were instituted for appeals in particular cases from Caledonia, &c., mostly discovered within two the courts of the Germanic states. AURAY (N. W. France). Here, on 29 Sept. 1364, the English, under John Chandos, defeated the French and captured their leader Du Guesclin. Charles of Blois, made duke of Brittany by the king of France, was slain, and a peace was made in April, 1365. centuries. Accidental discoveries were made by the AURICULAR CONFESSION. The confession of sin at the ear (Latin, auris) of the priest was an early practice, since it is said to have been AUSTRALIA (formerly New Holland), the forbidden in the 4th century by Nectarius, arch-largest island and smallest continent; estimated bishop of Constantinople. It was enjoined by the area about three million square miles, including council of Lateran in 1215, and by the council of five provinces-New South Wales, Victoria (formerly Trent in 1551. It was one of the six articles of Port Phillip), South Australia, West Australia (or faith enacted by our Henry VIII. in 1539, but was Swan River), and Queensland (all which see). abolished in England at the Reformation. Its revival here has been attempted by the church party 1871, about 1,958,650. Population, with Tasmania and New Zealand, in called Puseyites, Tractarians, or Ritualists.* AURIFLAMMA or ORIFLAMME, the national golden banner mentioned in French history, belonging to the abbey of St. Denis, and suspended over the tomb of that saint. Louis le Gros was the first king who took this standard from the abbey to battle, 1124. Hénault. It appeared for the last time at Agincourt, 25 Oct. 1415. Tillet. Others say at Montlhery, 16 July, 1465. Mr. R. H. Major, in 1872, alleged that Australia was known to the French prior to . 1531 1601 March, 1606 Alleged discovery by Manoel Godinho de Eredia, a 1627 1684-90 Wm. Dampier explores the W. and N. W. coasts, AURORA FRIGATE, sailed from Britain in 1771, to the East Indies, and was never again Terra Australia (Western Australia) named New heard of. AURORÆ BOREALES AND AUSTRALES (Northern and Southern Polar Lights), though rarely seen in central Europe, are frequent in the arctic and antarctic regions. In March, 1716, an aurora borealis extended from the west of Ire land to the confines of Russia. The whole horizon lat. 57 N. was overspread with continuous haze of a dismal red during a whole night, Nov. 1765. Mr. Foster, the companion of captain Cook, saw the aurora in lat. 58° S. The aurora is now attributed to the passage of electric light through the rarefied air of the polar regions. In August and September, 1859 (and about 24 Oct. 1870), when brilliant aurorae were very frequent, the electric telegraph wires were seriously affected, and communications interrupted. Aurora were seen at Rome and Basel, and also in Australia. AUSCULTATION, see Stethoscope. AUSTERLITZ, a town in Moravia, where a battle was fought between the French and the allied Austrian and Russian armies, 2 Dec. 1805. Three emperors commanded: Alexander of Russia, Francis of Austria, and Napoleon of France. The killed and wounded exceeded 30,000 on the side of the allies, who lost forty standards, 150 pieces of cannon, and thousands of prisoners. The decisive victory of the French led to the treaty of Presburg, signed 26 Dec. 1805; see Presburg. AUSTIN FRIARS, see Augustin Friars. AUSTRALASIA, the fifth great division of the world. This name originally given it by De Brosses, includes Australia, Van Diemen's Land, New Guinea, New Zealand, New Britain, New * The rev. Alfred Poole, a curate of St. Barnabas, Knightsbridge, was suspended by his bishop from his office for practising auricular confession in June, 1858, and the suspension was confirmed in Jan. 1859. Much excitement was created by a similar attempt by the rev. Temple West at Boyne Hill, in Sept. 1858. 1642-4 1665 Jan. 1686 1763-6 Holland by order of the States-General Botany Bay, and name the country Exploration of Furneaux New South Governor Phillip founds Sydney near Port Jackson, with 1030 persons . 1773 26 Jan. 1788 [The 82nd anniversary of this event was kept with First church erected Government gazette first printed of the Bass's straits discovered by Bass and Flinders . 1790 1789-92 Aug. 1793 Colony of Van Diemen's land (now Tasmania) established Grant, 1800, and Flinders survey the coasts of Aus tralia . 1795 1798 1802 1803 . 