TRANSLATION TO HEAVEN. The translation of Enoch to heaven at the age of 365 years, 3017 B.C. The prophet Elijah was translated to heaven in a chariot of fire, 896 B.C.-The possibility of translation to the abode of eternal life has been maintained by some extravagant enthusiasts. The Irish house of commons expelled Mr. Asgill from his seat, for his book asserting the possibility of translation to the other world without death, 1703. TRANSPADANE REPUBLIC, comprising Lombardy and part of the Venetian territories, was established by Bonaparte after his victory at Lodi, 10 May, 1796. With the Cispadane republic, it merged into the Cisalpine republic, Oct. 1797. TRANSPORTATION, see Banishment. Judges were given the power of sentencing offenders to transportation "into any of his majesty's dominions in North America," by 18 Charles II. c. 3 (1666), and by 4 Geo. I. c. 11 (1718). Transportation ceased in 1775, but was revived in 1786. The reception of convicts was successfully refused by the Cape of Good Hope (in 1849) and by the Australian colonies (1864). Transportation, even to West Australia, where labour is wanted, is to cease in a few years, through the fierce opposition of the eastern colonies. In consequence of the recent difficulty experienced in transporting felons, 16 & 17 Viet. c. 99 was passed to provide other punishment, namely, penal servitude, empowering her majesty to grant pardon to offenders under certain condi tions, and licences to others to be at large such licences being liable to be revoked if necessary; and many have been. These licences are termed "tickets of leave." The system was much assailed in Oct. and Nov 1862, on account of many violent crimes being traced to ticket-of-leavers; see Crime. John Eyre, esq., a man of fortune, was sentenced to transportation for stealing a few quires of paper. Phillips. I Nov. 1771 The Rev. Dr. Halloran, tutor to the earl of Chesterfield, was transported for forging a frank (rod. postage) 9 Sept. 1818 The first transportation of felons to Botany Bay was in May, 1787; where governor Phillip arrived with about 800 on 20 Jan. 1788; convicts were afterwards sent to Van Diemen's Land, Norfolk Island, &c. Returning from transportation was punishable with death until 5 Will. IV. c. 67, Aug. 1834, when an act was passed making the offence punishable by transportation for life. A shipment of convicts to West Australia (which had already received 10,000) in 1867. TRANSUBSTANTIATION, the doctrine of the "real presence." That the bread and wine in the Eucharist are changed into the very flesh and blood of Christ by the consecration, was broached in the days of Gregory III. (731), and accepted by Amalarius and Radburtus (about 830), but rejected by Rabanus Maurus, Johannes Scotus Erigena, Berengarius, Wicliffe, and others. In the Lateran council, held at Rome by Innocent III., the word Transubstantiation" was used to express this doctrine, which was decreed to be incontrovertible; and all who opposed it were condemned as heretics. This was confirmed by the council of Trent, 18 Jan. 1562. John Huss, Jerome of Prague, and other martyrs of the reformation, suffered for denying this dogma, which is renounced by the church of England (28th article), and by all protestant dissenters. The declaration against transubstantiation, invocation of the saints, and the sacrifice of the mass, on taking any civil office, was abolished by an act passed 25 July, 1867. Luther maintained the doctrine of con-substantiation, viz., that after consecration the body and blood of Christ are substantially present in the bread and wine. He was opposed by Bucer, Carlstadt, Zwingle, and others (terined sacramentarians), who