734 | 18 March, 1860 1 Feb. 1864 PARRICIDE. There was no law against it in Athens or Rome, such a crime not being supposed possible. About 172 B.C., L. Ostius having killed his father, the Romans scourged the parricide; sewed him up in a leathern sack made air-tight, with a live dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, and thus cast him into the sea. Miss Blandy was executed at Oxford for the murder of her father, April, 1752. PARSEES or GUEBRES, the followers of Zerdusht, dwelt in Persia till 638, when, at the battle of Kadseah, their army was decimated by the Arabs, and the monarchy annihilated at the battle of Náhárand in 641. Many submitted to the conquerors, but others fled to India, and their descendants still reside at Bombay (where they are termed Parsees), and where they numbered 114,698 in 1849. Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji, a l'arsee merchant, was for several years professor of Gujerati at University college, London. See Bombay. PARTHENON (from Greck parthene, virgin), a temple at Athens dedicated to Minerva, erected about 442 B.C. In it Phidias placed his renowned statue of that goddess, 438 B.C. The roof was destroyed by the Venetians in 1687; see Elgin Marbles. PARTHENOPEAN REPUBLIC was established by the French at Naples (anciently called Parthenope), 23 Jan. 1799, and overthrown in June same year. PARTHIA (Asia). The Parthians were originally a tribe of Scythians, who, being exiled, as their name implies, from their own country, settled near Hyrcania. Arsaces laid the foundation of an empire which ultimately extended over a large part of Asia, 250 B.C.; the Parthians were never wholly subdued by the Romans. The last king, Artabanus V., was killed, A.D. 226; and his territories were annexed to the new kingdom of Persia founded by Artaxerxes, who had revolted against Parthia. PARTITION ACT, relative to the division of property sold by direction of the court of chancery, passed 25 June, 1688. PARTICULARISTS. The name given to those Germans who desire the maintenance of the independence of the German states, and oppose their absorption into the empire. M. Gasser, one of them, failed in an attempt to form a ministry in Bavaria, Sept. 1872. PARTITION TREATIES. The first treaty between England and Holland for regulating the Spanish succession (declaring the elector of Bavaria next heir, and ceding provinces to France) was signed 19 Aug. 1698; and the second (between France, England, and Holland, declaring the archduke Charles presumptive heir of the Spanish monarchy, Joseph Ferdinand having died in 1699), 13 March, 1700. Treaty for the partition of Poland; the first was a secret convention between Russia and Prussia, 17 Feb. 1772; the second between the same powers and Austria, 5 Aug. same year; the third was between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, 24 Oct. 1795. PARTNERSHIP. out entering them; the door posts being marked with the blood of the Paschal Lamb killed the evening before. The passover was celebrated in the new temple, 18 April, 515 B.C. Usher. PASSPORT SYSTEM forbids subjects to quit one country or enter another without the consent of the sovereign thereof. In 1858 the system was somewhat changed in this country, and the stamp duty on passports was reduced from 58. to 6d. Passports were abolished in Norway in 1859; in Sweden in 1860; and (with regard to British subThe laws respecting it jects) in France, 16 Dec. 1860; in Italy, 26 June, were amended in 1863; see Limited Liability. PARTY, see Processions. PASIGRAPHY (from Greek, pasi, for all): a system which professes to teach people to communicate with each other by means of numbers which convey the same ideas in all languages. A society for this purpose was established at Munich; and the president, Anton Bachmaier, published a dictionary and grammar in 1871; 4334 mental conceptions may be thus communicated. | 1862; in Portugal, 23 Jan. 1863; and are falling into disuse in other countries. The passport system was established in the United States on 19 Aug. 1861. The passport system, revived in France on account of the war, 1 Aug. 1870, was abolished by M. Thiers, 10 April, 1872, in compliance with the wish of the British government. PASTON LETTERS, the correspondence of a respectable family, 1422-83, giving a picture of social life in England, were edited by sir John Fenn, and published in five volumes, quarto, 1787 PASQUINADES. Small satirical poems ob- 1823. Their authenticity was questioned Sept. tained this name about 1533. At the stall of a cobbler named Pasquin, at Rome, idle persons used to assemble to listen to his sallies, to relate anecdotes, and rail at the passers-by. After the cobbler's death, his name was given to a statue to which lampoons were affixed. PASSAROWITZ TREATY, concluded 21 July, 1718, between Germany and Venice, and the Turks, by which the house of Austria ceded certain commercial rights, and obtained from Turkey the Temeswar, Belgrade, and part of Bosnia, Servia, and Wallachia. The Turks gained the Morea. PASSAU (Germany), TREATY OF, whereby religious freedom was established, was ratified between the emperor Charles V. and the protestant princes of Germany, 31 July, 1552. In 1662 the cathedral and great part of Passau were consumed by fire. PASSENGERS-by public vehicles, are protected by 1 & 2 Will. IV. c. 22 (1831), 1 & 2 Viet. c. 79 (1838), and 16 & 17 Viet. e. 33 (1853). Mr. Cleghorn, under whom the front seat on the near side of one of the general omnibus company's car 1865, but was satisfactorily vindicated by a committee of the society of Antiquaries in May, 1866. Part of the MS. was soon after purchased by the trustees of the British Museum. The publication of a new edition, by James Gairdner, with additional letters, began 1872. PATAY (France), where Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, was present, when the earl of Richemonte signally defeated the English, 18 June, 1429. Talbot was taken prisoner, and the valiant Fastolfe was forced to flee. In consequence, Charles VII. of France entered Rheims in triumph, and was crowned 17 July, following year, Joan of Arc assisting in the ceremony in full armour, and holding the sword of state, see Joan of Are. PATENTS (from pateo, I open), licences and authorities granted by the king. Patents granted for titles of nobility were first made 1344, by Edward III. They were first granted for the exclusive privilege of printing books, in 1591. The property and right of inventors in arts and manufactures were secured by letters patent by an act passed in 1623. The later laws regulating patents are very numerous; among them are 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 83 (1835), riages had given way, recovered 400l. damages and 15 & 16 Vict. c. 83 (1852). By the latter COM against the company, in a verdict by consent, in the Queen's Bench, 10 Dec. 1856. The Ships' Passenger act, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 19, passed in 1855, was amended in 1863; see Campbell's Act. PASSIONISTS, a congregation of clerks of the holy cross, founded by St. Paul of the Cross, who died 1775, and was canonized by the pope 1867. A home was set up in England in 1841, and others since. PASSION PLAY, see Drama. PASSION-WEEK, the name given since the Reformation to the week preceding Easter, was formerly applied to the fortnight. Archbishop Laud says the two weeks were so called "for a thousand years together," and refers to an epistle, by Ignatius, in the 1st century, in which the practice is said to have been "observed by all." PASSOVER, the most solemn festival of the Jews, instituted 1491 B.C. (Exodus xii.) in commemoration of their coming out of Egypt; because the night before their departure, the destroying angel, who put to death the firstborn of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the Hebrews with MISSIONERS OF PATENTS were appointed, viz., the lord chancellor, the master of the rolls, the attorney-general for England and Ireland, the lord advocate, and the solicitors-general for England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 1853, a journal was published under their authority, and indexes of patents, from March, 1617 to the present time. Specifications of patents may be consulted by the public at the Free Library and Reading-Room, in Southampton-buildings, opened 5 March, 1854. A museum containing models, portraits, &c., was established in 1859 at South Kensington, mainly by the exertions of Mr. Bennet Woodcroft. In an In 1864, the alleged defalcations of Mr. Edmunds, a clerk PATNA (N. India). Near here the English, under major Carnac, defeated the emperor Shah |