1801-5 1804 1808 Insurrection of Irish convicts quelled home 1809 1817-1823 Superseded by governor Macquarie 1821 1829 1828-31 Aug. 1834 West Australia formed into a province Port Phillip (now Victoria) colonised Sept. 1835 Colony of South Australia founded 1836-7 Νον. 1837 1837-9 Capt. Grey explores N. W. Australia Strzelecki explores the Australian Alps; discovers 1839 1840 1858-62 Aug. 1860 20 Aug. Sir Charles Fitzroy, governor-general of all the Australian colonies, with a certain jurisdiction over the lieutenant-governors of Van Diemen's Land, Victoria, and South and Western Australia. Sir William T. Denison 1846 1854 1860 Death of archdeacon Cowper (aged 80), after about Queensland made a province J. M'Douall Stuart's expeditions Robert O'Hara Burke, Wm. John Wills, and others, Nov. 1861 Stuart, M'Kinlay, and Landsborough cross Australia from sea to sea. Remains of Burke and Wills recovered; public funeral 1861-2 21 Jan. 1863 Strong and general resistance throughout Australia to the reception of British convicts in West Australia about June, 1864 Cessation of transportation to Australia in three years announced amid much rejoicing 26 Jan. 1865 Morgan, a desperate bushranger and murderer surrounded and shot April, Boundary disputes between New South Wales and Victoria, in summer of 1864; settled amicably 19 April, Total population of Australia, exclusive of natives, 1,298,667 Meeting of ministers from the Australian colonies at Melbourne to arrange postal communication with Europe March, Jan. 1866 Sir John Young, of New South Wales only See New South Wales. Acts for the government of Australia, 10 Geo. IV. AUSTRASIA, Esterreich (Eastern Kingdom), also called Metz, a French kingdom which lasted from the 6th to the 8th century. It began with the division of the territories of Clovis by his sons, 511, and ended by Carloman becoming a monk and surrendering his power to his brother Pepin, who thus became sole king of France, 747 AUSTRIA, a Hamburg company's steamship, sailed from Southampton to New York 4 Sept. 1853, with 528 persons on board. On 13 Sept. in lat. 45° N., long. 41° 30′ W., it caught fire through the carelessness of some one in burning some tar to fumigate the steerage. Only 67 persons were saved 1867-upwards of 60 by the Maurice, a French barque; the rest by a Norwegian barqué. A heartrending account was given in the Times, 11 Oct. 1858, by Mr. Charles Brews, an English survivor. GOLD DISCOVERY.-Mr. Edward Hargraves went to California in search of gold, and was struck with the similarity between the rocks and strata of California and those of his own district of Conobolas, some thirty miles west of Bathurst. On his return home, he examined the soil, and after one or two months' digging, found a quantity of gold, 12 Feb. 1851. He applied to the colonial government for a reward, which he readily obtained, The excitement became intense throughout the colony of New South Wales, rapidly spread to that of Victoria and other places; and in the first week of July, 1851, an aboriginal inhabitant, formerly attached to the Wellington mission, and then in the service of Dr. Kerr, of Wallawa, discovered, while tending his sheep, a mass of gold among a heap of quartz. Three blocks of quartz (from two to three hundred weight), found in the Murroo Creek, fifty miles to the north of Bathurst, contained 112 lb. of pure gold, valued at 4000l. The "Victoria nugget," a magnificent mass of virgin gold, weighing 340 ounces, was brought to England from the Bendigo diggings; and a piece of pure gold of 106 lb weight was also found. From the gold fields of Mount Alexander and Ballarat, in the district of Victoria, up to Oct. 1852, there were found 2,532,422 ounces, or 105 tons 10 cwt. of gold; and the gold exported up to the same date represented 8.863,477. sterling. In Nov. 1856, the "James Baines and "Lightning" brought gold from Melbourne valued as 1,200,000l. The "Welcome nugget" weighed 2019 ounces: value, 83761. 10s. 10d.; found at Baker's Hill, Ballarat, 11 June, 1858. Between May, 1851, and May 1861, gold to the value of 96,000,000l. had been brought to England from New South Wales and Victoria, with an appointment as commissioner of crown lands. AUSTRIA, Esterreich (Eastern Kingdom), anciently Noricum and part of Pannonia, was annexed to the Roman empire about 33; was overrun by the Huns, Avars, &c., during the 5th and 6th centuries, and taken from them by Charlemagne, 791-796. He divided the government of the country, establishing margraves of Eastern Bavaria and Austria. Louis the German, son of Louis le Débonnaire, about 817, subjugated Radbod, margrave of Austria; but in 883 the descendants