asserted that the Lord's supper is only a commemorative rite. TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC (South Africa), founded by emigrants, 1848. Its independence was declared 17 Jan. 1852; and its constitution proclaimed 13 Feb. 1858. President (1871), C. J. Bodenstein. Population between 20,000 and 30,000 whites, and about 250,000 blacks. TRANSYLVANIA, an Austrian province, was part of the ancient Dacia (which see). In 1526, John Zapoly rendered himself independent of the emperor Ferdinand I. by the aid of the Turks. His successors ruled with much difficulty till Jan. 1699, when the emperor Leopold I., by the treaty of Carlowitz, finally incorporated Transylvania into the Austrian dominions. The Transylvanian deputies did not take their seat in the Austrian parliament till 20 Oct. 1863. A decree for the convocation of the Transylvanian diet was issued 12 Sept. 1865. The inhabitants are about 1,100,000 ignorant Roumans, 1,500,000 Saxon colonists, and 550,000 Magyars, the last being the ruling class. The union of Transylvania with Hungary in 1848, which has caused much discontent, was ratified by the Transylvanian diet, 25 Dec. 1866. PRINCES OF TRANSYLVANIA. 1526. John Zapoly. 1605. Stephen II. Bottskai. 1613. Gabriel II. (Bethlem Gabor). 1631. George I. Ragotzski. 1648. George II. Ragotzski. 1660. John Kemin. 1662. Michael I. Abaffi. 1690-99. Michael II. Abaffi. TRAPPISTS. The first abbey of La Trappe in Normandy was founded, in 1140, by Rotrou, comte de Perche. The present order of Trappists owes its origin to the learned Jean le Bouthillier de la Rancé (editor of Anacreon when aged 14), who renounced the world, and sold all his property, giving the proceeds to the abbey of La Trappe, to which he retired in 1662, to live there in great austerity. After several efforts he succeeded in reforming the monks, and in establishing a new rule, which commands silence, prayer, reading, and manual labour, and which forbids study, wine, fish, &c. Rancé was born in 1620, and died in 1700. The Trappists' new building was consecrated in Aug. 1833. A number of these monks, driven from France in the revolution of 1790, were received by Mr. Weld, of Lulworth, Dorsetshire, who gave them some land to cultivate and a habitation, where they remained till 1815This order was charged with rebellion and conspiracy in France, and sixty-four English and Irish Trappists were shipped by the French government at Paimbenf, 19 Nov., and were landed from the Hebé, French frigate, at Cork, 30 Nov. 1831. They established themselves at Mount Melleray, county of Waterford. TRASIMENE, see Thrasymene. TRAUTENAU (Bohemia). On 27 June, 1866, the first corps of the army of the crown-prince of Prussia seized Trautenau, but was defeated and repulsed by the Austrians under Gablenz; on the 28th, the Prussians defeated the Austrians with great loss. TRAVELLERS' CLUB (Pall-mall), established in 1815. A member must have "travelled out of the British islands to a distance of at least 500 miles from London, in a direct line." TRAVELLING IN ENGLAND. In 1707 it took in summer one day, in winter nearly two days, to travel from London to Oxford (55 miles). In 1817 the journey was accomplished in six or seven hours. By the Great Western Railway express (63 miles) it is done in 1 hour. In 1828, a gentleman travelled from Newcastle to London (273 miles) inside the best coach in 35 hours, at an expense of 61. 158. 3d. or 6d. per mile (including dinner, &c.). In 1857, the charge of the Great Northern railway (275 miles) first-class express (6 hours) was 508. 9d. TREAD-MILL, an invention of the Chinese, to raise water for the irrigation of the fields. The complicated tread-mill introduced into the prisons of Great Britain is the invention of Mr. (afterwards sir William) Cubitt, of Ipswich. It was erected at Brixton gaol, 1817, and soon afterwards in other large prisons. TREASON, see High Treason. PETTY TREASON (a term abolished in 1828, defined by the statute of 25 Edw. III. 1352) was a wife's murder of her husband; a servant's murder of his master; and an ecclesiastical person's murder of his prelate or other superior. Augsburg, league of Austria with England, convention; the latter agrees to accept 2,500,oool. as a composition for claims on Austria, amounting to 30,000,000l. sterling. Baden, peace 1686 1824 7 Sept. 1714 Bagnalo (Venice, Naples, &c.) 1484 Balta Liman 1838 and 1849 Barcelona (France and Spain) 1493 Barrier treaty 15 Nov. 1715 Barwalde (France and Sweden). 1631 Basel, peace (France and Spain) 22 July, 1795 Bassein (Great Britain and Mahrattas) 1802 Bayonne Belgrade, peace Berlin, peace of his office, having the custody of the king's treasure, governing the upper court of exchequer, and formerly sitting judicially among the barons. The first lord high treasurer in England was Odo, earl of Kent, in the reign of William I. This great trust is now confided to a commission, and is vested in five persons, called "lords commissioners for executing the office of lord high treasurer," and of these the chancellor of the exchequer is usually Administrations, for a succession of these officers. one; the first lord being usually the premier; see A third lord of the treasury (Mr. Stansfeld) was appointed, Dec. 1868, succeeded by Mr. W. H. Gladstone, Dec. 1869. The first of this rank in IRELAND was John de St. John, Henry III. 1217; the last, William, duke of Devonshire, 1766; vice-treasurers were appointed till 1789; then commissioners till 1816, when the revenues of Great Britain and Ireland were united. The first lord high treasurer of SCOTLAND was sir Walter Ogilvie, appointed by James L. in 1420; the last, in 1641, John, earl of Traquair, afterwards commissioners were appointed. TREASURER OF THE CHAMBER, formerly an officer of great consideration, and always a member of the privy council. He discharged the bills of all the king's tradesmen, and had his office in Cleveland-row, in the vicinity of the royal palace. His duties were transferred and the office suppressed at the same time with the offices of master of the great wardrobe and cofferer of the household in 1782. Beatson. TREATIES. The first formal and written treaty made in England with any foreign nation was entered into at Kingston between Henry III. and the dauphin of France (then in England and leagued with the barons), II Sept. 1217. The first commercial treaty was with Guy, earl of Flanders, 2 Edw. 1274: the second with Portugal and Spain, 1308. Anderson. The chief treaties of the nations of Europe will be found described in their respective places: the following forms an index; see Coalitions, Leagues, &c. Berlin, decree Berlin convention Breda, peace Chunar, India 5 Aug. 1529 17 Oct. 1797 20 May, 1815 26 Jan. 1699 1 Aug. 1819 1559 1 Mar. 1814 1781 Cintra, convention 22 Aug. 1808 5 May, 1808 Constantinople, peace, 16 April, 1712 18 Sept. 1739 Constantinople 28 June, 1742 Constantinople . 1544 25 Dec. 1745 Egypt, viceroy and admiral Cod rington, convention Eliot convention 6 Aug. 1828 April, 1835 England, convention with Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Turkey, for settlement of the East . 