of the latter raised a civil war in Bavaria against the emperor Charles the Fat, and eventually the margraves of Austria were declared immediate princes of the empire. In 1156 the margraviate was made an hereditary duchy by the emperor Frederic I.; and in 1453 it was raised to an archduchy by the emperor Frederic III. Rodolph, count of Hapsburg, elected emperor of Germany in 1273, acquired Austria in 1278; and from 1493 to 1804 his descendants were emperors of Germany. On 11 Aug. 1804, the emperor Francis II. renounced the title of emperor of Germany, and became hereditary emperor of Austria. The condition of Austria is now greatly improving under the enlightened rule of the present emperor. The political constitution of the empire is based upon-I. The pragmatic sanction of Charles VI., 1734, which declares the indivisibility of the empire * and rules the order of succession. 2. The pragmatic sanction of Francis II., I Aug. 1804, when he became emperor of Austria only. 3. The diploma of Francis Joseph, 20 Oct. 1860, whereby he imparted legislative power to the provincial states and the council of the empire (Reichsrath). 4. The law of 26 Feb. 1861, on the national representation. Self-government was granted to Hungary, 17 Feb. 1867. The empire was ordered to be named henceforth the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, by decree, 14 Nov. 1868. Population of the empire in Oct. 1857, 35,018,988; reduced to 32,530,000 by the loss of Venetia, &c., in 1866 (about 16,000,000 Slavs of different dialects). Population (31 Dec. 1869) : Austria and other Cis-Leithan provinces, 20, 394,980; Hungary and Trans-Leithan provinces, 15,509,455. Frederic II, the last male of the house of Bamberg, killed in battle with the Hungarians 15 June, 1246 Disputed succession: the emperor Frederic II. sequestered the provinces, appointing Otto, count of Eberstein, governor in the name of the emperor; they are seized by Ladislaus, margrave of Moravia, in right of his wife, Frederic's niece, Gertrude he died childless 1247 . 1250 1254 Herman, margrave of Baden, marries Gertrude, and holds the provinces till his death Premislas Ottocar, of Bohemia, acquires the provinces Compelled to cede Styria to Hungary, he makes war and recovers it, in consequence of a great victory 1260 He inherits Carinthia, 1263; refuses to become enperor of Germany, 1272; and to render homage to Rodolph of Hapsburg, elected emperor 1273 War against Ottocar as a rebel: he is compelled to cede Austria, Carinthia, and Styria to Rodolph. 1274 The war renewed: Ottocar perishes in the battle of Marchfeld 26 Aug. 1278 . Albert I. assassinated by his nephew while attempting to enslave the Swiss Successful revolt of the Swiss They totally defeat the Austrians under duke Leo 1 May, 1308 1307-9 16 Nov. 1315 1363 The duke Leopold imposes a toll on the Swiss; which they resist with violence: he makes war on them, and is defeated and slain at Sempach · 1437 July, 1386 Duke Albert V. obtains Bohemia and Hungary, and is elected emperor of Germany. The emperor Frederic III., as head of the house of Hapsburg, creates the archduchy of Austria with sovereign power 6 Jan. 1453 1463 Austria divided between him and his relatives, 1457; war ensues between them till. The Low countries accrue to Austria by the marriage of Maximilian with the heiress of Burgundy 1477 Also Spain, by the marriage of Philip I. of Austria, with the heiress of Arragon and Castile Bohemia and Hungary united to Austria under Ferdinand I. Napoleon marries the archduchess Maria Louisa, the daughter of the emperor Congress at Vienna Treaty of Vienna . 13 May, 1809 24 Oct. . 1 April, 1810 2 Oct. 1814 25 Feb. 1815 [Italian provinces restored with additions-Lom- Insurrection in Italy, see Milan, Venice, and Sar- 15-17 May, Archduke John appointed vicar-general of the empire A constituent assembly meet at Vienna 1496 1526 1529-45 . 1556 1618-48 1701-14 3 Jan. 1708 By treaty of Utrecht he obtains part of the duchy of Milan By treaty of Rastadt he acquires the Netherlands . 1714 Naples, &c., added to his dominions 15 Nov. 1715 Further additions on the east (Temeswar, &c.) by the peace of Passarowitz . Naples and Sicily given up to Spain 1718 1735 The empire is now divided into two parts, separated by the river Leithe. The Cis-Leithan section comprises 14 provincial diets: Galicia, Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, lower and upper Austria, Styria, the Tyrol and Voralburg, Salzburg, Carinthia, Carniola, Trieste, and Istria, Dalmatia, and the Bukovina. The Trans-Leithan section comprises Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slavonia, and the city of Fiume. 