13 Nov. 1826 26 May, 1834 15 Aug. 1761 15 July, 1810 England and United States, convention Evora Monte. Family Compact. Fontainebleau, peace Fontainebleau Fontainebleau, concordat 2 Sept. 1679 8 Nov. 1785 25 Jan. 1813 France and England, convention respecting the slave trade 29 May, 1845 France and Italy, convention respecting the occupation of Rome 15 Sept. 1864 Frankfort (peace between Germany and France) 10 May, 1871 French commercial treaty 23 Jan. 1860 5 Oct. 1551 23 April, 1745 14 Aug. 1865 8 Nov. 1576 24 Dec. 1814 11 April, 1814 Tien-Tsin, China, peace 13 Mar. 1718 12 Aug. 1552 24 Aug. 1860 3 March, 1857 5 May, 1762 5 Aug. 1772 8 April, 1805 8 July, 1813 Triple alliance Paris (settlement of Neufchâtel Tilsit, peace Tolentino affair) . 26 May, 1857 Toplitz 11 Oct. 1698 Triple alliance 1700 20 July, 1791 25 Nov. 1795 1438 17 April, 1713 Leoben, peace .1797 Austria 30 May, 1635 Lisbon, peace 13 Feb. 1668 23 Aug. 1866 Vienna, alliance Vienna, peace London (settlement of Greece) 6 July, 1829 London (separating Belgium from Holland) London (convention respecting Belgium) London (Turkey and Egypt) 15 Nov. 1831 19 April, 1839 15 July, 1840 London (succession to crown of Denmark) burg settled) Lubeck, peace Luneville, peace Madrid, concord Methuen treaty Milan decree 9 11 May, 1867 22 May, 1629 Feb. 1801 1526 1703 17 Dec. 1807 Sardinia) 6 Aug. 1849 24 Oct. 1648 29 Aug. 1842 13 April, 1598 1554 1518 10 Aug. 1678 16 Aug. 1516 2 Aug. 1532 30 Aug. 1721 3 May, 1660 10 Feb. 1763 20 June, 1784 15 May, 1796 6 Jan. 1810 Prague (peace between Reichenbach, treaties St. Ildefonzo, alliance TREBIA, now Trebbia, a river in North Italy, near which Hannibal defeated the Roman consul Sempronius, 218 B.C.; and Suvarrow, after a struggle, defeated the French marshal Macdonald and compelled him to retreat, 17-19 June, 1799. TREBIZOND, a port of Asia Minor in the Black Sea, was colonised by the Greeks, and became subject to the kings of Pontus. It enjoyed selfgovernment under the Roman empire, and when the Latins took Constantinople in 1204, it became the seat of an empire which endured till 1461, when it was conquered by the Turks under Mahomet I. .7 Nov. 1659 2 Aug. 1718 June, 1813 • 1555 Vienna (Austria & Great Britain, commerical) Vienna (peace between and Italy) Villa Franca (prelim.) Vossem, peace Warsaw, alliance 1570 Warsaw. peace 26 June, 1828 13 Dec. 1570 24 March, 1724 of (Sweden 21 Nov. 1856 7 Sept. 1664 12 May, 1779 18 May, 1595 | 16 Dec. 1865 Austria 3 Oct. 1866 12 July, 1859 16 Jan. 1673 31 March, 1653 24 Feb. 1763 Washington, reciprocity treaty between Great Britain and the United States, respecting Newfoundland fishery, commerce, &c. Washington (settling claims, &c.) Westminster, peace 2 July, 1854 Alabama 8 May, 1871 19 Feb. 1674 1716 24 Oct. 1648 Westminster (with Holland) 1561 - 1521 1610 20 May, 1815 10 Nov. 1859 TREES OF LIBERTY were planted in Paris and other parts of France during the revolutionary eras, 1790 and 1848. These trees were cut down in Paris in Jan. 1850, when riots ensued, put down by the military. TRENT (the ancient Tridentum), in the Tyrol, belongs to Austria. The council held here is reckoned in the Roman catholic church as the 18th general council. Its decisions have been implicitly received as the standard of faith, morals, and discipline in that church. It first sat 13 Dec. 1545, and continued (with interruptions) under pope Paul III., Julius III., and Pius IV. to 4 Dec. 1503; its last sitting (the 25th). A jubilee in relation to this council was celebrated in June, 1863. Trent was several times taken during the French war. At this council was decreed, with anathemas: the canon of scripture (including the apocrypha), and the church its sole interpreter; the traditions to be equal with scripture; the seven sacraments (baptism, confirmation, the Lord's supper, penance, extreme unction, orders, and matrimony); transubstantiation; purgatory; indulgences; celibacy of the clergy; auricular confession, &c. TRENT STEAMER, see United States, Nov.Dec. 1861. TRÈVES, or TRIER, the Roman Treviri, in Rhenish Prussia, was a prosperous city of the Gauls 12 B.C. The emperor Gallienus held his court here A.D. 255. The church of St. Simeon dates from the 4th century. Trèves was made an electorate in the 14th century, and became subject to the archbishop in 1585. Councils held here, 385-1423. The archbishopric is said to have been founded before the 7th century and to be the oldest in Germany. After various changes. Trèves was acquired by Prussia, June 1815. In 1844 much excitement was occasioned by miracles said to have been wrought by a "Holy Coat." "TRIA JUNCTA IN UNO” (three joined in one), the motto of the knights of the military order of the Bath, signifying "faith, hope, and charity;" see Bath. TRIAL AT BAR, signifies by the whole court or a plurality of judges. This plan was adopted at Bristol after the riots in 1832; also at O'Connell's trial, 1844; and arranged for the trial of the claimant of the Tichborne estates for perjury, in April, 1873. TRIALS. Regulations for conducting trials were made by Lothaire and Edric, kings of Kent, about 673 to 680. Alfred the Great is said to have begun trial by jury; but there is good evidence of such trials before his time. See Appeal. REMARKABLE TRIALS. King Charles I.: 20 Jan. ; condemned 27 Jan. 1649 Oates's Popish Plot: Edward Coleman, convicted, 27 Nov.; Wm. Ireland and other priests 17 Dec. 1678 Robt. Green and others, 10 Feb.; Thos. Whitbread and other Jesuits, 13 June; Richard Langhorne, counsellor, 14 June; convicted. Sir George Wakeman, the queen's physician; acquitted 13 July, 30 Nov.-7 Dec. 1681 Viscount Stafford : convicted Rye House Plot: convicted; William lord Russell, The Seven Bishops; acquitted 1679 21 Nov. 1683 29 June, 1688 Porteous, 6 July, 1736 Jenny Diver, for felony, executed 18 March, 1740 William Duell, executed for murder at Tyburn, but who came to life when about undergoing dissection at Surgeons' Hall 24 Nov. Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino for high treason 28 July, Mary Hamilton, for marrying with her own sex, 14 7 Oct. wives Lord Lovatt, 80 years of age, for high treason; beheaded 1746 9 March, 1747 Freney, the celebrated Irish robber, who surren dered himself 9 July, 1749 murder of Amy Hutchinson, burnt at Ely, for the her husband. Miss Blandy, the murder of her father Ann Williams, for the murder of her burnt alive Eugene Aram, for murder at York; 5 Nov. 1750 (hanged) 3 March, 1752 husband, 11 April, 1753 executed 13 Aug. 1759 Earl Ferrers, for the murder of his steward; executed. Mr. MacNaughten, at Strabane, for the 16 April, 1760 murder of husband; 8 Dec. 1761 6 April, 1763 Mr. Wilkes, alderman of London, for an obscene poem ("Essay on Woman") 21 Feb. 1764 Murderers of captain Glas, his wife, daughter, mate, and passengers, on board the ship Earl of Sandwich, at sea 3 March, 1766 Elizabeth Brownrigg, for the murder of one of her female apprentices; hanged 12 Sept. 1767 Lord Baltimore, the libertine, and his female accomplices, for rape Great cause between the families of Hamilton and Douglas 28 March, 1768 27 Feb. 1769 Crawley, for the murder of two females in Peter'srow, Dublin 6 March, 1802 Colonel Despard and his associates, for high treason; hanged on the top of Horsemonger-lane gaol (see Despard) 7 Feb. 1803 M. Peltier, for libel on Bonaparte, first consul of France, in l'Ambique: guilty 21 Feb. Robert Aslett, cashier at the bank of England, for embezzlement and frauds; the loss to the bank, 320,000l.; found not guilty, on account of the invalidity of the bills 18 July, Robert Emmett, at Dublin, for