28 Feb. 1853 19 Feb. relative to Aug. 1854 2 Dec. 24 June, 1855 By a concordat the pope acquires great power in the empire Amnesty for political offenders of 1848-9, 18 Aug. 12 July, 1856 March, 1857 Austria remonstrates against the attacks of the free Diplomatic relations between Austria and Sardinia 23-30 March, broken off in consequence Emperor and empress visit Hungary May, Death of marshal Radetzky (aged 92) 5 Jan. 1858 Excitement throughout Europe, caused by the address of the emperor Napoleon III. to the Austrian ambassador:-"I regret that our relations with your government are not as good as formerly, but I beg of you to tell the emperor that my personal sentiments for him have not changed 1 Jan. 1859 The emperor of Austria replied in almost the same Prince Napoleon Bonaparte marries princess 30 Jan. 1859 Intervention of Russia-proposal for a congress; disputes respecting the admission of Sardinia ---Sardinia and France prepare for war, March & April, Austria demands the disarmament of Sardinia and the dismissal of the volunteers from other states within three days This demand rejected The Austrians cross the Ticino' The French troops enter Piedmont 23 April, 26 April, Resignation of count Buol, foreign minister; ap mtment of count Rechberg 3 May,,, 13-18 May, The Austrians defeated at Montebello, 20 May; at Palestro, 30-31 May at Magenta, 4 June; at Malegnano (Marignano) 8 June, Prince Metternich dies, aged 86 (he had been actively engaged in the wars and negotiations of Napoleon I.). 11 June,,, Austrians defeated at Solferino (near the Mincio): the emperors of Austria and France and king of Sardinia present 24 June, Armistice agreed upon, 6 July: the emperors meet, 11 July; the preliminaries of peace signed at Villa Franca (Lombardy given up to Sardinia, and an Italian confederation proposed to be formed), 12 July,,, Manifesto justifying the peace issued to the army, 12 July; to the people 15 July, Patent issued, granting greatly increased privileges to the Protestants,-announced Conference between the envoys of Austria and France at Zurich 8 Aug. to Sept. Sept. Many national reforms proposed Sept. Treaty of Zurich, confirming the preliminaries of Villa Franca, signed Derees removing Jewish disabilities, 10 NOV. 4 Feb. Increased taxation proposed March, At an imperial council, the emperor present, the principle of ministerial responsibility is resolved 26 April, Deficiency of 1,400,000l. in financial statementindignation of the Reichsrath June, Amnesty to condemned political offenders in Hun gary proclaimed 18 Nov. on. Reduction in the army assented to; and a personal liberty law (resembling our habeas corpus act) passed . Dec. Insurrection in Russian Poland, Jan.; Austria joins in the intercession of England and France April 1863 Meeting of the German sovereigns (except kings of Prussia, Holland, and Denmark) with the emperor of Austria at Frankfort, by his invitation; the draft of a reform of the federal constitution agreed to 16-31 Aug. Transylvanian deputies accept the constitution, and take seats in the Reichsrath 20 Oct. "" Austria joins Prussia in war with Denmark (see Denmark) Jan. 1864 Galicia and Cracow declared to be in a state of siege 6, 10 Jan. 18 Feb. 1860 Patent issued for the summoning the great imperial Council (Reichsrath), composed of representatives elected by the provincial diets 5 March, Discovery of great corruptions in the army financial arrangements, a deficiency of about 1,700,000l. discovered; general Eynatten commits suicide; 82 persons arrested March, March, Austria protests against the annexation of Tuscany, &c., by Sardinia Baron Bruck, suspected of complicity in the army frauds, dismissed 20 April; commits suicide, 23 April, The Reichsrath assembles, 30 May; addressed by the emperor I June, July, July-Oct. Liberty of the press further restrained. Unsettled state of Hungary (which see) Friendly meeting of the emperor and the regent of Prussia at Toplitz 26 July, Free debates in the Reichsrath; strictures on the concordat, the finances, &c.; proposals for separate constitutions for the provinces, Aug. & Sept. The Reichsrath adjourned 29 Sept. Diploma conferring on the Reichsrath legislative powers, the control of the finances, &c., a manifesto issued to the populations of the empire (not well received). 