high treason; executed next day 19 Sept. Keenan, one of the murderers of lord Kilwarden; hanged 2 Oct. 13 Jan. 1804 Mr. Smith for the murder of the supposed Hammersmith Ghost Lee The king. Mr. Lovell, of the Statesman, for libel; guilty 15 May. 19 Nov. Lockhart and Laudon Gordon for carrying off Mrs. Mr. Patch, for the murder of his partner, Mr. Messrs. John and Leigh Hunt, for libels in the Examiner; convicted t 9 Dec Marquis of Sligo, for concealing a sea-deserter The murderers of Mr. Horsfall; at York; executed Mr. Hugh Fitzpatrick, for publishing tory of the Penal Laws. Jan. 1813 Scully's His 6 Feb. The divorce cause against the duke of Hamilton for adultery 11 April Mr. John Magee, in Dublin, for libels in the Evening Post; guilty 26 July, Nicholson, the murderer of Mr. and Mrs. Bonar; hanged The Warrington gang, for unnatural offences; executed Palm, the bookseller, by a French military com 12 June, 23 Aug. Tuite, murder of Mr. Goulding: executed 26 Aug. 21 Aug. 7 Oct The celebrated Mary Ann Clark, for a libel on the right hon. Wm. Vesey Fitzgerald, afterwards lord Fitzgerald 7 Feb. 1814 mission at Brennau Lord Cloncurry v. Sir John B. Piers, for crim. con.; damages, 20,000l. Holloway and Haggerty, the murderers of Mr. Steele; thirty persons were crushed to death at their execution, at the Old Bailey 20 Feb. Sir Home Popham, by court-martial; reprimanded 7 March, Knight v. Dr. Wolcot, alias Peter Pindar, for crim. 27 June, Lieut. Berry, of H.M.S. Hazard; for an unnatural 2 Oct. Lord Elgin v. Ferguson, for crim. con.; damages, 10,000l. 22 Dec. Simmons, the murderer of the Boreham family, at Hoddesdon 4 March, Sir Arthur Paget, for crim. con. with Lady Borrington 14 July, Major Campbell, for killing Captain Boyd in a duel; hanged. 4 Aug. Peter Finnerty and others, for a libel on the duke 9 Nov. The duke of York, by inquiry in the house of commons, on charges preferred against him by colonel Wardle, from 26 Jan. to 20 March, Wellesley v. Lord Paget, for crim. con.; damages, 20,000l. 12 May, The king v. Valentine Jones, for breach of duty as commissary-general 26 May, The earl of Leicester v. Morning Herald, for a libel; damages roool. 29 June, Wright v. colonel Wardle, for Mrs. Mary Ann Clarke's furniture I June, William Cobbett, for a libel on the German legion; convicted 9 July, Hon. captain Lake, for putting Robert Jeffery, a British seaman, on shore at Sombrero; dismissed the service (see Sombrero) 10 Feb. 1810 Mr. Perry for libels in the Morning Chronicle; acquitted. 24 Feb. Lord Cochrane, Cochrane Johnstone, Berenger, Butt, and others, for frauds in the public funds, 22 Feb.; convicted (see Stocks) 8, 9 June, Admiral Bradley, at Winchester, for frauds in ship letters. 18 Aug. Colonel Quentin, of the roth Hussars, by court martial Sir John Henry Mildmay, bart., for with the countess of Roseberry; 15,000l. Kelly, of 8 April, 1816 George Barnett, for shooting at Miss Cashman, the intrepid seaman, for the Spafields Count Maubreuil, at Paris, for robbing the queen of Westphalia ministers Thistlewood, Dr. Watson, Hooper, and others, for 9 June, The murderers of the Lynch family at Wildgooselodge, Ireland 19 July, Mr. Roger O'Connor, on a charge of robbing the mail; acquitted 5 Aug. Brandreth, Turner, and others, at Derby, for high 15 Oct. Hone, the bookseller, for parodies; three trials before Lord Ellenborough: extemporaneous and successful defence 18, 19, 20 Dec. Mr. Dick, for abduction and rape of Miss Crockatt 21 March, 1818 treason. Appeal of murder case, Ashford, the brother of Mary Ashford, against her murderer, Abraham Thornton (see Battle) 16 April, Rev. Dr. O'Halloran, for forging a frank (see Transportation) 9 Sept. |