20 Oct. Meeting of the emperor with the emperor of Russia and prince regent of Prussia at Warsaw: no important result 20-26 Oct. The government professes non-intervention in Italy, but increases the army in Venetia, Oct. & Nov. The empress goes to Madeira for health Nov. Sale of Venetia, publicly spoken of, is repudiated in Dec. The emperor and the king of Prussia meet at Carlsbad 22 June, Resignation of count Rechberg, foreign minister, succeeded by count Mensdorff-Pouilly 27 Oct. Peace with Denmark, signed at Vienna 30 Oct. Emperor opens Reichsrath, 14 Nov.; great freedom of debate; the state of siege in Galicia censured Dec. Austria supports the confederation in the dispute respecting the duchies Dec. Apparent reunion between Austria and Prussia Jan. 1865 Great financial difficulty; proposed reduction in the army by the chambers Jan. Contest between the government and the chambers Amnesty for Italy issued. the settlement of Holstein Preparations for war begin " The Italians defeated by the archduke Albrecht, at 24 June, Prussian victories at Nachod, &c. 27-29 June, Benedek totally defeated at Königgrätz or Sadowa 3 July, (For details of the war see Prussia and Italy.) The new German empire recognised by the emperor Dismissal of Potocki; count Hohenwart, minister Feb. 20 Feb. Meeting of the Reichsrath Commercial treaty with France (to commence 1 Jan. 1867), signed 11 Dec. Great dissension among the nationalities of the empire Extraordinary diet convoked (for 25 Feb.). 3 Jan. 1867 Establishment of autonomy for Hungary announced; resignation of Belcredi, 4 Feb.; Von Beust made president of the council Dec. 7 Feb. Rescript restoring a separate ministry for Hungary, count Andrassy president Death of archduke Stephen (palatine of Hungary in 1848). 17 Feb. Feb. 23 April, 20 May, Commercial treaty with Italy, signed Reichsrath opened at Vienna The Czechs (of Bohemia and Moravia), Croats, Slavonians, Serbs, Roumans (of Transylvania), and Russinians (of Galicia), protest against absorption, and demand national legislative powers May & July, Painful death of the archduchess Matilda through burns 6 June, The emperor and empress crowned king and queen of Hungary at Buda 8 June, Von Beust made chancellor of the empire, 23 June, The sultan visits Vienna. . 27 July - Aug. The emperors of Austria and France meet at Salzburg 18-23 Aug. 13 Sept. Arrangements for the dividing the financial affairs of Austria and Hungary, signed Changes (respecting marriage and education) in the concordat, proposed 28 bishops demand the maintenance of the concordat Sept. 28 Sept. Letter from the emperor to cardinal Rausch, declaring for complete liberty of conscience in opposition to the concordat; the concordat almost annulled by the lower house. Oct. Emperor of Austria and king of Prussia meet at Oos, near Baden-Baden 22 Oct. Emperor arrives at Paris, 23 Oct. ; leaves 5 Nov. Dualism accepted by the Reichsrath at Vienna Nov. New Austrian ministry under prince Auersperg constituted 30 Dec. Meeting of the Reichsrath. Death of adm. Tegethoff, much lamented First meeting of "Old Catholics" at Jan. 1871 7 April, Vienna, 26 July, An international exhibition at Vienna in 1873, proposed. Sept. Meeting of 17 provincial diets; struggle between the (Slavonian) conservatives and the (German) constitutionalists renewed 14 Sept. Meeting of emperor with emperor William 6-8 Sept. Political crisis: dissension between German and Slavonian parties, Oct. ; resignation of the Hohenwart ministry 25 Oct. A ministry formed under baron Kellersperg 4 Nov. Resignation of count Beust, the arch-chancellor ; much excitement 6 Nov. Count Andrassy appointed minister of the imperial household and of foreign affairs; Von Beust to be ambassador at London; Lonyay, premier of Hungarian ministry. 13-14 Nov. New ministry formed by prince Auersperg, about 21 Nov. The Reichsrath opened by the emperor with speech announcing political and educational reforms 1156. Henry II. Civil marriages bill (annulling clerical jurisdiction Von Beust justifies the maintenance of an army of The frigate Radetsky blown up, about 340 Jan. 1869 lives lost 20 Feb. 7 Oct. The crown prince of Prussia visits Vienna The concordat with Rome declared to be sus- DUKES. 1177. Leopold V. He made prisoner Richard I. of England when returning incognito from the crusade, and was compelled to surrender him to the emperor Henry VI. 1194. Frederic I., the catholic. 1198. Leopold VI., the glorious. 1230. Frederic II., the warlike. Killed in battle. Killed in a battle with the Hungarians, 15 June, 1246. Interregnum. 1276. Rodolph I. |